EMERGENCY Landing On A Rural Highway | Southern Airways Flight 242 | Mayday: Air Disaster

[Music] reporting pass thank you good afternoon sir good afternoon may i see your boarding pass please sure [Music] just down the aisle on the right sir enjoy your point thank you boarding pass 81 passengers board southern airways flight 242 a dc-9 bound for atlanta georgia many of them are military personnel from nearby bases [Music] captain bill mckenzie and first officer lyman keel have been shuttling passengers across the american south all day who's got the landing and not me just the captain ignition sir pilots regularly exchange tasks on long days like this one first officer lyman keel will be handling this leg of the flight he's an experienced navy pilot who's been with southern airways for four years before their last takeoff the crew was handed a weather report for the airports along their route [Music] looks like you guys got a good one [Music] the dc-9 was introduced in 1965 to fly frequent short flights both of its engines are mounted to the rear fuselage rather than the wings it was designed for takeoff on shorter runways we had a 13 landing day which was a lot of small stops you know about 20 or 30 minute legs in between and it was sort of the tour of the south skies have been smooth all afternoon but the weather's worsening the flight crew is prepared for turbulence it was raining in huntsville and they said oh it's going to be some bad weather don't serve so we did not serve from huntsville to atlanta which is a very short route and we were delighted not to be serving i was a little surprised that we took off when we did i really thought we'd tax out to the end of the runway and hold for a while because the weather looked so bad but we taxed it out and immediately took off at 3 54 p.m the dc-9 takes off into a hard rain the short hop to atlanta should take just 25 minutes as southern airways 242 flies away from huntsville the national weather service tracks weather that's far worse than the pilots expect tornadoes are touching down all across the south the weather in the southeast in the united states can be very treacherous high humidities high temperatures are a prescription for thunderstorms and so with all of that kind of moisture in the air and the high convective heating you're going to have very large thunderstorms that are associated with heavy rains hail icing conditions and extreme winds and of course tornadoes that will be spawned from that kind of action huntsville air traffic control has some concerns about the gathering storm southern airways 242 i'm painting a line of weather which appears to be moderate to possibly heavy precipitation starting about five miles ahead okay uh we're in the rain right now uh it doesn't look much heavier than what we're in right now does it it's not a solid mass but it appears to be a little bit heavier than what you're in right now in 1977 most airliners are equipped with the bendix weather radar pilots are trained to avoid regions that appear bright where there's light there's bad weather i can't read that it just looks like rain bill what do you think there's a hole there's a hole right there that's all i see the pilots spot a dark area on their radar a passageway through the storm they plan to navigate between towering thunder heads over 14 000 meters coming over we had pretty good radar i believe right straight ahead there the next few miles is probably the best way we can go but as they head towards the storm system they get an ominous report from memphis air traffic control attention all aircraft segment tennessee southern louisiana sigmat is short for significant meteorological information a warning to pilots that dangerous weather is in the region here we go hold him cowboy pilots don't want to be within 50 miles of a lot of those types of thunderstorms for the very reason that the airplane may not be able to handle it and or the pilots may not be able to control the airplane flying into that kind of activity mckenzie and keel take a harder look at their weather radar it looks heavy nothing's going through that mysteriously the gap the pilots thought they'd spotted no longer seems to exist that's a hole isn't it it's not showing a hole is it the storm suddenly gets much worse never heard such loud hail in my life and then beating on the you know sides of the airplane was extremely deafening the hail was probably the loudest noise i've ever heard it sounded like i was in a metal barrel with someone throwing rocks at me please keep your seat belts fastened we should be out of this shortly hail the size of baseballs hammers the dc-9 breaking the plane's windshield the pilots of southern 242 had to raise their voices audibly to be heard above the unholy tattoo of this hail which was buckshotting the airplane these pilots have never been through anything like this before in their lives which way would cross here or go out i don't know how we get through here bill i know you're just gonna have to go out yeah run across that man all clear left approximately right now i think we can cut across there mackenzie and keel desperately seek an escape route from the storm but as they do the emergency escalates the plane loses all electrical power without power keel must keep the aircraft level without an artificial horizon now the pilots are left to look back out the window and try and orient the airplane with the horizon but surrounded by thick cloud a horizon is difficult to find it's almost impossible for lyman keel to get his bearings southern 242 what's your speed atlanta air traffic control tries to make contact with southern airways they receive no response southern 242 atlanta what's your speed after i realized that we had a disaster in progress or something