finding America seeking new Paleolithic paradigms two things I want to say about this slide notice what direction the troop of intrepid travelers is dry walking they're going west from Alaska instead of East down the Bering Land Bridge and it's paradigms not paradigm because what we now know is that there's probably many many ways people got to the Americas not just one and many people from maybe in many directions we haven't even thought of yet so what I want to do today is talk about some of these ideas and where I want to start since this is a discussion about Lindenmayer Folsom and the early ideas of the peopling of Americas I want to say just a few words one of which was that the attitude of the Smithsonian Institution back in the 20s and earlier was one that people had not been in North America very long maybe 6,000 years at most indefinitely not with bison seen animals and so the discoveries that were made by Figgins from the Colorado Museum down at Folsom New Mexico we're kind of taboo to the upper echelons at the Smithsonian and figgins after the excavations are starting the excavations came to washington DC to visit his friend a geologist at the smithsonian by the name of opa and discuss the new finds at Folsom and at that time they invited the anthropologist down to look at the Folsom points and talk about the issues and of course were not too excited about it Neal Judd who had been excavating out in New Mexico at the time at Chaco Canyon along with mr. Roberts who you all know and he and the chief curator just basically got real unhappy about the the Folsom situation and a lot of discussion was made and Neal said you know they're fluted points all over the place in fact we got one of these so-called fulsome points at Chaco Canyon just last year and so Figgins said well let's see that point and so Neal ran off to find it meanwhile I've taken most of the letter out because it's pretty derisive and not fun and I've been down that road many times so I want to talk about happier notes but as it turns out Neal could not find the Clovis point and when Figgins got back to Denver he sent a letter off to OB hey say yeah and that little batty wrister he couldn't find his wholesome boy ha ha ha well I have and there it is it's a beauty isn't it it's made out Arizona word found in Chaco Canyon by the crew out there and no wonder Neil was a little bit exercised so I got to thinking you know what is it that was causing at least Neil good who I knew quite well actually in his later days is a very good scientist and I just wonder what it is it makes one wonder why that would be a young point and here's the first Clovis point ever returned to the Smithsonian Institution what is it what is it it's a Clovis point from Idaho collected by the military doctor during the Idaho campaign in 18 whatever it was 69 yeah that's why we have slides here huh and look at what Department is catalogued under ethnology that's a spear point or a knife used by a newsperson Indian well here's another one here's a stone dagger here's a prehistoric knife from Pike County Missouri here now this is kind of a fun 114 Clovis points made out of obsidian from Susanville California notice down here that we traded this for these 14 points off to museums around the world as really good examples of Indian knives now they're in the card there are two areas that to to museums received one of these points I also found out more recently that Museum lazy's a and France has one and so it'd be kind of fun to get them together because I think we're looking at a Clovis cache from California and here this is just pulling together all of the fluted points that the Smithsonian has from the state of Georgia before the turn of the century now we understand I Neal judge said oh there's lots of those and there are modern no what kind of story are you trying to sell us now fortunately Frank Roberts was there and he had gone out to the site and the Folsom site and he thought well you know there's probably something to this even though the first projectile point was not in place but so I think that's probably why it piqued his interest to go to Lindenmayer because of that early discussions that he was in on every one of them now and how bad it might have been and what loss we have from these decisions was a man named Ridgeland Whiteman from Clovis New Mexico the same year is Folsom heard about the Folsom site sent a Clovis pointing into the Smithsonian and said that it was found with mammoths the Smithsonian sent it back and said this is an example of a Indian knife don't worry about it hence it was another eight years before excavations were done at Clovis New Mexico and of course we all know the story about how Clovis people got into the New World across the Bering Land Bridge living in Alaska moving down through the ice record or populating all the North America and eating all of the megafauna and 1949 the geologic crew working on the Utica River in Alaska found this point right there and in 1951 I just found out a paper was published in Scientific American on this is the proof that Clovis people came from Asia went down the Bering Land Bridge and populated America BAM we got the answer well in 1968 two young graduate students from the University of New Mexico one of