David Suchet In the Footsteps of St Paul Episode 2 YouTube

[Music] I'm David Suchet and I'm on a journey around the Mediterranean following in the footsteps of a man who 2,000 years ago travelled more than 10,000 miles around the Roman world by foot and many many more by sea this is extraordinary one we must appear fat size from up there for the last 25 years have been fascinated by simple to some he's the man who did more than anyone else to transform Christianity from a small Jewish sect into the most powerful religion in the world [Music] to others he's a preacher of prejudices that have echoed down throughout history and they must have felt the arrogance of the man here he is on the basis of of one vision so he says he's telling everybody changing all the rules a man of contrasts and confusions a fanatical persecutor of jesus's earliest followers who once supported the stoning to death of early christians who then claimed to have experienced a miraculous conversion on the road to damascus love is patient love is kind it does not envy it does not boast it is not self-seeking it is not easily angered a man convinced that the end of the world was coming and that he had a god-given mission to convert non-believers to Jesus you're just made of stone push you over your break into hundreds of pieces if ever there was an historical character as long to play its Paul so for me this is a very personal quest I could look like that what do you think little bit I'll be seeking out clues in the places he visited deciphering new evidence from the latest archaeological research and meeting expert witnesses from around the region to help me uncover this remarkable man hidden within the pages of the New Testament [Music] my search for porn has led me out of the Holy Land and through Roman Asia Minor modern day Turkey I've arrived just off the coast of Karbala a major seaport in eastern master Lea in northern Greece in the first century AD this was the main gateway to Philip I'm a major garrison city of the Roman Empire and it was here the Paul first set foot on European soil and by the time he'd reached here in round ad 50 he'd already established small communities of believers in Asia Minor but now he'd set his sights on the West two lands where the name of Jesus was not known for Paul this is a desperate race against time to convert non-believers to Jesus before the end of the world of riots but he's now moving closer to the heart of the Roman Empire where Caesar himself is revered as a God and he's carrying with him a radical new manifesto preaching that all are equal whatever their place in society calling for love and understanding within communities and demanding that pagan waves be swept away by a higher moral code surely Paul must have realized he was putting himself in grave danger attacking the Roman religion was attacking of Roman state once a short Paul's journey to Philip I would have taken him along the via Ignacio a major Roman road that ran through northern Greece incredibly several long stretches of the road still exist today he really is the most extraordinary feeling to know that I'm actually walking on the same stones as some Paul walked when he went to Philip I and it's 15 kilometers and uphill most of the way this region was one of Rome's oldest and largest provinces the heavy presence of empire surrounded Paul as he approached Philip I he was definitely stepping out of his comfort zone how would he be received in a city where the worship of pagan gods was woven into the very fabric of life where their images adorned not just temples but workplaces public arenas and even people's homes on the outskirts of Philip I I met one of the city's modern Guardians Alexi LeBron is Alexi hello hello David welcome how are you very well thank you this is Philippi let's see the city we are entering the city from the city walls they were combined with the theater what was it like in the first century here very crowdy and full of life was a city between ten and fifteen thousand people and imagine that we had people from everywhere not only Romans yeah what was the religion here was a mixture everybody was believing his own faith traces of pagan gods from all over the ancient world from Greece Babylon and Egypt have been found in Philippi alexei was keen to take me in search of new discoveries carved into the cliffs high above the city's amphitheatre see what I find you go that way yeah you can I'll go up there oh look up there looks like a hunting sing the looks of the hunters throwing something it's like a big comic book on the rocks it does look like a big comic book the huge quarry comic book quarry are there many of these all over all around you can oh here you can see Artemis with a bow and the dog we had a society of hunters they had dogs and they were believing Artemis the goddess of the Hound why are they here amongst these rocks people were mining here and were taking material for to build the city of Philippi so they were given an offer back back to the earth back to the earth yes I just love the fact that these carvings are something that people put back into the earth in gratitude for them taking the rocks out of the earth to build this fantastic city of Philip I'm giving back to the earth for what have been removed was a basic pagan belief it was clearly well ingrained in this city convincing people to give up these traditions would not be easy Paul's first challenge was to try and find a way into this possibly hostile community he would have to tread carefully what would become the Christian faith had never been spoken of in Europe before [Music] he needed to find the sympathetic first audience when Paul first came here he was just outside the Roman colony of Philippi and as was his custom he went looking for a synagogue to start preaching but the Jewish community here was so small there wasn't even a synagogue so he came down to a Riverside and there were a group of women here one of the women was called Lydia and she was a purple dye trader and she heard him speak and was baptized and the important thing here is that Lydia became the first European convert to this new religion that would one day be called Christianity [Music] other converts followed Paul now had a toehold in Europe but his time in Philippi was short-lived when he converted a slave girl without her owner's permission it led to his arrest and public beating Philip I was a start but it was time to move on along the VA Ignacio to Thessalonica 150 kilometres and a four-day walk away [Music] though Paul was leaving Phillipi behind it was vitally important that he stayed in touch with the small community he had established there was always the risk that a fledgling church would break apart after he had gone Paul was to become a master of the new technology of letter writing [Music] the only contemporary sources we have for Paul's life and journeys are in the Bible's book of Acts and in a remarkable series of his own letters which now form much of the New Testament each of these surviving letters was written to a specific community the Philippians the Romans the Faysal onehans what intrigued me was how and why these letters were written at Thessalonica 'zv latter Don monastery I met biblical scholar Eddie Adams Paul primarily brought to communities and mostly to communities that he himself founded so he was writing to his own converts I think what prompts him to start writing is usually the circumstances of the churches being addressed something goes wrong there's