Hello, everyone today we will going we are
going to discuss different map projections. First, let us say why different map projections
are required, as you know that in GIS, everything has to be organized in GIS database, and you
also know that maps represent three dimensional earth surfaces into 2 d. And when we convert
from 3 d to 2 d for that we require some system, and that system is nothing, but map projections. Map projection itself is a big subject, but
I will try to be as brief as possible, and should not lose the sight, that we are going
to use extensively in GIS map projections. Let me first bring the model here, Think that
there are longitudes which are going from pole to pole, and there are latitudes and
this is wired mess, only equator is shown here, so if we keep a source of light inside
this one, and put a photographic paper, and expose. Suppose we put here and expose, then
whatever the lines which will come which will come on the surface as a radiating line, but
if we keep here, that would be little differently. If we start holding this paper, and then expose
and then make it flat, then the network or grid of this latitude longitude is going to
be different, and therefore, all kinds of complications then come into map projections. Now, another very important issue is here,
that each country on the surface of the globe is located uniquely; each continent is also
located uniquely. And second important thing is earth is not perfect spheroid. On the poles
you are having some problems, and therefore, whenever you use map projection for particular
country; like say for India, that particular map projection is not going to be suitable
for a country, which is at higher latitudes; say like continent like Antarctica. So, if
you map projection which is being used for Antarctica, then it is not suitable for India.
Another thing important thing here is, that each country would like to represent itself
in it is true shape. So, if you change the shape, the size of the country will also change;
that means the total area of the country. Now no country would ever like to have that
kind of change, and therefore, there are hundreds of projections have been developed, for different
countries. So, now there might be a question do we have
universal projections? Yes, we are also having some universal projection which we will see
little later, but these universal projections are though their name is universal, but may
not be truly universal. So, complications whatever whatever are there we will see. In
GIS frame we have to select a projection, generally sometimes initially we keep data
in geographic coordinates; that is in latitude longitude, and instead of latitude longitude,
and you know degree minute's seconds, we convert them to dd. This point we have discussed in
previous lectures. Then we have to also select a model of the earth;
that is the shape of the earth, that is sphere or ellipsoid, and then we transform these
geographic coordinates latitude longitude, to plane coordinates; that is easting northing.
In all cases it is not easting northing, but in certain projections we call them as easting
northing, or in simple terms we can say x and y. So, these are geographic coordinates.
So, all these three things are important, and for each country there are different projection
are available. The best part here is, that using a computer
programs or GIS software, we can change our data, ours maps from one projection to another
quite easily.The It is very easy to change one projection data to another with a vector
data, but it is rather little difficult comparatively, with raster data, but nonetheless the projections
can be changed. Another thing is that,when whenever we go to change in the scale then
the again projection issues might also come there, because if you if you go for a smaller
scale maps that, you are going to cover large area, and then curvature of earth will come,
and therefore, appropriate projection has to be chosen, because the main aim here, the
shape of a country should not change, because if it changes then your area of that country
will also change.Now, you know that maps are maps are one type of models, or models of
reality which are representing the abstract form of reality, reduce reality, only selected
important features are represented in a map, like topographic map. So, it is having the
terrain terrain representation through contour lines or point heights. Then it is having
said hydrological information's like river network and water bodies. Then you are having
road network. Then you might be having locations of villages towns and other things. So, maps are models of reality, or reduce
reality, abstract reality, and we try to as mentioned that earth which is a earth as a
spheroid, though it is not perfect, but this is spheroid is the 3d body, we try to project
this 3 d into 2 d, and when it is done, it has to be done through map projections and
maps as we know that these are the basis of any GIS database. A basic three types of map
projections are there, but then in between there are n number of variants of these basic
map projections are there. Like if I use this sheet as a as a cylinder, make it kind of
cylinder, and put along the globe, and then glow from inside, thus light of source is
inside. Then whatever impression it will creates on the on the sheet, photographic sheet, and
then I make this sheet flat, then I will see contour lines, and these be the vertical lines,
and sorry the longitude would be vertical lines, latitude would be horizontal lines. If I make that sheet as a cone and then expose,
then I would have in the centre, the longitude would be radiating, from the poles, and then
I will have circles for the latitude. Again in a Azimuth projection, I am not going to
say roll the sheet or make a cone or cylinder, instead if I keep just flat, then this is
how it will be projected. So, these are the three basic types of map projection exists.