which looks a lot like me went up to look at this site and see what was there and by golly we found it we found Sulekha site and we found more fluted points I thought well this is pretty neat there was even some mammoth bone there we got a radiocarbon date of 22,000 on that mammoth bone so Bob Humphrey got a dissertation out of it and I went on to work at Blackwater draw or at Murray Springs with Vance Haines but it introduced me to the Arctic which I fell in love with and after a summer of digging at Murray Springs I look forward to getting back to Alaska the following summer we now have probably 35 fluted point sites in Alaska and we now have radiocarbon dates on those sites take a guess at what they date right at 10,000 years old slightly younger than wholesome what does that do to our ice recorder plus if you look at that ice recorder how many big red dots do you see well all I can say about that situation is it was a wonderful opportunity for me because they wanted to stay in Alaska and work in Alaska and resolved this issue which I did for a number of years and brought me to Point Barrow Kotzebue and many Native friends and understanding how you survive in a true ice age climate what you need to do to survive and how you can make it work for you so that it's home sweet home and it was a marvelous experience so keeping that in the back of my mind I got to thinking about Clovis indeed and some things started to make real sense to me one of which was the number of Clovis sites and the East Coast which remember those from Georgia well there's more from Virginia there's more from Maryland there's more from Delaware there's more from Georgia North Carolina South Carolina Florida and this is just one map that Peggy was talking about yesterday of Clovis sites on the Delmarva Peninsula on the Chesapeake Bay that's a lot of people and at Clovis times this was pretty much a big running river and all these sites up here are basically small sites with two or three points which are kill sites the big sites are going to be right down here along the river and you can follow this pattern all the way down the coast this site right here I might talk about a little bit it's one we're working on right now it's a submerged Clovis site and we're getting some real interesting tools besides what you'd normally see in a Clovis site we're getting tools that are for heavy woodworking lots of woodworking we have over 300 wedges chisel blades large concave scrapers a series of tools that you never see particularly in Clovis sites except for a couple of them that are further up the coast here and all of them have the same issue during Clovis times this the Chesapeake Bay was beginning to form up in here the site is just slightly above the Chesapeake Bay on a freshwater stream one where there are trees and close to the Chesapeake Bay developing Chesapeake Bay where there are lots and lots of resources and I think the first people in this area along the coast were really well fed and well fed because of the marine Coastal Resources and the populations I think would just blow us away if we had some real way of counting them so those kinds of issues I began to think quite a bit about well Clovis may well have developed in the eastern part of the United States and so then in a paper I wrote I thought well you know they had to have come from Siberia one way or another Asia we all know that it's been drummed into us forever so I said well the only thing I can see that maybe pre-clovis in the eastern United States is what we now call age lads and projectile points which look like Clovis points that are included and so I hypothesized that that might have been pre-clovis of course I got a little trouble for that but nonetheless stuff's now dated it is pretty close dates 14,000 and I'll talk about that more later well what happened to Clovis don't know but they sure went west and a heck of a hurry and probably because of I think the Younger Dryas is a pure speculation but when the Younger Dryas hit and the climate changed in a climate change so rapidly overnight basically that it wiped out all those estuary and resources that were all up and down these these rivers and I think we had a big population I think that population had to move out no data for that other than looking at caches and you I'm sure you all know about Clovis caches they're places where people Clovis people have left lots of artifacts and in a cache and we don't quite know whether they're for coming back two or four maybe even trading what I wanted to point out with these caches at least the ones that Bruce Bradley and I were able to analyze a number of years ago and it may have changed some because there's more new caches that the raw material like here's Edwards Plateau moving up towards Clovis the the source of this raw material is mostly moving north and west and I think that's indicative of the direction these people were going for whatever reason and the cache I like best is one right over here in st. Louis Missouri called the McKenith cache and why I like that best is one of the BI faces from that cash was found over here where the Snake River goes into the Columbia alright look at this up here to the Lolo trail over to the snake down to the Columbia where did Sacagawea