Demystifying Cracks for Home Inspectors at the 2020 Professional Inspectors Convention

uh we're gonna be kind of looking at cracks uh in mostly foundations but also walls and things i've done a variation of this a couple of times over the years that were more uh where cracks were just part of the overall structural class that i was doing but this time it's just really going to concentrate on looking at cracks because i know and having literally standing side by side with structural engineers over the years staring at uh cracks and things there's different things to look for in them and all cracks are not equal the quantity of the cracks blah blah all this stuff comes together uh on this stuff so it is uh i'm calling it sort of an introduction to crackology um so i've been doing this a long time 22 years and construction been teaching home inspection uh at the first kaplan college in in uh denver and then at our internachi school in boulder which by the way is outstanding if i uh do say so myself and uh if you are looking to go to a inspection school after all the coveted stuff is uh finally uh over i i think we have a good one uh and i'm still doing inspections in fact uh i've got one this afternoon uh so um you know identifying all the things that causes cracks and structural issues and things is really beyond what we do as inspectors but understanding some of the basics of what causes uh problems with our foundations and leads to cracks is uh gives us that background depth uh to when we're trying to evaluate what's going on or what we're looking at and how serious we think it is so defective design obviously um just architects designers can uh contractors make mistakes like uh one of my best friends um had a uh just they did a poor uh design or you know the house was not built properly and gave troubles um and then of course changes uh at the location at the site drainage tree growth plumbing you know leakage uh backfill settlement all those things can can uh change uh things that are going on at uh in our case talking about houses house site and then poor workmanship cutting corners oh yeah like we never see that and uh can also lead to trouble and then inferior materials another friend uh the contractor decided to uh save a few bucks and ordered a concrete mix that was not uh to the specifications of the architect and yep a big lawsuit and stuff so things like this can uh lead to trouble you all hear it you all know it buildings settle it doesn't matter where you are in the country uh buildings houses will do some settling so settling isn't really the uh big question it's what is the settling done and of course not all settling is equal uh sometimes the settling leads to big problems that um now remedial action is needed it's a rare building that doesn't settle as we were just saying so it's the severity and extent of the settling in our uh diagram here we can see how the maybe backfill around part of the house uh differentially uh compacted and caused part of the house to break and move in fact later on i've got an illustration of this exact thing on a real house so the uh there's several different types of types of settling differential settling definitely is the worst um at least most of the time is the worst where part of the house settles differently than other part which might stay the same or stable and that can lead to big structural issues so you know our questions are what is the crack doing gapping shifting displacing where is it going is it top to bottom side to side is going to the wall openings like windows and doorways how old is the cracks i'm you know pressures build they get relieved and then uh everything's happy again so uh those things are all part of it and you know how active is the cracked is is it inactive and in our uh picture you see here this is what we call a common stair step crack and it stayed in the mortar joints which uh if we've got a crack that's where we like it to go we don't like it breaking through the brick uh this is behaving the way we look for looking at a foundation we are looking to see has the crack uh gapped displaced uh on our uh right here we see it goes from a hairline widening telling us that that wall is or that foundation wall is kind of shifting sort of like this and opening up that crack more the one on our uh left is uh not quite showing that it's almost like a slippage is sliding a little bit these are things that we're looking for as pieces of the puzzle you know every inspection is like putting together a jigsaw puzzle and we're always missing pieces from it but we're trying to find enough pieces of the puzzle that we can see at least what the picture is going to be is it the eiffel tower or is it a the taj mahal kind of thing just what is our jigsaw puzzle going to be uh is part of the overall thing we do as home inspectors in this uh slide here we can see how we have a corner here obviously and part of the house is pulled away uh and tipping settlement maybe but we can see that it's pulled away and slid out a little bit maybe not necessarily something that a structural engineer is going to say oh we got a big problem here we need to do something about this but it's something that we're going to look at as part of one of those pieces of the puzzle that we're trying to put together our big big picture here so cracks in mortar joints mortar should be mixed weaker than the bricks or blocks this is kind of you know masonry 101. uh sometimes they make mistakes and the mortar is mixed as strong or stronger than the bricks and then we'll sometimes see uh you know cracks going right through the bricks or the block and that can be its own separate problem so uh we see here cracks staying in the mortar also just in this photograph here uh you can see maybe we've got had a little rusting in the lintel and that rust can swell and break loose a mortar joint and give us a little crack there that isn't necessarily an indication of any kind of structural issue just you know and not necessarily even something that's a big remedial action here but one some nice to understand that that can happen and sometimes that crack can lead through because it's expanding this area here and sometimes it can lead through ways but it's not telling us it's necessarily a structural issue but something just going on with the steel lentil uh rusting and creating a little bit of a issue there now here we got a crack going right through the brick so was the mortar mixed too uh hard uh harder than the brick or something else going on uh but that is a pretty good crack it is more vertical so maybe not uh you know not sure exactly but it's going to be a part of the puzzle that we're putting together windows and doors are weak areas in a wall it's almost like perforations on a piece of paper so when you're tearing the paper the tear tries to stay in the perforations and the same with windows or doorways so cracks it's a weak area the crack will go right to a door or a window and go across it so you got the square window and the crack will diagonally go across the window or door you all have seen it and this is very typical very common and something that we expect to see so it's a crack thermal expansion or contraction you know it's it makes a difference um keep in mind um humidity or moisture can also be a factor in this brick can absorb a lot of water and expand when it does that's one reason why every 60 feet of brick wall should have an expansion joint in it because 60 feet of brick can expand unbelievably but up to one inch so uh these normal expansion and contraction in masonry walls is a in foundations too is something we expect and they're not necessarily telling us there's any kind of structural issue so thermal expansion contraction cracks tend to be more vertical and interestingly they don't always connect you can see here that it's not really connecting uh through there so that's a little tip that it may be just thermal expansion and contraction and not necessarily telling us about a big structural issue we see another one over here going up and down mostly staying in the mortar joints but cracking through a brick occasionally they can also happen in fact frequently happen in corners where you have different materials and exposures to particularly sunlight and absorbing that solar energy uh causing differential thermal expansion and contraction and creating cracks off those corners so these again are usually not an indication of a structural issue but something that maybe just needs sealing uh with uh caulking or something like that and then you know you get something cracks kind of like this one here which is looks like a pretty ugly little crack through here next to the patio uh door here but when we look at the big picture it was probably the patio was stuck to the brick here settled some and just pulled the loose the corner here with it when it settled some and not really indicating a structural issue at all just