Then there are variants, which we will see little later. Now if I bring boundaries of the different
countries or continents along with this map projection, then this is how it happens. See
in case of Azimuth projections, when sheet is not rolled or has taken the shape of the
cone, this is what happens. So, you know the countries which are in the centre, or a centre
of the sheet will have the near to representation whereas the countries at the cone nuts or
margins will have different shapes and therefore, different sizes. Similarly here as you can see the latitude
would appear as a curved lines, and longitude would appear as a radiating line, in Lambert
conformal conic projection, this is how it will look. So, depending on the latitude of
a country location of the country in a particular latitude, then the shape would take. Think
in a cylindrical projection, when I use that sheet and make as a cylinder, when it is make,
when we flatted in a 2 d, then we get these vertical and longitude and horizontal and
a sort of uniform grid is there, but important point here is to note what happens to the
shape of the Antarctica. You know that the shape of the Antarctica is not like this.
So, in cylindrical projection it is completely distorted. The projection which I have mentioned
the universal transverse Mercator projection, there too you are having this problem, that
the in the countries which are in the middle latitudes will be have sort of true representation,
but the countries at near the poles, like Antarctica or north pole, continents will
have completely distorted representation. Similar thing is again shown here that depends
now instead of instead of putting and fitting at the equator we can change it, these cylinders.
So, in the normal position, and this is the one projection, then in this transverse position
where it is not kept along with this, and then we can have oblique position. So, all
all kinds of variations are there, why variations are there, because each country on the globe
is located uniquely. And therefore, each country would like to have it is true shape and size.
And therefore, each country has developed their own projection systems. The best part I have already mentioned that,
it is good that tools nowadays are available to change from one projection to another. And then as mentioned that low variants are
there, you can have a conic tangent, and you can have a conic secant and then these planar
object thing planar aspects sequence have in Azimuthal projections. And then your stereo graphic projections are
also used in geology, very common in structure geology for southern hemisphere,also stereo
graphic projections for northern hemisphere are used in mineralogy. So, whole these projections are there. Again
in cylindrical projection as mentioned that the continent like Antarctica will have a
big problem. Same also in the north near northern poles, but the in middle latitude regions
countries will have quite nice representation. Where as in plane projection you can see that
countries at the near poles, if the sheet has been kept there, or imagine, it has been
imagined there then that will have true shape and size, but the countries as you go away
from the centre, then you are having distortion. There are projections which are like orange
when you peel off, then different layer will come and that is interrupted projection. So,
again here countries which are located in the middle latitude, no problem, but see that
what happens to the continent like Antarctica. It has gone in four parts, we know that is
a single land mass, and there are problems then, in cylindrical projections or universal
Mercator or that projection,which I have taught. Now as the as mentioned earlier that a projections
are used to display locations on curved surface of the earth, on a flat sheet according to
some set of rules, and these rules are the shape of a region, because we want to keep
intact to the shape of the country or continent. Then distance between two points are also,
and then directions bearing from one point to another should not also change, and then
if shape has not changed hopefully the size of the area, of the region or a continent,
or a country will also not change. So, these are things which are involved, but when we
change from one projection to another, there might be lot of changes will occur in a in
these four criteria or rules. So, basic principles are; therefore, many mapping applications
the earth can be assumed to be a perfect sphere. There is a difference between the distances
around the earth between the poles versus the equator as we know. That circumference
of the earth is about one oblique three hundredth smaller around the poles, and this type of
figure is termed and oblate ellipsoid or spheroid is three- dimensional shape obtained by rotating
the ellipse about its shorter axis, an estimate of the Earth’s surface based on an ellipsoid
provides a determination of the elevation of every point on the Earth’s surface, including
sea level and as often called as datum. So, all these things are important here, as
earlier I was mentioned that illumination source is kept in the center. A cylinder shaped
paper is set here, and when you exposed, nowadays mathematically you do not have to do it physically,
and mathematically using software all these things can be done. Most of the GIS good GIS
softwares are capable of changing, data from one projection to another. And also if if
you are having basic information basic parameters available to you, you too can create your
own custom design projection, to represent a particular country or land mass in it’s
true shape and size. So, projection as a is a representation of the earth 3 d into a 2
d. And projection of an image into another surface,
either a cylinder,flat plane or cone.These are the basic types which have been we have
already discussed, this one. Now then what we want to keep, if you want
to keep equal area, then emphasis on the area, area will be intact, but there might be some
other distortions will come. This is how we will go one by one, that equal area correctly
represents areas sizes of the sphere on the map. A universal u t m projection, or universal
transfers Mercator projection, sometimes is also called as equal area projection. So,
each cell of that grid of latitude longitude represents the equal area of the earth surface.