learn that trail this is the really the first voyage of discovery so did Clovis people have boats I'd say they did I think we're getting some pretty good data to support that idea one of which is this map that was just produced by the Army at Fort Drum and look at how much water is out there in Clovis days you couldn't actually get around that country without watercraft to tell you the truth just think about that so what we're left with after that rumination is that we now have some areas where we have good pre-clovis radiocarbon dates in my opinion the one that I want to talk about up here is Swan Point in Alaska and we have a date of fourteen thousand three hundred and forty plus or minus something and what comes from these sites and the Artic are micro blade cores micro blades and these things are inset into projectile points and knives and it's a long tradition that comes right out of Iberia and these are the people that did cross the Bering Land Bridge many many times back and forth and when I was working in Alaska we called this technology paleo Eskimo paleo eskimo people moved across the northern regions into Greenland did they become Eskimos it was just one of those bad calls because DNA data that just came out probably in the last two months these are not Eskimos at all and the people making these types of implements are much later or much earlier than the Eskimo and u''t people and so they probably are the duct tie folks that come out of Siberia and end up over here in Greenland and by about three thousand years ago the Eskimo groups were coming in new hypothesis about three weeks old oh let me go back here so beyond the salon point Siberian kind of technology these folks also moved down this technology at least moved down to the northwest and then our next oldest radiocarbon dates are from Paisley cave and up here with the massive mammoth with the bone projectile point and it's vertebrae around 14,000 years old - and these people make projectile points which Wes they call Western stemmed and these points one of these points was found in the Kennewick man's hip and so we have a pretty good idea that he's a descendant of folks that come out of Japan and if you've not seen the Kennewick book that Doug Owsley edited is just out last week please get a copy there'll be a lot of discussion over this these issues and the book is moderately priced for what you get it's about a 700 page book and we did the most work we could possibly do to show people the what important kinds of knowledge you can gain from looking at some of these early human remains so I hope you look look at it on your knees cave which is a site that many of you here in Colorado probably know about it was dug by Jim Dixon formerly of the Denver Museum of Natural History as I will call it and these are Western stem points so we know that the Western stem people were on the west coast of North America for at least four to five thousand years and probably still there and when Clovis people were moving west they no doubt met these people the hypothesis is that the Asians were were coming around the North Pacific Rim as well as across the Bering Land Bridge because of the kelp beds and the rich resources of the coastal waters well that's fair enough and that's probably true but the North Pacific is not much colder than the North Atlantic so maybe we oughta broaden our thinking a little bit maybe not but maybe we should so let's move back to the East Coast this is a page lesson type projectile point we have a date now at 14,000 on it which matches the one in Florida and when we look at these projectile points and tools we can see that the people are have a blade technology a large blade technology they're doing Buren's and by facial projectile points and overshot flaking this is a tool made on an overshot flake but these are close points except they're not fluted and they're a hundred thousand years or a hundred years older than then Clovis so when we started finding these sites on the Chesapeake Bay and we were looking at the geology we're beginning to pick up on some really good chronological markers Darren Lowry a young man who's worked with me since he was 14 and this is John wah one of our soils people and what we've discovered is or what they've discovered I didn't do it that we have a paleo salt that is common found it's found all the way down the Susquehanna River sound all the way down the Delaware and probably more rivers that we haven't looked into because it's showing us a climatic shifts that we're going on the East Coast during the end of the last glaciation and what we have is this is all windblown Loess caused by the Younger Dryas climatic shift and this is when Clovis people got the heck out of the East Coast because every Clovis site that we found is right there on that contact and their leg deposits there must have been some tremendous wind storms I'm going to show you a picture of a yd+ deposit here in a few minutes that's almost five foot tall sand dune right on top of the paleo cells but these guys noticed fortunately now this is all us I mean this is the yd loss this is earlier loss that's a big rock what the heck is that big rock doing there that must have been one heck of a windstorm a so the day this was found I was down