simply a cosmetic repair stretch is filled cracks appear stretches are relieved and sometimes that's it so uh lots of things cause cracks as we've already been talking about thermal expansion contractions settling in mechanical damage physical things can happen to properties we're going to see another example of that too and so trying to see what is going on you know helps us out in determining how serious it is here crack does some stair stepping and then kind of goes vertical you know if we don't see anything else going on with this house we're probably not going to be too excited about this but again pieces of the puzzle and then here so when we look at this go oops what's going on here but then start really looking at it it looks like maybe they changed the door at some time in the past they did a stucco patch over here and you know maybe it didn't uh the new framing they put in here for the smaller doorway they didn't get it in solid or maybe the framing was green who knows all kinds of things get this nice vertical crack here that's clearly a transition crack between the new stucco and the old stucco little crack coming off here um that all this yeah you know probably not going to be a big structural issue here unless we again see something else going on uh it could be that poor uh poor repair here just poorly done maybe the door getting slammed a few times has cracked some things here lon we have a couple questions really quick um one of them says how would you address those in your report and he was referring to two slides before this one so i think that sorry that won't be before that one okay this one here i would probably write out a little essay similar to what i just said that the crack uh above the patio next to the patio door doesn't appear to be a structural uh crack uh cosmetic crack caused by settling of the patio and so so you know it's always a pain to have to write out an essay but on the other hand um and you don't you're not trying to be super uh descriptive here uh i mean you could write out a really long essay but that's not our job and not really necessary just you're just making a quick explanation of why you don't think it's a big deal or if you do think it's a big deal again you write out just a simple explanation on why you think it is a big deal and why you know whether contractor structural engineer whoever you think is appropriate for doing a further evaluation on it is uh recommended but uh this one here i would just two sentences you know uh very quickly on why it's not a big deal uh in my opinion another question did you say yeah just couple more and then uh we can save the others for later uh one of the one of them says what is settling so we need foundation or wooden building material or now what's that again um sorry it it said what is settling um sorry just so settling is the basically the structure and usually it starts with the foundation uh moving in some fashion so we have uh sometimes you can have settling where everything moves uniformly so it tips but it tips in a uniform fashion it doesn't actually damage the foundation or the house at all even though it's not very pretty so you can get this even movement that doesn't necessarily mean we have uh the house is breaking apart for instance but uh and you know can still make for uneven floors uh but the windows and doors are all still operating uh but not necessarily leading to cracks in our walls and our sheetrock on the inside if we have masonry veneer uh or or even uh framing elements on the house none of that really cracking much differential um settling where things don't move the same is usually much worse so we you know get let's say part of our uh foundation overheat part we'll do a foundation like this part of our foundation over on the uh on my left is uh on sitting on some backfield that wasn't properly prepared or something like that and we get it settling like this this part stays stable and now we get some major cracking in our walls both on the inside and outside that are a clue to us that oh we got something else going on we walk inside the house and that floor is also uneven so those things again form part of the picture but what i'm talking about settling is the weight of a building the weight of a house frequently causes some sort of additional compaction of the uh soil keep in mind how most structures are built houses are built and things is uh they don't just come in on a flat piece of dirt and uh just go straight up anymore anyway uh typically there's some soil preparation they do some leveling um they uh and that may mean bringing in backfill for part of it or scraping off part of the uh undisturbed soil uh so and even for let's say uh many parts of the country do slab on grade construction so you have uh a you know whether it's a post stress slab or something but you do have a slab just sitting on the dirt um that again can move the same ways as i'm talking about stem walls on a foundation moving uh you can have the same thing with a structural slab that moves as one piece or breaks and moves around too so these um all these things are the settling that i'm talking about that can lead to the cracks and the cracks can be our first clue that we've had the settling and then what those cracks are doing can be an indication to us whether the satellite settling rises to the level of being a structural concern or just settling just the ordinary settling that we expect to see with uh with houses uh so hopefully that answers the question thank you yeah he said um that was a great explanation uh one more and then i'll get back to all of them by the end um how do you determine if the crack is active or not i'm going to get to that okay so we'll get to that perfect just okay go ahead and we'll get back to some of these questions by the end very good so here in my excellent drawing i'm sure all of you will agree this is fine drawing here showing a little bit about rotational cracks and this is kind of an example of what we're talking about where we have differential settling so uh you know our ends of the foundation whether slab or stem wall type construction has settled broken and so we call it a hinge at in this case at the bottom where it broke came down uh there was a window in the wall here crack goes right to that window it gets it's narrower at the bottom widening as it goes up gets wider and wider over here in our example there's no window but the crack still goes up usually at an angle when we have these this sort of thing right here this is one of the most common causes of uh settling cracks that we see is just our foundation has lost support and are in part of it and the foundation again whether slab or foundation wall stem wall uh construction follows that loss of support and breaks and causes a crack again how much it's moved is the determiner and to some extent on you know how how much how active it is at the at the time but we'll discuss that a little more coming up but as a determiner on how serious this is and how much concern we're going to have on it you know i'm in colorado i'm on the uh denver metro area uh this is the kind of thing we see daily uh can i don't even i've never seen a foundation that doesn't have cracks but a lot of those cracks are normal shrinkage of concrete uh one thing about concrete it shrinks when it cures and by the way uh you know for those of you who may be new in this concrete does not dry it's a chemical process that hardens it and so we call it curing because it's not drying it actually bonds the water that's in it as part of the chemical process and so uh it doesn't dry out so to speak so uh as concrete cures it also shrinks well a small piece of concrete just shrinks together a big piece of concrete will crack in places and so that's why they put in expansion joints in the concrete now walls not so much but on flatwork they'll add those expansion joints to um control the cracks uh or hopefully keep the cracks in the expansion joint on walls because of the way they form them they don't have that ability to put in expansion joints per se so those walls will crack it's what are those cracks doing that becomes the concern so uh this is a very typical situation that we see when we have settling involved in some of the cracking versus thermal expansion contraction or normal shrinkage this is a house that i you know love is an example of you don't have to have masonry to show issues i mean this is the equivalent of cracks if this had been a brick wall we can see how our siding has gapped on these joints and the interesting thing about this one instead of our walls moving like this the weakness was in the middle and so the ends stayed or the edges uh stayed stable in the middle went down and created this gap at the bottom of our cracks narrower at the top we'll see that in masonry also but so as i said this is kind of the equivalent of a crack in a masonry wall except showing up on siding so once again