was wrong i got up and started briefing my passengers the flight attendants were very quick in giving us emergency landing instructions it was not very much time for anyone to start panicking after 36 seconds in the dark power returns the instruments come alive and the radio begins working again air traffic control finally gets through to mckenzie and keel maintain one five thousand if you understand maintain one five thousand southern two four two southern airways flight 242 has been instructed to fly at 4 600 meters but the plane has fallen to almost 4 200 meters [Music] we're trying to get it up there while i was looking out at the front of the left engine i could see the hail continuing to put more and more dents into the cowling around the engine and into the cone in the center of the engine and the engine was starting to make sounds like it was quitting [Music] okay yeah 242 uh we just got our windshield busted we'll try to get it back up to 15. we're at 14. southern 242 you say you're at 14 now left engine won't spool you say you lost an engine and uh busted a windshield yes sir oh my god the other engine's going to got the other engine going too so they're 242 say again standby [Music] we lost both engines both engines are now out this dc-9 is a glider and it's falling at 56 feet per second they're at 14 000 feet they don't have a lot of time lyman keel adjusts his course to navigate his plane out of the storm captain mckenzie must restart the engines or they'll be forced to make an emergency landing without engines southern airways flight 242 is plummeting from the sky there's also another dire consequence of the engine failure normally the engines generate electricity for the instruments radios and hydraulics when the engines quit all of these systems fail apu deploy the apu the auxiliary power unit is a backup power generator it will provide electricity to the plane but it will take more than two minutes for it to power up once they had finished their instructions and there was simply a waiting period before we landed we turned to each other and said that we would all get through this together and we held hands for a moment when the second engine quit i wasn't aware of what was going on around me i was so focused on trying to figure out a way to save myself i knew that sometimes the tail breaks off in an accident and i felt the further back i could get the better there we go two minutes without systems the auxiliary power unit finally kicks in the pilots may not have engines but at least they now have power we lost both engines how about getting rebecca to the nearest place captain mackenzie needs directions to an airport the flight can only stay airborne for another six minutes dorbin's air force base is 32 kilometers away it has a runway that's long enough for a dc-9 it also has full emergency services southern 242 roger turn right heading 1-0-0 we'll be vectors for a straight-in approach to dominance runway 1-1 resolved weather lyman keel knows dobbins air force base intimately he trained there and it's now his home base as a navy reserve pilot he's landed there frequently declare an emergency bill right now keel's familiarity with dorban's is the only advantage this crew has [Music] less than 16 kilometers away lies the town of new hope georgia sadie hurst sees no signs of an advancing storm it was absolutely beautiful day the children were playing outside they were riding their bicycles up and down the driveway hello hey you my husband worked in atlanta and he kept his radio on the huntsville radio station and he called me and he said honey we've got some bad weather coming in he said you need to get the kids in [Music] boys come on in now nasty weather's coming come in now all right flashlights and batteries stephen [Music] ordinarily tornadoes come with bad weather you know dark clouds and rain and hail but we didn't see any of that southern airways 242 finally breaks through the storm clouds into clear skies the plane descends steadily through 2100 meters get those engines started once the engines failed the workload in the cockpit increased substantially in this particular instance the first officer was the quote pilot flying he was the one that was actually manipulating the flight controls and maneuvering the airplane the captain on the other hand was now running checklist and trying to troubleshoot listen uh we lost both engines and uh i can't uh tell you the implications of this uh we only got two engines and how far is dobbins now southern 242 uh 19 miles do you have one engine running now negative no engines i didn't know what was wrong but i could tell something was wrong i went and opened the cockpit door simply to tell them we're ready for whatever just don't stall this thing out no i won't bill what's going on not now kathy sit down you could tell they were afraid i understood that they were afraid just for the sound of their voice so i understood that there was something very dangerous going on but i had no idea what down to only 1400 meters the plane is still 27 kilometers from dorban's air force base ask him if there's anything between here and dobbins what ask him if there is anything between here and dobbins uh is there an airport between our position and dobbins southern 242 uh no sir closest airport is dobbins first officer lyman keel doesn't think he can get the dc-9 as far as dorby's air force base he's lost too much altitude i doubt we're gonna make it but we're trying everything to get something started uh roger well there is cartersville you're about 10 miles south of cartersville 15 miles west of darwin's keel needs a closer airport cartersville seems like a good choice we'll take a vector to that yes we'll have to go there can you give us a vector to cartersville