looking at the gulf side and darren gives me a call we just found what and he said big rock sticking out of the less below the hawaii border well-tested okay there it is there's the rock here is a wedge wedge laid core here's a blade off of that bipolar wedge core and there's yet another blade here the rock turns out to be an anvil and here's a hammerstone this was exactly what we were looking for we had a radiocarbon date of around 21,000 the property belonged to an entrepreneur and it's just outside of historic village and there in Maryland on the Delmarva Peninsula and he had 250 acres the landowner did that was right adjacent to the historic city that he was going to put a bunch of mega mansions on and the local historic minded people said no don't ruin our village so he got in a big lawsuit and when we got the information on the archaeology he said well I'll let you dig it but not until after the lawsuits over because I don't want to give those doggone environmentalists any other ammunition to shoot at me so we were nice and what we did though was we've cored the site we knew the distribution of the paleo cells and we continued to watch the site's only about the 20 miles from where Darren lives so he could be out there after every storm because what happens when you have a storm than part of these nice cuts get eroded in and into the ground or into the beach and so but Darren was out there quite often and as you can see here where we get where he is mapped rocks another hammerstone and eventually he got this was our assemblage that we were able to collect with the first anvil here those artifacts another large handle down here and artifacts up here 1 & 2 & then artifacts that fell out of the wall there was no other archaeology there so we're relatively sure these all go together and one of which is the distal end of an exhausted polyhedral blade core which is this guy these things are at this point just blades but they're triangular and cross-sections and from the site the Clovis site we're working on in the same area they're making these same tools and what we think looking at the wear patterns on it was these are twist drills so drilling something and a projectile point this one I would have called our cake and Van teens would have called it our cake particularly after looking at Meadowcroft rock shelter and then this is a probably we think a preformed for another projectile point that was never completed so we were pretty excited about this and we were in hopes of digging it when the lawsuit was over here's our occupation level we found artifacts coming out of this contact here and guess what happened the housing market collapsed the landowner went broke the property was bought by a woman who did not want to be bothered now that's how it goes let me back up here notice this tree here this is where we're getting our stuff there it is the oldest campsite yet found in North America got bulldozed away it covered with Iraq as the state of Maryland said there's no such thing that's pre-clovis yeah that's probably true but we're always entertained and another time Darren was writing his dissertation at this point on coastal geomorphology and development and he was looking at an exhibit in a small island down in the Chesapeake and he went to the little local museum and he sees a large by facial knife and some mammoth bone a mammoth tusk and mallet tooth science ed dredge from the Chesapeake Bay and Darren looked at the by face and he said Oh Dennis might be interested in that one there it is it's a classic laurel leaf solutrean style knife and so he called me up and I said well we better come down look at that so we did and the museum ladies let us borrow it let us borrow the tusks and the tooth we sent the tusks and tooth to tom stafford tom came back with a date of 20 mm we interviewed the captain of the boat and let's go back the boat the find was made probably 20 30 years ago 1974 I believe and they were using this 1950 style boat they were 50 some miles off the coast of Virginia fishing and 200 and dredging and 250 feet of water right at the edge of the continental shelf when they hit a solid object and for a little boat like this it was a disaster so what they do the solid object as they worked it up real slowly and they had to work it up slowly because the the winch was on a wooden deck and it was heavier in heck and so they had to work it around and work it around finally get it up and it was full of Mastodon remains mostly skull and Tufts and teeth and here these fishermen are 50 miles and we've been out there and it takes seven hours in a modern boat to get out there let alone one of these old wooden ones and they had to make a living so they started throwing the stuff overboard and as they cut the tusk was in really good condition so they got a hacksaw out and chopped it up in pieces and each of the good idea each of the crew members there are 12 crew members on the boat got a piece of the tusks and the four teeth and they were divided up and then they found the knife and so the captain kept the knife Darrin was able to interview the captain even though it had been 20 years since they had done the work and we found out two things one he had a L'Orange reading on where it happened because these fishing