you see cracking the foundation going straight into the brick and stair stepping around going up and again a crack coming off of a window and fairly good gapping in the crack up here at the top as it comes off the window so how old is a crack look at this one it's been painted actually twice over the years but no paint inside the crack here that's a little clue that this one may be much more um contemporary then you know you look at the the type of paint here and you're going oh that's a pretty old foundation and of course it's easy to know the age of the home and in this case this home was like 55 60 years old so somebody painted the foundation a couple of times over the years but i'm looking at this crack and i'm going where's there's no paint inside these are sharp edges on our crack here and also wider at the bottom narrower at the top so getting that little cracking like this a little bit i mean some of this is chipping away on the edges here but you can see it's a fairly nice gap down there so this is a clue to me this crack has been happening uh or has happened in just the recent last few years rather than 40 years ago because i believe we'd see paint inside our crack if it was 40 years ago or sometime when this was painted twice over the years and so a recent crack is going to be more of a concern to me what has changed around this house is a drainage did somebody do some landscaping changes that um that started this i'm thinking maybe you need a structural engineer to take a look at this hairline crack here almost certainly thermal shrinkage are or either i mean either shrinkage or thermal expansion contraction notice how the hairline crack peters out on this one peter's out over here they're not joined big clue it's not a structural issue however on our slide on the right we see a horizontal crack coming into a gapped vertical crack i'm not going to be too happy with that one i'm thinking that this could be telling us there's something big going on here and we'll talk about horizontal cracks more coming up here in a minute so uh so this one i'm not gonna get too excited about this one now i'm looking for more clues that i got something big going on here again medium crack you know just one of these in a wall may not get too excited about it uh got one every three feet that may be a bigger concern big gap crack once again how old is it this wall has been painted the but i can see some little bits of paint hiding in parts of the break here so i'm thinking that this crack is an older crack so maybe not as big a concern but that's a big gap so i'm going to be really looking to see what else is going on and you know guys uh crack gauges you can get them cheap uh various places and having a it can be a useful tool and taking your photos and talking about uh your concerns with the crack so uh you might consider getting a crack gauge and you know among recommendations whether you think it's uh you know definitely if you think it's more of a uh cosmetic issue than a structural concern you're probably going to be recommending tuck pointing here's a guy doing some tuck pointing using a piping bag to squirt so to speak mortar mix into the joints here and then he'll come in and smooth them with a tool and clean that up and uh hopefully make it look pretty uh sun tuck pointing of course looks like they turned the kid loose on it and uh fairly ugly not that that's our concern as a home inspector it's just an observation that is fairly amateurish work the interesting thing over here however it continued to move after the tuck pointing not a good sign this one hasn't reopened since the tuck pointing much better telling us that this wall may be more stable and while uh this is on the same house you know this wall over here may be still moving this wall on a different side of the house not uh it's showing more stability but this over here now we're going to be paying a little more attention as we go because it moved after the tuck pointing repair caulking not a repair you know uh it you know just not a uh that's an amateurish repair again not a defect as far as we're concerned as home inspectors but that's not a repair that you would recommend and patching it is you know not doesn't add structural strength so tuck pointing slathering mortar mix over a crack is not a structural repair and but it can give us a clue as to what's going on if we continue to see a crack reopening through a patch so um that can be one of our clues as to how active the uh movement is and you know sometimes in fact most of the time many times we have no idea when this patch was done and sometimes you can look at him go well that was definitely recent uh but many times we don't know how old it is but boy if you do know how old it is and you see some cracking in it that is a big clue as to how uh big a problem this movement is in the place and uh you know expansion foam expanding foam again it doesn't even seal out the water expanding foam is not a water tight seal so that doesn't really not really a repair either so you know on older houses sometimes as they're shifting around they'll do things to kind of hold the walls together and this is what we have here there's literally a tie rod running uh through uh in this case garage uh trying to hold the walls together those are repairs that are uh often actually the recommended repair by a engineer or a knowledgeable contractor and for us does it look like it's working is really the way we as home inspectors would look at it and make a note of what the repair is so here we have a actual attempt to do a structural repair they injected epoxy into the crack you can see the little uh injection nodules there or nipples there where they inject the epoxy in there and that epoxy is frequently or usually stronger than the concrete and it bonds to the concrete so it actually becomes a structural repair but look at that it's cracked again so the pressures whatever's moving in this foundation to crack it is strong enough that it broke through the epoxy repair that is not a really good sign at all and so this is one where we're going to be recommending a structural engineer and as we're discussing earlier this is another one of those clues that this is a uh continuing movement in this foundation so you know as we've talked about cracks love going the windows these are tiny cracks uh kind of on both sides of the window here but they're small cracks up above uh no no different probably not going to be a big concern in that case again shrinkage for thermal uh expansion cracks we see here the cracked uh ends over here the one coming up from in fact we even have a break in it down here too uh so they're not continuous through there ditto over here cracks are not continuous to each other uh or contiguous to each other a indication that they're not going to be structural concerns at least these cracks now different wall different story maybe but over here we're not seeing these telling us that we got a structural concern and once again even though slight angle on this one over here on the right it's still a uh uh pretty vertical cracks the combination of pretty vertical the cracks don't join together indication not a big deal here vertical crack certainly contiguous and slightly gapped so if i don't see anything else going on yeah probably not going to get too concerned about that one it's just going to be a normal crack in minor gapping you know pencil point width what sixteenth of an inch or something is um kind of common also once again not all just one crack every 20 feet of a wall so to speak probably not telling us we got a big concern unless they're doing something else displacing in some other fashion in and out up and down gapping the well gapping big would be a separate thing from what we see here over here on this one uh looks like pretty big cracks uh over here uh coming off of this but it's uh it's it's weak in the middle here so you know and it's an old house this is you know 100 year old house so i'm going to be looking to see if something else is going on but this one's probably not going to get me too excited either um but doesn't look recent or old kind of thing and is you know one crack enough to strip trigger a recommendation for a structural engineer and the answer is well yeah if it's a big crack that's doing something really ugly you know you know you guys have been around a while you've probably seen the really big cracks i've seen cracks that uh you know i can stick my hand in uh one case crack had cracks i could put my fist through well you know that's a no-brainer stuff uh there uh with those you need a structural engineer to look at it uh and far work and fraud more than that um so cracks like this again mostly by itself probably not going to get us too excited again they don't join together so and then even though it's got that 45 degree angle that we see with settling cracks the fact that they don't join together here indication