all right turn left heading 360 will be directly a direct vector to cartersville air traffic controllers in atlanta see no other options they direct flight 242 to cartersville airport as the pilots seek out an airport the flight attendants still don't know what type of landing to prepare for they wouldn't talk to me when i looked in the door the whole windshield was cracked so what do we do i think we've lost both the engines i thought so okay kathy have you briefed all your passengers mm-hmm [Music] i realized i was an emergency situation and i felt like i was going to die but i decided i would do everything i could to try to help my chances i had previously collected some blankets and pillows and had gotten my leather jacket off the overhead rack and i arranged those into make a nest as much as i could for myself with tornadoes in the forecast the community of new hope is braced for a different type of danger after a couple hours of playing outside my mother called us in to to come in because there was bad weather coming our way we came into the house and mother had told us about what was going on and she said that we need to get downstairs to prepare for the for the bad weather it was coming [Music] southern airways flight 242 has lost too much altitude the pilots come to the frightening conclusion that at the rate they're falling they can't make it to cartersville they must prepare to land now i'm picking out a clear field billy you have to find me a highway let's get the next clear open field no bill see a highway over there no cars right there is that straight no we'll have to take it [Music] lyman keel decides to bring the plane down onto a rural highway georgia state highway 92 captain bill mckenzie radios atlanta air traffic control with the bad news we're putting it on the highway we're down to nothing the clock runs out on southern airways 242. [Music] with no engines first officer lyman keel lines up the aircraft for an emergency landing on the highway that runs through new hope georgia in the last minute we did a steep left bank in which we were able to see the pine trees that were very close to the aircraft [Music] flaps they're down to 50. oh god bill i hope we can do it without training on how to land a dc-9 with no engines first officer lyman keele's attempt is entirely improvised lyman q is a young man who has just come back from the proving ground of southeast asia where he was a naval aviator he learned the niceties of landing on a rolling pitching aircraft carrier in the south china sea in the middle of the night what he was confronted with right now was even a greater test the greatest test he had ever confronted in his life as an airman i'm going to land right over that guy there's a car ahead i got it i got it now i got it brace for impact the southern airways flight touches down on state highway 92. when the aircraft touched down the first touchdown was very very nice it was smooth it seemed like it was going to work and everything was going to turn out okay and then it immediately bounced back up the air and slammed down each bump that we made seemed to be harder and louder than the previous one the plane smashes into new hope before the plane completely stopped moving there was fire blowing through the cabin i felt my face burning even though i tried to cover it with my leather jacket we heard this tremendous noise large sections of southern airways 242 litter the entire length of new hope come on i got my seat belt loose after uh a few tries and turned toward the rear of the airplane and i saw a spot of light i got up and ran for that light i could not believe i was alive i just could not believe it where i found myself after we woke up was sort of indescribable i was sitting by the front entry door we have a coat closet that was adjacent to it and the back wall that the jump seat strapped to all three of those walls had collapsed and rolled into like a little triangle ball area and there was just enough room for me inside and i could see a crack of light and i thought i'm going through that crack of light come hell or high water in the very next instant as if i had just blinked my eyes instead of seeing the carpet between my feet i suddenly was looking at blue sky above me i realized i was lying flat on my back in the dirt everything to the left of me was flaming wreckage i didn't even recognize it as being the plane that i had just been thrown out of i thought it was maybe a house that we had hit stewardess sandy pearl also escapes safely she's able to help others [Music] survivors flee the flaming wreckage [Music] when i got to the top of the basement steps to close the door i saw a red reflection like fire in the door that's when i saw what was happening [Music] i saw smoke and fire [Music] and the people that were coming toward me they weren't screaming they weren't yelling they were quiet everything was on fire and i could see people running toward a house [Music] i need to use your phone [Music] i wanted to call the local people or a southern or somebody and say we've just landed somewhere and we need help it just became a blur they just kept coming [Music] you helped her i got back to the kitchen and i was just circled by people they knew they were in a house and i guess they felt safe and they needed somebody to help them i was still frantic i was still trying to move as quickly as possible and do as much as i could at the time [Music] and i'll remember the day i died just staring there at the trees burning and pine trees burning and pieces of aircraft it's it was so unreal i've never seen anything like it and never want to see anything like that again [Music] 72 people including pilots lyman keel and bill mckenzie die in the crash of southern airways flight 242. investigators