boats carry what they call a hang log and when they hit something like this it stops their work they record his lawrence position in those days and that's passed on to the harbor master so that when you're out there fishing you can avoid that area and so he had that data that he gave to Darrin so we knew roughly where he hid that material and we were going to interview him with for a film and he died within a week before we got back down there which is too bad but nonetheless I want to show you this knife it came up with the bones and it's a classic knife Marvin K did you swear on it and what we can see from the you swear is that it was a hafted knife the red here shows where there's real heavy use like it's really going through something pretty solid like Mastodon hair the yellow is where the boat dinged it when it was pulling up the load and then the knife had been resharpened before it was lost and never used again which is pretty neat but it tells us a bunch of things one because of the ability of Marvin Kay to decipher this wear pattern analysis tells us that that knife was not drugged very far on the bottom of the ocean before it was pulled up and damaged by the load that was in that thing that's a pretty pristine knife you can see by the thickness of it it's a nice pretty delicate instrument so what we did as we oh this gives you an idea of what kinds of things come up when you dredge one up this is a side dredger and what they're doing here is shoveling the dead ones back overboard we had the readings let's go find what's out there and so with a private donation we were able to go out somewhere before last with underwater mapping equipment and we went to the location spot and look what we see here's the dredge line here's the animal here's where he drifted off as they cleaned it and came back online and went I think that's pretty phenomenal now fortunately for us the Virginia fisheries closed that area for fishing that same year and it's not open yet again we now know why we didn't know at the time but there is a crashed jet airplane military airplane out there with a live bomb on it and we were directed we were dragging a sled we weren't fishy we didn't need a permit to do so but the bottom line is there's something still left out there but it's in 250 feet of water but we're going out next summer again with a submersible and Explorer around it the Department of Environment and economic board is going to supply the equipment for us as long as I can supply the boat so if anybody wants to buy us a boat let me know and then we will send the rover down it'll have the capability of giving us a live photography for moving dirt moving bones if we want to bring up an elephant bone if we happen to find one we will have to put a basket down there but the rope the underwater equipment can load it into the basket we pull it up so it's going to be kind of fun and we'll see what we find but digging the site in 250 feet of water is probably going to be impossible but keep in mind that knife and that elephant had that Mastodon were buried at this in a freshwater peat bog which preserved them like the Danish burials because there's no no oxygen getting in there that knife is from a source in Pennsylvania called South Mountain rhyolite which is a high iron content if that knife had not been in that peat bog any length of time that iron would have reacted with the salt water and the knife would have been gone and seven eight thousand years or more or less the elephant the the Mastodon ivory was stained and the knife had started to react to saltwater so what had happened was that 14,000 years ago when there was a climatic shift and we had a major rise in sea level called the meltwater pulse one a when that water started to rise above that peat bog it formed a saltwater marsh and that saltwater Marsh started to chemically react with both the ivory and the stone tool had that remained a saltwater marsh the knife would have been gone but it didn't because sea level was rising so fast that eventually it was out of the oxen aided levels and preserved until captain Shawn hit the bone bed so that tells us two things one we don't know for sure if that knife and that Mastodon go together there's a good possibility they do but the one thing we can say for sure is that that knife is over 14,500 years old so we'll let it go with that but talking to the ladies that run the little Museum there in Gwyn Island Zippo that you know these fishermen find this stuff all the time so well this would be kind of fun thing to do let's do a Smithsonian I dented a at your Museum cool I said you advertise it call your your fishing captain's and seamen to bring in the things they find and I'll have a historian here a paleontologist here and I'll have archeologists here and we'll identify everything for two days and have a good time so if we did and we got as a result more of these artifacts I mean they brought in literally hundreds of maybe even thousands of artifacts have been drained off the the whole area let these fit the same model and all of these at the bottom are the ones from the Chesapeake Bay this is the sin maar knife no no this is a bigger knife this is the sin maar knife and what basically the French have different names for each of these