is probably not a very serious crack does have a little bit of pencil point width gapping down here but once again not joining together there either hard to get uh real excited about this one again unless there's other things going on um pretty decent crack here but it's part of the puzzle well this is a big one that's a big crack older place um we're gonna see how that goes with other things we see but this one is uh got our eyebrows up when we see this this is an interesting one uh no look doesn't look like much of a crack except look how we have some displacement here along the edges so it's shifted so instead of just being a clean crack but the foundation's staying on the same plane the upper part has shifted over a little bit so do we have some ground some forces at work in the ground pushing on the foundation and or maybe something going on uh elsewhere shoving on the foundation differentially so this one yeah okay now we're going to be looking real hard to see what what else is going on but this one um is a is one that we're going to good chance we're going to recommend a structural engineer look at it because we have some differential movement here and then of course it's not always just one thing we got a big crack here big gapping crack and we got water coming through it too so we know we haven't uh probably have a drainage issue if we go on the outside and we it's obvious that we have a drainage issue then good chance we're going to have multiple recommendations here again multiple things going on and this is uh example of a you know corner this house is on slab on grade construction uh built in the 50s and uh this was before they learned how to do slab on grade in the denver metro area so they were using kind of texas style uh slab on grade which was not appropriate for our soils in the denver metro area so we see a crack going up through here on this west wall and we see this gapping at the window here where the veneer is pulling away from the framing some and then we go to the next let's go the other way to the south wall which is just around the corner we see the same thing here with another crack running up to the windows and so basically we have this slab breaking on that corner and tipping down and actually when you go in the house you can uh see this uh floor being uneven too it's called an instructional engineer out you know the engineer may go ah old you can live with it but uh you can also come in and uh do uh do some piers and uh puts either stabilize it or put it back into position one thing about some structural repairs structural engineers will often or sometimes say uh let's just stabilize it where it is lock it into place because if you're trying to put it back into position you're going to really tear up things in the inside of the house with the drywall and things and so rather than doing that and increasing cost of repairs they'll just say lock it in place where it is so it doesn't get worse but if it's really bad then they're undoubtedly going to say we've got to level this out restore it at least close to what it was and there may be some additional repairs on the inside again different things going on got some breaks here in the wall water coming in ditto water coming in multiple things so the the cracks themselves may not trigger a structural uh recommendation for a structural engineer but we're going to make recommendations for drainage around the house now here we go with that breaking in the middle so um creates a wider bottom narrower at the top those are less common move that's less common movement in a foundation than the reverse where the ends move and then of course where you have a block foundation uh you know the here with this case we have some cracks not they didn't stair steps so they went through some blocks which is not something we want to see not a lot of gapage in it but we got a lot of cracks running here and one that's running down a horizontal joint and stuff another one down here just a lot of cracking need a structural engineer one thing about block foundations brick foundations too tremendous vertical strength not much horizontal strength so it's pretty common to have cracking in block and brick foundations but it's what is it doing more also is it bowing in or out um that can cut destabilize the wall too so several things going on there that uh with brick and block that can be um you can have some ugly cracking but vertically it still still has integrity and still holding the weight of the structure above it even though it's got a fair amount of cracking in it because they just uh mortar joints are going to be weaker than a continuous pour of concrete that just the i know i'm stating the obvious there so here again talking about aging of cracks and things we have one here we can see from the different colors of mortar uh tuck pointing mortar that's been used that it's been tuck pointed at least twice and it's still moving not a good sign that's going to be a concern and then talking about uh things going on with rotational cracking uh and that where foundation is uh going down uh or breaking and moving down we can get in our brick veneer we can often get these uh horizontal cracks where interestingly the brick because of the ties to the wall behind it is hanging on the ties while the foundation moves out from under it and so we can get these horizontal cracks telling us that we would certainly had some structural settling um here's another one where again the brick veneer hanging on the wall foundation moves out from under it leaving a gap again uh same thing this uh course down here uh stuck to the foundation so it broke on this first line here wow that's a big break that's a big gap there we see that and you know you grab the brick uh the stone in this case the faux stone stone veneer and the pieces aren't loose so you know they're stuck to something foundation probably so it's not like the uniformly just got loose and chewed down uh to the ground uh we need a structural engineer to look at this that's a big gap uh again uh uh same thing happening here over the years of seeing this kind of thing you see the big uh break here uh big gapping break here in the foundation the foundation just tipped down this was a garage and uh and left this big gap over here and stuff i've seen structural engineers go both ways on this by the way i'm happy to say i've never been reversed by a structural engineer over the many years of doing this uh they'll sometimes they'll say look it looks like it definitely moved but it doesn't look like it's continuing to move we can just come in here graph these gaps here and call it good other times they'll say now this is bigger and we need to come in lift this uh foundation wall back into position and re-support our brick veneer in that manner uh and here they did some uh grouting in the gap on this one but it's continued to move some more again a little clue we got something uh could be something big here we're still going to recommend a structural engineer come out and look at it and by the way grounding that gap is not a structural repair it just can re-establish some support for our wall or veneer that's above it and hopefully prevent that veneer from eventually fatiguing losing support and then cracking and settling down and trying to fill the gap on its own so foundation displacement rotation the soil on the outside pushing on it very common uh because because we dig out a hole bigger than the foundation so when we put the foundation in we have its gap between the hole we dug in the foundation wall and they fill that with loose filled dirt backfill and that backfill if it's not tampered tamped properly over time uh gets wet settles can create side pressure and push on a wall or the guys the contractors tamping it down get a little carried away a little exuberant over compress it and can push on the wall too so sometimes this kind of bowing in and causing this horizontal cracking can happen at time of construction even because uh mechanical damage in effect because the contractor or guys working for them were a little exuberant in doing it and then over here on this right slide we can see a different effect instead of pulling the wall it just kind of moves the entire wall off the footing here and rotates it over and so we will sometimes run into that too this one doesn't necessarily result in cracking in the foundation or the brick but can still be a big issue particularly if you know the rule of thumb is one inch and eight feet of vertical so uh past movement and this is true for steel columns in a you know basement and things like that that if they've rotated over an inch in eight feet that is considered destabilizing and uh too much so again uh similar drawings showing this hydrostatic pressure uh from water getting saturating the soil lubricating it now it almost acts like a fluid and you get that side pressure uh from it and that can exert a lot of pressure