would soon uncover a tragic series of miscues and coincidences that caused the plane to crash southern flight 242 crashed after the dc-9 jet lost power in both engines the plane had just flown through a violent hail storm on a flight from huntsville alabama to atlanta where i saw the plane as it came veering down hit the treetops we thought it was a tornado first vehicles people that was in this grocery store yard and vehicles it actually hit them a family of seven is killed instantly when the plane hit their car they were just leaving the store about the time that the flight tried to land on the highway and then uh of course the i think they hit the gas pumps and they exploded and everything around was on fire and actually they were in the car and perished during the during the explosion and fire investigators from the national transportation safety board arrive within hours of the accident this is the second major blow to southern airways safety record in 1970 flight 932 carrying the marshall university football team crashed in west virginia everyone on board was killed there are always many questions that investigators have to find answers to the two primary questions that needed to be answered by the board were what were the weather conditions and what caused both engines on a two-engine airplane to flame out that resulted in the pilots having to make an emergency landing on a highway in a small town the storm that flight 242 flew into was a monster why had a crew so familiar with weather in the south flown headfirst into it that's a whole isn't it it's not showing at all is it investigators listen to the cockpit voice recorder for any clues about the decisions made by the crew as they were entering the thunderstorm that's a hole isn't it it's not showing a hole is it they learned that the pilots relied heavily on their weather radar as they approached the storm but it appears to have deceived them all clearly right now i think we can cut across there one of the limitations of the radar that the crew of flight 242 was using is signal attenuation that is that the beam that is projected from the radar unit out to look at the weather and return is diffused so that the picture that is depicted in the cockpit that the crew is looking at may not be accurate weather radar sends out radio waves those waves bounce off storm clouds ahead and return to the aircraft but if precipitation is extremely intense the radio waves can be deflected away the radar unit might then interpret the lack of returning waves as a clear path ahead those inaccuracies are hard to decipher and if the crew is depending solely or very intently on the radar to guide them through the precipitation they may be making decisions that aren't based on accurate information the storm that entangles southern airways 242 is one of the worst to hit the united states in three years the crew didn't encounter a tornado but it was battered by torrential rain and heavy hail which way or go out i don't know how we get through here bill what keel and mackenzie read as a clear area ahead was in fact the heaviest part of the storm they flew straight forward the other engine's going to got the other engine going too southern 242 say again stand by we lost both engines [Music] once inside the storm the dc-9s engines failed but a turbofan engine is designed to ingest huge amounts of rain and even hail precipitation alone should not have shut them down investigators study what's left of the dc-9s engines for clues they need to know if some mechanical failure caused both engines to fail inside the storm well initially i was puzzled as to how the engines could be involved in the cause of this accident but i was very anxious to get there to see the engines myself to find out if there was any sort of visible failure in the engines pratt and whitney the manufacturer of the engines assigns al weaver to advise the ntsb investigation the engines are moved to atlanta airport for a closer inspection and when they lifted the engines up in the vertical direction in the hangar i could hear the tinkling in pieces fell out through the front of the engine onto the floor i reached over and picked up those pieces and i recognized them immediately as part of the high compressor blading deep with inside the engine al weaver discovers that the pieces that fell from the engine were broken blades from the compressor jet engines need pressurized air for combustion two separate compressors inside the engine are made up of dozens of steel blades the rapidly spinning blades force air to the back of the engine the pressurized air is ignited in the combustion chamber creating thrust weaver notices that the compressor blades from flight 242 are badly bent or fatigued the way they're bent tells him they were damaged in the air not when the plane hit the ground and we know that that fatiguing and the type of fatigue that we could observe with our eye is caused by the repetitive surging of the engine over and over a surge occurs when the airflow through an engine gets interrupted pressure builds up between the compressors instead of behind them without the back pressure air from the combustion chamber moves to the front of the engine the engine briefly loses power next investigators need to find out if the repetitive surging was caused by the engines inhaling massive amounts of rain when an engine ingests rain it has to convert it into a gas before it can pump it out as exhaust that process uses energy and slows down the engines investigators conclude that with so much rain to convert the engines couldn't maintain enough power to run the generators that's what caused the first power outage but it doesn't explain why the engines failed completely al weaver wants to know if the sheer volume