knife styles but what it is is this is an unused knife this is a resharpen knife this is a more resharpened knife and this is a totally resharpened knife so it's kind of the you can see they're not antelope Creek focused knives that have the four bevels these knives only have two so they were keeping them pretty well hafted just about a year ago Darren was we were having some troubles getting figuring out a radiocarbon dates on that paleo saw and Darren had noticed on this island here a massive amount of a paleo saw real thick paleo saw so he and Dan Wagner and John decided to go over and map that and while they were mapping here you can see the paleo cells this is the Younger Dryas lusts look at how big a sand dune is over this earlier material and Darin is pointing to something down here that I'd like you to see you guys see that right at the top of that a b2 soil that's a knife quite like the one from the similar site and there's charcoal on top of it we got a date on that charcoal radiocarbon date of 17,000 it'll correct to around 20,000 right there on that line so we have been mapping this is the one you just saw sticking out of the bank right here this little guy then we got another bigger one a nice one and these two since they were in situ I sent them off for blood residue analysis and this one has camel antiserum reaction and this one's bison and I said when I got the answers back you know a little worried about this blood residue analysis but you know we don't have many camels and bison around here even during the Ice Age but then the next time out there where'd we get bison teeth we now have we think one camel tooth and a musk ox tooth so when all of those are now beginning to fit the pollen record that we put together so at this point we've got these tools oh and a projectile point and it looks just like the one from Miles point and the one from meta Croft cool huh this we believe is another preform and this is a blade a tool made on a blade called a point office plot and it's I guess a knife or a butchering tool or projectile point and what you're looking at here is our most recent find this is a point very similar to a solutrean type point called a single shouldered projectile point it is made on a blade and we now have at least three blades from the site so we basically at this point can duplicate a solutrean stone technology assemblage as we have all of the point types we have the blade type so we're happy with it here are the radiocarbon dates that we have on these sites here in the Chesapeake Bay out to the sandbar so I bet guess what we're looking at is something some people are here around 20,000 years ago and I think that is getting to be a pretty solid argument even yet we have three more projectile points that we can put in this line in the state of Maryland don't have any of these on their state and point type book and here's the solution one I don't know what to say they may not be related it may be a case of independent convention but to me independent and bench might be all right for one or two artifacts but when we look at our stone tools they don't have any bone tools at this point here they're the same that's a lot of independent invention in my opinion so you want to hear more of the story well okay so now I'm going to go out the real deep end if they weren't didn't come from Europe where did they come from where else can you get that technology twenty thousand years ago no place that I can think of other than right here and solutrean itself is kind of an interesting complex situation and what we found is that our tool assemblage matches this group right here quite well and as you move inland it changes considerably and there are some artifacts you get in the French solutrean and particularly down in this area that we don't get over here neither today and our hypothesis is that this is the coastline at the time the solutrean people were living here the environment of Europe was pretty bad at that point in time and probably the best places to live would be right along the ocean margin so we suspect that if we can ever get out there there's going to be solutrean sites in this whole area through here and we know they're over in England there's at least four sites that are there and this is likely pretty good environment for these people to be so this is the background and looking at the range of solutrean sites here and it's close up of Spain the points that look like this with concave basis and some of them even have partial flutes or at least basal thinning come from the sites that have the triangles and those sites have earliest solutrean occupations whereas the round ones have later solutrean occupation and we can see that all of these sites there in the picos de europa are in the highlands but they're also on River courses that come down to major estuaries that I think our home base basically is probably down here and they're moving up particularly in the fall to these high altitude higher altitude sites for red deer and I think it'd be really fun to be able to get out and work that that cotton L shelf when we start comparing solutrean to Clovis which is what Bruce that I wanted to do because of the technology and it became really clear to us at least that it goes from solutrean