on a fountain on a foundation wall in fact i recently saw a swimming pool where this was happening on the sides of the swimming pool and collapsing the sides of the swimming pool so um here horizontal cracks so horizontal cracks we treat differently than vertical you know 45 degree angle cracks uh horizontal cracks are instant you know red flag pink flag we're gonna hone in on them a little closer what are they doing um the uh because there's different things different pressures at work that can lead to a horizontal crack uh and those can often be serious so here we have one near the top where it snap so the wall moving the top of the wall may be secured to uh framing and stuff held firm and so we get the wall moving and uh snapping this is a big crack even gapping displacement let's get a structural engineer for that others not so much not much gap maybe just hair of displacement there but not so much there here's one uh not much of a crack as far as displacement and gapping but we have water coming in it's a big clue that we have an issue not to mention look at this they've sealed along the bottom and stuff too telling us that we've had an issue with water around the foundation drainage issues that sort of thing so a recommendation may not be so much about structure but about getting the drainage corrected or making sure the drainage is still good once again horizontal crack minor gapping they've done some patching on it and cracked through the patching again again not a good sign and uh some efflorescence here showing us moisture has been coming through also a couple of things here not a good sign uh probably uh not only some maybe some landscaping uh corrections but also um structural repair you know guys different parts of the country can be a little have some different things going on too uh you know in some areas that are much wetter than like here in the denver metro area this sort of thing with water coming in isn't always easily corrected by just drainage sometimes it requires a lot more on the outside than just you know having a positive slope around the positive drainage apron around the foundation and so know your area uh you know what's going on in your area and stuff makes a difference on these recommendations the denver metro area pretty dry area uh almost desert borderline desert area um the uh drainage correcting drainage frequently fixes these things but in other parts of the country you know you know wisconsin michigan you know back east uh places in the south where they get a lot more walks southeast where they get a lot more water simple having a simple positive drainage apron may not be sufficient because the ground has so much water in it uh that quite a bit more aggressive things will have to be done to keep water from coming through again ditto minor crack but telling us uh when we see this efflorescence uh or worse if it's actually wet uh that we have an issue with uh something going on in the outside with water minor cracking here uh the but it's a really short wall hmm what forces are at work to crack this wall at all because this wall is barely four feet why would it crack um this badly now i've got a concern about it because even though the crack itself isn't that big a deal it's only four foot long so i'm thinking maybe i'll get a structural engineer to our recommended structural engineer to look at this just to make sure it's not something bigger and then of course multiple things going on horizontal crack joined by vertical crack here uh you know what else are we going to see around this place but that's a lot of cracking and then of course we're talking about brick and uh block in rare cases stone the good vertical strength weak lateral resistance to movement so here we see a crack in a brick wall they've done looks like maybe maybe they actually did some tuck pointing on it at one point but it's bulged in so there's a curve here that our two-dimensional photo doesn't show quite as well as really was there but you got this bow in it so you put that together with the bow we know about horizontal pressures on the outside pushing on a wall and causing these horizontal cracks and then we see the bow in it even though maybe it's not an inch out of uh vertical keep in mind got roughly an eight foot wall here we're bowed out about a half inch so that's a half inch and four feet well now that does get to our uh destabilization rule of thumb so to speak yeah we need a structural engineer to come out look at this and almost certainly going to recommend some sort of um stabilization work there now this one you can definitely see the big bulge in that photo there huge bulbs have tried to do some patchwork and stuff but uh this photo the parging here is breaking up and stuff but once again this kind of bulge it's just a no-brainer you're gonna recommend instructional engineer for that uh so again some bulging or tipping any of this stuff can be destabilizing can cause uh foundation failure you know differential displacement where things are just moving in different directions maybe barely moving a little bit again maybe not a big issue unless we see it in a lot of places well but differential displacement definitely is a red flag for us in this case you know writing something up like uh in a report brick foundation is bulged inward in evaluation by structural engineers strongly recommended uh is something that you might in fact you would put into a report and how descriptive you want to go of this can be your own personal choice keep in mind as home inspectors um we try to stay clear steer clear of recommending repairs or the how to do the repair uh you know recommending instead of saying oh a structural engineer should be recommended or structural engineers come in and do helical piers every four feet down the wall now that's not something you would ever write up in your report you just say uh brick foundation is bulged inward and uh evaluation by structural engineers recommended or strongly recommended a general recommendation is in my opinion more appropriate than trying to specifically describe the correction even if you happen to be a structural engineer yourself who's doing home inspections you're wearing your home inspector hat and so you're not wearing you're not you know trying to describe and take on additional responsibility for yourself even if you are a structural engineer ditto for electricians who do home inspections or roofers or you name it um keep your home inspector hat on is my two cents on that um again bulging with the crack uh they've done some patchwork here but it's cracked through the patchwork uh you can see the bulge over there combination of that stuff indication need a structural engineer but even in the sheetrock on the inside or laughing plaster on the inside what are the cracks that we see them all the time so what are those cracks doing thermal expansion and contraction can be an issue too wind load on a roof uh particularly around here but this is true for many parts of the country uh you get high winds get 80 mile an hour wind whacking a roof uh i think it it's not gonna it's gonna things are gonna move they're gonna get a little twist and get a little uh movement in that and that will crack sheetrock but not necessarily telling us there's a structural issue at all uh cracks that stay in the drywall joint tend to be less severe paper that goes across those joints is weaker than the adjoining sheetrock or board and so those cracks are that are in our straight lines uh don't may not always indicate or rarely indicate a big structural issue uh even if there is a little bit of settling it's typically an indicator of more minor settling now obviously if one of these maybe it's not obvious if one of these straight-line cracks has also gapped or worse even displays but that would be very rare but gapped big well now that may be telling us that there's something bigger going on one thing about some of these is also and this kind of comes with experience but sometimes you walk into the same style of home over and over and you see cracks in the same place and one example that comes immediately to mine for me and i've seen it not only in colorado but in other parts of the country too so i know it's very common is uh you know transitions between the living room family room kitchen area to a hallway with the bedrooms and right there at that transition at the hallway you get that crack going from uh you know like a kitchen wall or living room wall over to the hallway wall um that goes back to the bedrooms that just seems to be a weak spot in the way the framing is put together uh in the roof in the ceiling uh rafters and we so often see that crack there that isn't an indication of a foundation issue or a structural issue but um something that could be a combination of the way the thermal expansion and contraction on the roof is affecting the drywall or again wind load there in those cracks even though they're