of rain the engines were forced to ingest could have caused their failure the same engine model that powered southern airways 242 is run with up to 14 percent water to air okay engines are three-quarters throttle [Music] let's begin investigators ultimately throw monsoon level reins against the engine they run it from idle up to full throttle okay that's it shut it down the rain was not enough to cause the kind of surge that tore the engines on flight 242 to pieces thanks very much gentlemen and the engine operated normally no abnormalities so our judgment was we could not conceive of a rainstorm that would put more water in so we knew we were going in the wrong direction with more water the water ingestion test points investigators to another suspect that's a hole isn't it it's not showing a hole is it hail people who survived the crash described seeing hail the size of baseballs it was powerful enough to break the plane's three and a half centimeter thick windshield al weaver discovers significant hail damage on both of the plane's engine cowlings starting at the front of the engine we noted that the inlet cowl and the center body that streamlines the airflow going into the engine which are parts of the aircraft structure and made out of aluminum were all dented from both engines and that led us to suspect that the existence of the hail might have been a significant contributor weaver knows that it would take a powerful force to damage the hard metal compressor blades we knew from the examination mechanically of the engines that the hail itself did not cause any damage to the engine it only dented the outside of the covering over the engine heavy precipitation and a damaged cowling could have interrupted the engine's airflow and caused a surge but one surge shouldn't tear an engine apart [Music] weaver suspects that massive pieces of hail may have clogged a vital outlet in the plane's engines the bleed valves when pressure builds between the two compressors bleed valves should open automatically to release that pressure and clear the surge if the bleed valves were blocked the engines would have continued to surge over and over again once the engine began to surge the action that the pilot should have taken was to pull the throttles back to clear the surge al weaver turns to the cockpit voice recorder and discovers that the circumstances may have caused the crew to do the exact opposite [Music] maintain one five thousand southern two four two we're trying to get it up there weaver learns that the crew was asked to climb while in the heart of the storm maintain one if you understand me maintain one five thousand southern 242. in order to climb the captain had to increase thrust to his engines which would have made matters worse but if the surge was not cleared and allowed to continue then the engine would simply break itself internally we're trying to get it up there advancing the throttles would only worsen the situation with its bleed cavities blocked by hail pressure built up inside the engines bending the compressor blades until they shattered left engine won't spool our left engine just cut out and once the blades broke in the compressor then the engine has no hope of ever working again investigators now understand how the pilots misread the storm and how their engines failed as a result of it but they don't know why the pilots weren't warned that there was such a severe storm in their path [Music] who's got the landing and not me it's the captain ignition sir as the pilots prepared to depart huntsville they did have a weather report from southern airways but the information was already hours old like you guys got a good one southern airways dispatch did not have updated information they didn't subscribe to the national weather services update system they did have a subscription to a service that required them to dial up and receive the information when the dispatcher called the phone number to get the updated information it was busy and never pursued it and was not able to provide any kind of update information to the crew of 242. southern airways 242 i'm painting a line of weather which appears to be moderate to possibly heavy precipitation starting about five miles ahead could huntsville have provided better weather information absolutely but in the course of doing their job they provided localized weather information about an intense thunderstorm or rain shower that was moving over the airport they were only responsible really for about 40 nautical miles what the crew of flight 242 was looking at was well beyond 40 miles with little information on the storm and having misread their weather radar bill mckenzie and lyman keel flew blindly into massive thunderheads the heavy rain and hail crippled their engines the crew decided that their only option was an emergency landing how about getting to the nearest place southern 242 roger turn right heading 1-0-0 we'll be vectors for a straight-in approach to dominance uh runway 1-1 [Music] when investigators analyze the flight path of southern airways 242 they discover one more deadly oversight [Music] from the time the crew realized that they had no engine power until the time a touchdown was about nine minutes so in looking at the critical decision making they had about seven minutes of solid critical decision making before they were committed to that emergency landing on the highway atlanta after the engines failed the pilots made a 180 degree turn towards the west looking for an escape from the storm that takes them directly away from dorbyn's air force base the turn takes the pilots out of the hailstorm but leaves them further away from a runway they also lose minutes of valuable flying time only once the pilots escape the hailstorm do they turn again