in north america to the page Ladson into Clovis over about a four thousand year time period but the technology pretty well stays the same all the way through it including large blades marinated tools these these things it's all pretty common for those of us here and basically the only difference in this technology is the way they're moving their base off now there's been a lot of discussion about overshot flaking some people say that that's our major thing that we're looking at to compare technology and it's not it's just one of many many things but we've been talked about that the key element the key element we thought key element was real interesting giving the radiocarbon dates and the tools and even the bone tools are the same years of control over shot flaking well okay that is a key element but not the key element but the question was answered by experimental and archaeological data that suggests that over shot flakes are accidental and that interesting well I got copy of that paper this last year the same day I got a picture of the whole guy cash in Texas and so now I think we can reevaluate what we think about Clovis Cash's said Flint Nappers who couldn't quite get the job done and got all of these mistakes we gather up their mistakes and bury him so nobody else would know they were that bad a flint knapper one of the authors here said that he had analyzed over 500 Clovis points in Texas and had never found a single overshot flake began to wonder what he analyzed but I don't want to get caddy anymore the tools all match the bone tools ivory tools match effect is when we were working at laces a I had the cast of this one along with some of this other stuff and the archaeologists there this was during the time they were rebuilding the museum at least they say they got all excited about this because we got one of those just like that in the solutrean level how we were excavating out here to expand our building and Wow exciting but they couldn't do this all packed away so I haven't gotten to see it yet but you get these Sergey zazz as they're called in Europe we get them they're reasonably common in solution we get atlatl hooks pretty pretty neat bunch of stuff I think and so you get the O in caches the scale on this is wrong the the volga cache which is the solutrean one there are a lot bigger than the clovis ones these are from the drake cache here in colorado by the way this one he knew how to flake there are twenty-four those in europe and i think we're up to a similar number in north america well and what the exact meaning of these caches are we don't know there's several really good hypotheses but they need to be tested more here's what the coast of northern Spain would look like this is our model here's where a lot of the sites that our earth had been excavated on solutrean her up and about this elevation the Buffalo is pointed right at the modern coastline elevation of the ocean is up here these guys are up here hunting ibex in and Red Deer and the like but we're not getting to see if what's down here on the continental shelf and if you're gonna live on the continental shelf these are the resources even during the Ice Age it would be available to you so I think that there's no doubt a good archaeological sites on the continental shelf and then one day the ice moves in close to your abode and you look out there and you see that the ice had moved in over the night and there are seals all over that ice these are harp seals this particular picture was taken off the coast of Canada and just a few years ago where the seal population was estimated that year at four million animals and that's after many many years of trying to eliminate that seal population because of course they're eating all the cod fish one would love to know what that would look like when it washed up on the shore 20,000 years ago there must have been a lot of seals out there and seals are really important particularly if you're in a Ice Age environment and believe me I've been out there with the Eskimos and they are very important so I think once they figured that out they developed a technology that was pretty close to what are any what hunters do you're out there on the ice and the more people you get on the ice you can live they're the better chances you are of having seals and sea birds such as the great hawk and the important thing is is that fat and oil you need that to survive in that environment there she is there she is with her baby now we've been told that these people didn't deal with those kinds of resources well they might not but they sure knew about them because here we have the ark here we have some deep-sea fish some seals and maybe some offices or sea lions so they're out there they know what the heck's going on they're not idiots there's the Ark that's about a 60 pound bird at major resource so here's what the edge would look like it'd get land drafted and then your seals would be out through here and if you had a boat which we were pretty sure they did because people all over the world had a boat so why not these guys but I think they probably had his skin boats like the ones that the Eskimos use this is a major transportation boat and they have sails I don't believe that the Vikings showed them how to sail I've been