cosmetic in nature they have that nasty way of continuing to come back after repairs and here again we see that where it's clearly been repaired it's re-cracked again in this case almost a compression type where it squeezed back together indication but possibly a thermal expansion uh and uh this kind of crack probably not a structural issue but certainly an annoying crack that just often we have to explain to our clients you know i don't think it's a structural issue it doesn't appear to be a structural issue but this kind of crack can be annoying because it has a way of coming back but look at this one not in any drywall joint just shooting across then joining another uh wall plane going to a door opening here a little and some displacement in it taboo hmm this one uh could well be connected to a structural problem when we go in the crawl space or basement if it has one we may well see some indication down there corresponding with this also the slab on grade you're walking across that slab and you feel unevenness in it uh and in the same room you have doors that don't close windows giving you trouble or these kind of cracks a clue that we've had some fairly significant settling going on also okay it's in the joint between the ceiling and the wall but then it can goes right through the corner and then continues down the wall corner that could be some shifting in the foundation whether slab on grade or a stemwall foundation causing that differential movement there so uh we're going to be looking pretty close at that uh in the when we get to the foundation uh and then of course sometimes uh you get some ugly cracking uh and water damage added to it and i love it they just took some packaging tape and went over it here yeah multiple issues going on so sometimes you're you're not just describing one thing going on you're talking about several different things and you know something going on where it breaks right through the bath tile and you know that's going to be a big clue that you're going to see something else even though that crack may not be gapped at all uh typically um that sort of thing is not some you don't see this very often at all uh shoot i go years between seeing this kind of crack and bathroom tile so that's going to be it the bell's going to ring on that ding ding ding we got something going on here and you're going to probably see other things that are going to put together pieces of the puzzle that oh yeah we got something going on here structurally the weight of a fireplace uh can um you know cause cracking it may not necessarily be an indicator of a structural problem at all just that they didn't support the fireplace properly and you get some settling in the fireplace area um the you know now if it's bad it may still need some sort of uh repair work uh or in stabilization too but it's fairly common you know fairly common being in other words you see this you know several times a year at least for me where the fireplace the weight of the fireplace has moved uh settled on its own kind of independently of a structural issue with the house so uh often again stress is built to get relieves the weight of the fireplace find some stabilization place where it locks in and stops moving and it just can be a cosmetic repair and call it good but the fireplace moving is rarely a indication of an overall structural problem with the foundation of the house and of course uh drywall joints corner beads cracking um rarely an indication of a structural issue uh you know again it's part of the a piece of the puzzle that we're putting together but this is not something that um triggers a big concern about a structural issue uh if this is all we see this kind of crack yeah that's gonna be settling uh this one here this little horizontal crack it's a hairline crack maybe not so much that one but this one over here it's going to be settling once again it's going to be a piece of our puzzle do we see other things going on that's going to make us think we have something big going on here or did we just have some kind of stresses building and getting relieved and now we just need a cosmetic repair uh this sort of thing may not necessarily be a structural issue sometimes these are involved with a trust lift in a roof which is a totally separate concern from things going on with the foundation uh but that's a gap in it you know uh again but it doesn't particularly go off anywhere so you know this is one that again if this is all i see i'm going to just explain my client you know this is kind of an unusual crack not the kind of thing i normally see it just doesn't go anywhere the having a contractor take a look at it maybe a structural engineer but really this is one that i don't think it's going to lead to something big because i'm not seeing anything else going on in the house flip side of that is i see some other things going on with the foundation other cracking in other places exterior and interior well then it's a part of the puzzle telling me something bigger is going on and i love it when you can see daylight through a crack yeah that's uh that's not a good start uh when you when it goes gap that much also when you get that differential settlement uh that paper in the corner of the walls can wrinkle and that can be a big clue that we've had some differential settling and even though it's it's a crack but the crack is hiding behind the wrinkled paper corner here and so this is the equivalent of a crack and it's telling us we've had a shift so we're going to be on the alert to look for other evidence of settling going on again another example of it here a little worse here however occasionally if it's fairly minor uh it can be thermal action causing it you know you can get a thermal expansion contraction there that kind of moves that paper around a little bit and breaks the bond with it and even tears it a little bit but when it's pretty major wrinkling and you see it in multiple places it's probably telling you you've had some settling going on and you're going to be looking at other things to see how the pieces of the puzzle come together cracked floor tile you know if it's on a slab almost certainly we have some movement in the slab so we're going to look at this almost the same as we would a slab it's a gapping displacing doing whatever it's on a a wood floor you know a structural floor then uh what else are we seeing but we're gonna think ah lousy tower um basement slab here basement slabs are rarely structural they're usually poured independently of the foundation walls so the foundation walls are put in often most of the principal can uh houses uh framing and stuff has been done above the house maybe even dried in and frequently dried in before they come in and pour the slab so the slab is called a floating slab and it can move independently of the foundation walls without affecting the foundation walls they have a slip gasket on the side it's usually that black sort of treated fiberboard on the side and it acts as a slip gasket for the uh slab to slide up and down and so movement in the slab is expected and common and as long as it's not affecting the foundation or any of the peers that might be in a large house supporting the upper structure of the house a little movement in the slab is not going to be a structural concern and then one of my favorites to talk about is the corner wedge crack which we see all the time these cracks in the corners kind of and they'll be on both sides of the corner uh variation on it here and a block one here's one uh going through the brick on one um the so a corner wedge crack so it's differential movement of the wall on top often brick but not always brick and the foundation popping loose this weak corner here i'm explaining this to clients all the time that it's not a structural concern now occasionally they can run deep down and maybe they become an issue with uh water intrusion or something but rarely are they in fact almost never are they a structural concern where we need some structural remedial work done uh and they break loose the pieces get thrown away and you just have that ugly triangle piece uh missing there a piece like this here on our slide on or a picture on the right here i've had clients say can i glue it back together well yeah sure you know go ahead you can do that but a corner wedge crack we see them a lot and they are not a structural concern variation on one can be got a little bit of corner wedge but got also some horizontal cracking running along here so now i'm like well okay that's a little different so what is this crack doing where is it going do i see more of this is there any other problems as they go down the wall further uh with that so uh so this becomes a little more than just a corner wedge and uh i'm going to be looking to see if there's something else going on if this bit of horizontal here doesn't go very far and it's not displaced i'm thinking that we still had some thermal