towards dorbans uh is there an airport between our position and dobbins southern 242 uh no sir closest airport is dobbins had they maintained that course to dobbins rather than make the turns or try to find another airport they probably would have had a better success rate and definitely a better survival rate southern 242 roger turn right heading 1-0-0 there will be vectors for a straight-in approach to diamonds runway 1-1 by the time mckenzie received the instructions southern airways 242 had been flying away from dorbins for too long the plane was simply too far and flying too low to make it there but there was one last missed opportunity to save flight 242. investigators learned that just as mackenzie and keel were directed towards dorbin's air force base they were right above another runway cornelius moore airport [Music] i thought we would land at the cornelius moore airport because i was familiar with that airport i had flown many times in our airplane back and forth between decatur and atlanta investigators learn that cornelius moore was just out of range of radar at atlanta approach control they didn't know it existed they could not direct southern airways 242 there because they couldn't see it on their screens when i learned that the controllers in atlanta didn't know about the cornelius moore airport in cartersville i was upset because we went within i think three or four miles of that airport had a 4 000 foot runway and even though some of the controllers thought it was too short it sure would have been better than that highway we landed on i was very very angry there's such a futile reaction you know there was such a waste of life that i was sad the ntsb investigation concludes that the catastrophic failure of the turbofan engines and the failure to convey sufficient information on the storm to the pilots are the causes of the crash of southern airways 242 the ntsb acts immediately it issues a recommendation that weather radar systems aboard planes and in air traffic control centers be upgraded to better portray weather systems in today's commercial aircraft pilots have available to them color weather radar it's radar that will depict in various color bands the intensity of the precipitation the crash of southern airways 242 also leads to a better understanding of how engines should be managed in heavy precipitation we once again reaffirmed to the pilots the importance not to allow the engine to continue operation in continual surging if there is a surge condition for any reason you should clear the surge because if you didn't clear the surge and allowed it to operate it would break eventually in every air crash investigators try to determine whether or not the accident was survivable when you look at the survivability in an aircraft accident you can definitively say that the design of the seat contributed to the survival factors aspects but the statistics that bear out whether sitting in the front of the airplane is safer the middle of the airplane is safer or the back of the airplane is safer don't exist in this particular instance a surviving passenger don foster was quick thinking he put a leather jacket over his head and used a pillow as a buffer between the seat in front of him and his face that probably saved his life from the standpoint that it minimized any injuries he would have suffered in fact the ntsb believes that if flight attendants had distributed blankets and pillows to the passengers there would have been fewer injuries as a result of the crash we learned from every airplane crash we learned from this one we learned that the communication broke down within the faa within southern airways even within the cockpit of that dc-9 what we didn't ultimately learn though is the most important lesson and that is awesome respect for mother nature and what mother nature can do 30 years have passed since southern airways 242 crashed through the small community of new hope georgia every 10 years since the crash survivors of the tragedy gather at a church in new hope they remember those that were lost and help one another cope with the tragedy it's one of the longest running survivors group of its kind i want to welcome you to this service today in remembering april the 4th 1977 when the southern airways flight 242 crashed here in the new hope community earl d johnson [Music] lyman keel jr william wade mckenzie [Music] earl c griffin jr [Music] after the crash i had a hard time understanding how i managed to survive and after a couple of months i quit worrying about it i felt like i had a second shot at it i felt like that family was more important having fun was more important [Music] [Applause] [Music] it took a pretty deep toll on our family my mother and my father especially they lost two of their children and all their grandchildren all at one time [Music] and i can still to this day i can smell the odors and i can hear the sounds and i can see those people so many things will bring back those smallest memories and every time it's triggered the emotions come back you don't want them to you don't ask for them but you can't stop them i believe it's important for the survivors to get together so that they can share their experiences know that there are other people that went through the same feelings that they did [Music] i mean i've had a great life because of this in a way that makes no sense but it's changed me for the better i think i've done better had a better life because of how i grew from that [Music] may this service do honor to these dear loved ones and may it bring comfort and peace to we who remain [Music] so you

Channel: Mayday: Air Disaster

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Id: k-w5DgA2YQ4

Length: 48min 51sec (2931 seconds)

Published: Fri Sep 23 2022