in these boats sometimes you can tow another boat so all your gears over there they're pretty good-sized there's 13 people in here there's probably a couple dog teams and one boat or the other and you are self-sufficient fact is when I first was at Point Barrow I had three native guys come on this really won't talk to you so what's what's up we've been to New York oh yeah cool this was in the 60s New York I like delegation to the United Nations or what now they had gone off the coast honey ice broke up they were on an ice island that floated all the way around the North Pole and it was beginning to get a little small between Iceland and Greenland they were getting a little nervous I think but the Icelandic Coast Guard saw picked him up found out they were Americans and then they were transported to New York and on back home you can use these for shelters as well as they glues and things like that and this is whaling crew in March off the coast of Point Barrow this is the sea captain his name is Jonah Levitt I love that name Jonah the oiler this guy here what backup come on right here he and I were really close friends back in the 60s and it was just so great we wanted to do a the the BBC was doing a film and so Bruce made solutrean style and blades and then we adapted them to the Spears that these people use and went out and March as I think about 40 below zero the waters get pretty calm along that ice when he gets that cold and we filmed it was marvelous experience and we loved it and but this gives you an idea of what the waters are like and I asked these guys told him about the solutrean I do you think look at me so you know anybody could do it all I have to do is know how so here is what we have proposed the people are living along this coastline right here probably we're getting out on the ice and eventually some of them made it over here because sometimes that ice would be permanent and you could be out there all the time I probably wouldn't have been very pleasant but then again neither would have the Bering Land Bridge and you're probably going back and forth and if you take the distance from Lisbon to New York it's 4,000 miles and that's what people say they did we say they went from here to here which is 1200 miles totally useful huh I can't see the bottom this is one of these points that was found way down here but it was made out of material from here the point should date around 12,500 years old so how did that point get the rock get from there to there somebody had to go get it and they had to do it in a boat and they had a lot of ocean to cross and they were going against the Labrador Current so 12,500 years ago these people knew how to attack the other interesting thing is if you're at all aware of your surroundings is that these are the currents this area here of North America was producing major major trees that were not being harvested they would eventually get into the big waterways like the Savannah those rivers down onto into the Gulf Coast and move up these directions and this would show up on your coastline in Iceland rain the medieval periods coastlines were owned by people for the drift wood because wood was so so important and you could be hung for stealing driftwood in Iceland and the other interesting point is that where did it come from someplace out west trees bigger than we have ever seen are growing let's go look so DNA you will if you read our world archaeology this week be able to see this chart in our book Bruce and I hypothesized that there was a mitochondrial group called X that made it to North America across the Atlantic Ocean and we've been severely beaten up by a number of people for that lame idea however as it turns out it's probably real X forms up here about 61 thousand years ago comes down and splits it splits down 2 X 2 X 2 22,000 years ago comes over here splits down and comes into North America this is the one that they come from Siberia has nothing to do with the X in North America so this is basically telling us that we do have Europeans people who lived in Europe let me back that up they are not Europeans they are Paleolithic people who live in Europe Europeans moved in from the Caucasus so here's the maps these are published here's the the DNA concentration here and here that same DNA is is various stages over in Western Europe and this is the malte skeleton and antique skeleton we've heard a lot about an oppressed that proves our hypothesis absolutely wrong hard to tell but here's what people are trying to tell us that multi guys came over here following this line think about that all the way across here and there no any descendants so I seem like human behavior to you doesn't to me or the alternative is that they're taking that boat ride that's our story and our sticking to it thank you very much well the bottom line is there's somebody out there 20,000 years ago we don't know where they're coming from they may be saluting it may not be but if they're not it causes some real questions on how that technology is formed it looks almost identical and at the same time environmental determinism maybe I don't know but time will tell but what we can tell you is there are people here in Eastern North America 20,000 years ago regardless of where they came from you