differences in the expansion whether caused by humidity or temperatures uh in the movement of the brick and the concrete down here that caused this crack to snap loose here and also uh this all almost has a little bit of a look of a pore line where you had two you know you know one truck of concrete puts in concrete and then another truck comes in and adds some on top and you can see just the way it spalled here that you know if i don't see anything else going on with this one and in this case i didn't i'm not going to get too concerned but if i do see some other things going on i'm going to say yeah yeah let's get a structural guy out here to look at this but if this is all i see it only goes for a few feet down the wall uh i'm not going to get too excited about this so a couple of sort of case studies kind of thing here uh 120 year old house here uh brick foundation on it as we walk around the outside we see big bowing in the wall here and you can see at the window here how since it's been painted the wall has moved 120 year old house and we're getting this kind of recent movement not a good sign even if this paint is 10 years old or older still that's considered recent in the overall age of the house so yeah that's a big ding ding ding bell ring again we see it in some more windows here the bulge is just obvious and then we get to the cracking get big cracking they've been tuck pointed fairly amateurish we got cracks cracks cracks cracks cracks cracks everywhere everywhere crack we're getting into the basement the basement's been dug out so they put in retaining walls around the uh the foundation as they dug out the crawl space to make a basement and so the retaining wall is even displacing from you know lateral pressure uh from soil moving so you can see that they put on this almost parging sort of thing on the dirt there and now that's separated by a lot like an inch and so we get big cracking and movement there whoops somebody has come in they put in steel columns everywhere trying to support all kinds of things clearly they're aware that something is going on and we've got water coming in also so we got just a combination of all the bad things that we hate to see here um you know right up something like the west wall is bowed out over one inch with evidence of differential settling and displacement in the major cracks moisture intrusion on the west side evidence of recent movement in the paint lines around some windows the east side of the house shows structural settling with extensive cracking evaluation by a structural engineer strongly recommended structural engineer comes out by the way not a guy i know uh comes out and uh evaluates it and he says uh boeing the buyer is you know trying to get the cheapest uh assessment he can so he just uh he doesn't ask for a written report he just asked for the structural engineer to give him a verbal on it so boeing is partially caused because the floor joists are parallel to the walls and not providing perpendicular support remedial recommendations install vertical internal six by six uh supports for soldiers with wall anchors external steel plates and threaded rods through the wall to the soldiers to pull the wall back in other words get that bow out of them pinned the foundation to vertical piers he estimated the cost of that at about 50 000 and literally told the buyer to walk away and then he made one of these fun comments that as a home inspector we would never make this comment but it was kind of fun to hear the structural engineer say denver is due for a hundred year earthquake and i'm not sure this one will survive um interesting comment but the fun thing is the buyer's agent negotiated a 60 000 price reduction and the buyer bought the house this was like four years ago he's never done a thing to the house he uh rented it out and uh and that's it funny story another one uh this one is a little different we have fairly some minor cracks uh i mean some of them not even joining together but there was like seven of them in 30 feet of wall so there was a lot of them and then add in some horizontal cracking with it it was like wow even though individually not one single crack is that big a deal but you start adding up all these cracks and now you know you're starting to get like wow it's like we got uh maybe 3 8 of an inch of gap or more between all these cracks added together that are going on you know seems a little excessive i'm going to recommend a structural engineer and the structural engineer said oh yeah it's excessive we need to stabilize this foundation and the cost was about seven thousand dollars to do it uh this was a bank owned property and i just did it and then another house this one was built in 1961. among the fun things we see is somebody had caulked the wheat poles in the brick veneer uh clearly not understanding the purpose of weep holes but also we have the foundation wall sliding in from again outside pressures sliding in the brick staying put and the foundation was slipping in a little bit under it breaking up some of the brick in this case near the porch there again we see some displacement here we've done some grouting repair along the edge of the fireplace and stuff in particular so the fireplace is settled differentially from the foundation so the fireplace is pulled away uh and so they've done somebody had done some tuck pointing here but it's pretty gappy tucked or uh uh wide tuck pointing indicating it was a big gap that they uh were sealing off there and then we got some cracking elsewhere that has not been uh repaired with some horizontal movement there in it so a fair amount of cracking again getting under the edge here you can see how the foundation is slid uh this is near the fireplace here where the foundation is slipped in a little bit the and you can see how it pulled away from the patio here on the right side picture uh the in patio has uh has uh settled some making a gap there but uh the foundation here has moved inward uh we can see the uh literally stick her finger up under the edge of the grouting there that was done all those many years ago and then on the inside we got this sort of somebody came in and grouded along the top here of the foundation wall which was like wow that's what what are they trying to cover up there that's definitely a little interesting a little different so duh i'm gonna recommend a structural engineer and uh so uh write up something uh like we see some rotation of the foundation particularly in the back i don't think it's uh over a half inch of displacement even though the brick overhang is about an inch some of this overhang looks like the brick uh hung over the wall at the time of construction because you got a little slop on the uh mortar as it where it went down the edge of the foundation some but then the foundation moved in and so i have a gap between this edge of the mortar and the foundation slipping in uh and so um uh so while i uh i'm not completely sure we have a big structural issue i'm still gonna recommend a second opinion and i think we need a structural engineer to come out here and take a look at this and the structural engineer says that there's been some inward displacement of the foundation wall from outside pressure possibly triggered by poor site drainage which it did not have good drainage the foundation was not adequately engineered for the weight of the masonry fireplace and there's been settling in that area so the engineer recommended improve site drainage repair the cracks in the brick clean out the caulk weep holes and guys we see people talk them up all the time uh that's just the one you're gonna call it call out every time uh monitor for further movement but no structural repairs appear necessary but if that fireplace continues to move after uh you know you're watching it you can see some continued movement then um you know calling back so to speak and one more here this was a garage actually earlier this year and so we see some big cracking gapping cracks yeah this is a um an unattached garage uh built in the 50s um so we get one big gapping cracks break through a brick there look at this huge uh crack above a win uh window here and then got this weird break here uh this was on the front of the garage right on the edge here of the wall obviously all that was like what the heck is going on there this is that same corner with that same vertical crack and look at this gap right through there going up through there so as oh i have a video here going on so we're so we're coming around i don't know if you can hear the sound but you can see this gap here so our frame has moved backwards so you see this big break in the plate here and this bow in the plywood here plywood is curved in here showing us that our theme stud frame slab here also settled bro but of course that's just no big deal but look at this fracture lying through here see that fracture line and then going up to the corner here so it's pretty