But as mentioned that on the poles, the continents or countries get distorted. In the central
middle middle latitude region, things are more or less in order. So, that is another
very popular one. Lambert cylindrical equal area projections
are there,your universal transfer projection is also equal area projection. Then instead
of equal area then you can have equidistant; that correctly represent distances between
two points, and like example is, here is the plate career projection or conformal projection
that represents angles and shapes correctly, at infinitely small locations. So, various
emphases have been given, whether you want to keep area intact, or distance intact or
intact with the angle and shape. So, if a shape is also intact the country, will also
most likely to have equal area, the area intact. And example in case of conformal is the Mercator
projection. Universal UTM is a mix up of equal area as well as conformal
and, so that is why it is called universal Mercator transfers projection. There are other issues is here, that cylindrical
or conformal projections preserves right angles between lines of latitude and longitude, and
are primarily used to, because they preserve direction. So, if you are having, all cells
are representing as a rectangle, and your longitudes are vertical, your latitude are
perfectly horizontal. Then you can have right angle preservation, and therefore, you preserve,
or your direction that is say north direction east west south, all is preserved or remain
intact in cylindrical projection. Area is always distorted on cylindrical projection,
example is, of Antarctica. Cylindrical projection that sphere into a
cylindrical tangent to a central meridian, and meridians and parallels intersect at right
angles that you can see here. So, it depends on how where exactly the cylinder has been
assumed in this mathematical model. Mercator projection is also called conformal
projections; this is how the distortions which are occurring to the Antarctica, but other
countries are. In order to represent the true shape of Antarctica, it is better to have
planer conformal or polar projections. We also call them polar projections, and when
we assume that the sheet is kept at the say southern poles, and when the light is projected
through the grid, then the true shape of Antarctica will come. So, whenever Antarctica is shown in some maps,
they use the polar projection in which, in polar projection the longitude will radiate
from the centre of Antarctica, and latitude will have a circular shape, which preserves
the angles Mercator projection, distorted scales. And once a scale is distorted your
distance direction and area to is distorted. So, depending on where the country is located,
appropriate projection has to be chosen. Distortion increase away from the central meridian as
you can realize that near poles things are would be better, and used in sailing direction
more important than distance. So, may be in navigation, and water navigation or sea navigation
they prefer, because they want to keep the direction intact. Now in conical projections also equal area
projections preserve the property of the area. On an equivalent projection all parts of earth
surface are shown, with the correct area and latitudinal distance are never accurate. So,
this having problem with conical projections. Examples are here, that why these complications
are there with conical projections. And then there are when we fix certain standard
parallels, and with two parallel examples is given here, then this is called Albers
equal area conical projection. Now as I have said that it is need not to
be that the cone of that paper has to be near the poles, you can make oblique projections,
and depending on again requirement, and therefore, things would be different. And this Albers
equal area projection, conical projection will distorts scale, and distance except a
long standard parallels. So, between routes two parallels which a user
can give, as per the location of the country, between two parallels, these things can be
can remain intact, but other things will get distorted. In Azimuth Azimuthal projections, when you
keep the sheet as flat, and wherever you want you can touch, if it is physical model, or
in mathaematic mathematical models accordingly you can assume. In Azimuthal projection only
preserves correct distance, relationship along a few lines on the map. And there can be two major types in planar
projection or Azimuthal projections that you can have second that we instead of assuming
tangent, touching tangent at the poles, you can assume something like this as well. So,
again depending where you assume, where is the country located accordingly going for
true shape and size, and then very suitable for particular country, may not be suitable
for other countries. Now planar projection or Azimuthal projections,
whereas I have said that we assume a flat sheet is located in contact with the globe,
and points are projected from globe to the sheet. So, then the points are projected,
and then your 3 d surface may become 2 d through this projection. So, this brings to the end
of this presentation. As I have already mentioned three four things ,why projections is required,
because instead of a 3 d earth, we want to represent in form of maps, and therefore,
you want to project map into 3 d. Now each country is located uniquely on the globe,
and therefore, everyone would like to represent it is true shape and size, and when it is
intended, then everyone will go for their own projection. However, the important point which I have
also mentioned, that it is good nowadays mathematical models are available. Those have been implemented
into GIS.All all modern GIS software supports transforming from one projection to another,
transforming projection from one to another with vector data, is rather easier; however,
with the raster data it is difficult. So,Thank you very much.