obvious somebody in a car hit this corner now on the side of the garage we still have some cracks see this big crack here huge corresponding going right to a foundation crack and breaking through the window up here where we see this big gaps here so so we have a couple of things going on with this garage so there's several different things going on with that garage we have mechanical damage to it on this corner down here where somebody whacked the corner um interestingly the seller uh had knew nothing about this she was a older woman and she's like when did this happen well we couldn't tell her we the structural engineer and i um couldn't say how long ago it happened certainly didn't look recent so we have mechanical damage but also we had the foundation failing in multiple locations leading to those big cracks that we see uh in the um in the walls there that uh indicating that the it was um definitely getting some differential settling there in the foundation so um the uh you know the structural engineer says okay one thing about it it's not going to fall down but on the other hand we definitely need some stabilization done here and he recommended these five piers in these locations that you see here and repair this corner and so um so a combination of things going on here with the with yeah something happening to the foundation uh settling movement but also mechanical damage from a car truck whatever whacking the corner of the garage and causing its own damage over there that needs a separate repair from the uh structural repairs that are needed so this is kind of wrapping up stuff just kind of general advice uh you know for any of you guys who may be fairly new in this business that you know call it as you know it as you see it um don't make a mole hill out of a mountain but don't make a mountain out of a mole hill uh you know um and just kind of stay away from saying ask the seller to fix this or you know did you guys see that movie money pit well you know welcome to the movie you know those are things we don't really do you know um be careful with over uh commenting keep comments to more observational and um and uh and be liked with the speculation i mean you got to do enough speculation to say this is why we need in this based on our topic here a structural engineer but uh you know you're not you're not diagnosing what's going on you're just saying this kind of cracking as i you see here at least six gap cracks up to three-eighths of an inch that have displaced indicate settlement or structural movement that should be evaluated by a structural engineer or you could say something like evidence of differential settling and gap cracking with some displacement should be evaluated by a structural engineer and we don't get into describing remedies or prescribing remedies at all you know you don't just go oh guys you should do some wall stabilization with three driven push piers on a north wall under the supervision of a structural engineer no no you just you just say have a structural engineer evaluate it the and that concludes what i had for you today uh do we have any questions awesome lan yes uh we are at the 10 minute mark well a little bit under 10 minutes so let's just go through some of these questions um how can you tell a cold poor crack from settlement crack or lateral force crack yeah you know typically when you see a cold poor crack is you know again where you know one concrete truck uh ran out and next truck puts uh you know start putting concrete on top the the guys doing the work uh they typically try to tamp that new pour down tight against that uh first pour and if they do it well they can really blend them together but if they don't you'll get a line through there that line is usually a tapered line uh you know it's it's not a 45 degree angle or certainly not vertical never vertical it's usually like a 10 degree line uh there's usually aggregate the rocks showing along the line so you got the rocks showing along the line and maybe a little light spalling along it too so they typically have a very distinctive look from the uh clean break that you get with uh a crack in the foundation and uh that doesn't have the the aggregate showing along that line and uh also uh those cold pore lines have what they uh call honeycombing often associated with them where that aggregate is showing against it and they didn't get the uh cement tamped around the aggregate tightly to give you that smooth look so that honeycombing look is also an indicator of a pore line versus a crack thank you last one next one says how do you remark on report concerning larger step cracks going up from window lentils and also the expansion cracks show shown in your first couple of slides how do you differentiate those is that what he said um how do you remark on reporting so you know i often use the term common crack uh because these cracks are common we see them all the time so common cracking uh unless there's a lot of it it's just ordinary settling or thermal expansion contraction and don't require remedial action so a a crack uh stair-step crack going through a window that isn't gapping or displacing in some way uh i just call it a common crack uh and uh does not need structural remedy although tuck pointing is uh recommended uh to just seal those up so water can't get in them and stuff and for those the the tuck pointing i mean particularly if it's really a fine crack is uh you know those can't really those are very difficult to tuck point because it's too fine to get the mortar in but uh if they've got you know more than a sixteenth of an inch or something those can usually be sealed up with something with a mortar kind of thing to help keep water intrusion out i'm not a big fan of caulking them because it just looks ugly thank you alan um just a couple more and just for everyone that doesn't get their question answered lon has offered to give us his email i'll send it in the chat later on um just in case we didn't respond to your question and you want to send him an email um this one says i've been now i've seen cinder blocks stuck differently what is the best way to stack a break for a support beam when is it structurally structurally the strongest i'm sorry could you repeat that so sorry i was muted i've i've seen cinder blocks stuck differently what is the best way to stack a brick for a support beam when is it structurally the strongest stack brick for a for a uh for a beam is that what he said um yeah what's what is the best way to stack a break for a support beam i'm not completely sure i'm understanding the question but uh if you're thinking talking about some sort of column um you know basically uh obviously you offset the ends of the brick um you know typically never more than a half inch uh a half inch of uh mortar between the uh the different brick and you know it kind of depends on how much weight you're trying to hold how big a physically you know dimensions of the of a column you're trying to build there's it's kind of there's there's several different things you need to know i mean what kind of load are you bearing what kind of uh size of the beam uh those sort of things are all factors in it so i don't know that there's a simple answer for or his question there sorry okay this one says i have a horizontal crack between the cement block that opens up in the winter time about an eighth of an inch and closes in the summer so i guess like what's your take on that we see we see some of those around here too uh so obvious not obviously but apparently there's some freeze action going on and obviously water expands when it freezes it's pushing and uh and opening up that crack some is what it sounds like that sounds like an issue with getting some moisture management around that area whether that's depending on where he is depending uh or she is whether that's uh improving drainage or something else but it sounds like some moisture uh control now if there's no efflorescence no water coming through that crack at all it still could be that there's just not it could still be moist enough out there that you're getting freezing expansion pushing on it um you know but maybe it's not enough to really be a big uh require a lot of landscaping correction but it sounds like the kind of thing where um maybe improving drainage getting water to move further away from the foundation uh help that some but at the same time if there is some moisture coming through the crack then uh that is a big clue to me that additional water control moisture control on the outside uh is probably needed for that okay thank you

Channel: International Association of Certified Home Inspectors (InterNACHI)

Views: 10,937

Keywords: International association of certified home inspectors, InterNACHI, NACHI, become a home inspector, home inspection training, home inspection education, gromicko, foundation, cracks

Id: CnX_SJmHnQI

Length: 98min 42sec (5922 seconds)

Published: Tue Oct 20 2020