some problem and that causes him to put pen to paper I think he had a very strong sense of responsibility for the churches under his control and I think his activity was absolutely frenetic if he's not writing letters he's going to new places to phone congregations we get the sense that Paul is in every sense of the phrase a man on a mission something to remember about the letters which might interest you as a knight there David is that they were written and they were designed to be read out loud in congregations and in community contexts so we actually have his spoken word yes I do think we are culturing the voice we have in the letters captured the voice of Paul [Music] inside the monastery one of the monks had a surprise for us hello seven where are we what is this is the oldest part of what other monastery where the tradition says that here Brigid for the first time sent Paul to the people of the Salonika Wow he actually preached here right in this this is the space this spot that's amazing this mosaic is from for a seventh century after that in the importance centrally good there are rest of the church doesn't have to put shivers huh no hmm this Chapel was erected yes because all actually spoke here yeah that is quite as strong and of material connection didn't expect that no that was an unexpected pleasure so how did he actually write his letters then he's usually not the person who picks up the stylus and actually writes usually his letters are dictated that seems to be his standard procedure for composing a letter Paul's letters were written to specific churches but crucially they were also copied and shared between communities carrying his message and voice around the Roman world [Music] so would you put this down for me yes of course there is neither Jew nor Gentile [Music] neither slave nor free nor is their male or female for you are all one in Christ Jesus can you read that back to me now in Greek yes book any avails there Ellen who can even loss with a letter of bouquet me answer carefully pandas calorie mean assistant historic room and that actually is a quote from one of Paul's letters and that is how he actually wrote them he didn't pick up a quill dip it in ink and write on a piece of paper a papyrus no he dictated them to ascribe so what we have when we actually read Paul's letters are his actual spoken words his chosen vocabulary his sweep of sentences his energy and that tells me so much about Paul the man thank you very much indeed thank what is this in recent years some of Paul's letters have come under fire one passage in particular has been drawn into the modern debate of a woman's place in the church and has been used to justify why they shouldn't be priests women should remain silent in the churches they're not allowed to speak but must be in submission as the law says yet in the very same letter Paul appears to contradict himself by referring to women praying and prophesying in church implying he doesn't expect them to be silent [Music] remember Paul's first convert in Europe had been a woman in another letter he mentions 26 prominent members of the community nine of whom are women women were also valuable recruits being in charge of the household meant they could offer a venue for meetings and access to networks of family friends and associates so was Paul a misogynist how should we read his letters the next day in Thessalonica Central Market I met New Testament scholar ekaterina salim pune do you think Paul would have attracted women to follow him Paul had many many co-workers who were women what Paul of course he's a man of his world she knows very well what the place of women in the society is he of course takes into consideration these ideas but I think he's a little bit progressive he treats them somehow as it was I really find that so fascinating so is what you're actually saying is that the seeds of women's liberation today could have been sown in Paul's own theology yes because for Paul always we must connect his thought his theological ideas with his expectation of this end of the world he's quite sure that the end is imminent yes so he thinks and sees everything through this perspective and when you see things this way so you can see that the men and women can only be equal there is neither male no there's no female so yes no brilliant I never read it that way before thank you [Music] a Catarina's point was simple Paul was a man of his time with the attitudes of his time but he also believed the end of the world was coming soon he didn't differentiate between men and women his goal was to save as many people as possible and no one should be lost in Thessalonica Bo Paul's Drive for new converts provoked an angry mob some in the city took his claims that Jesus was a king and that there was only one God as a direct challenge to the authority of Caesar around ad 49 he wrote his letter to the Thessalonians the earliest surviving Christian writing of any kind in it it's clear that he'd left behind a small but thriving community the legacy continues to this day [Music] after being driven out of Thessalonica Paul set off for Athens to aid his journeys and the transport of his letters he was able to exploit the supremely efficient communications network of the Roman Empire I suppose roads like these would have been called the super highways the ancient world they would have carried messages information and new ideas between cities towns and villages but unlike the modern high-speed Internet where messages can travel across the globe in seconds in the ancient world messages traveled slowly and would have required someone to actually set out on a journey [Music] I have been constantly on the move I have been in danger from rivers in danger from bandits in danger from my fellow Jews in danger from Gentiles in danger in the city in danger in the country Paul knew the risks but he wouldn't give up for me the journey to Athens was by car and train Paul would have walked or traveled by ship along the Aegean coast on a clear day he could have seen Mount Olympus home of the Greek gods [Music] who are they the twelve gods of Olympus artists yes Thea's homers daughters was it was it on us yes era era we go for we got eight more to go you got 15 kilometres to find eight gods I'm getting quite excited now because there are one of two characteristics of Paul that are rising to the surface that are really changing my preconceptions about him for example I've been told by now so many people the poll appears to be pro-women whereas before I thought he was completely anti-women almost a misogynist another thing is his persistence he goes into these pagan cultures and everything seems to start off quite well and then it goes totally pear-shaped and this repeats itself over and over again apart from perhaps from Thessalonica which seems to have had some success and now I'm after Athens the center of philosophy and learning I wonder how he fared there [Music] when Paul arrived in Athens it had been under Roman rule for more than a hundred years yet it was still the cultural and intellectual center of the ancient world a place of lively debate pretty much all of the time convincing a city of master philosophers that they should give up their pagan beliefs would be a hard sell indeed according to tradition Paul confronted the philosophers on the Areopagus a bare marble hill below the Acropolis in Athens it was there I met historian dispiay Yosef just being aware in this time to tastic location but how does this relate to Paul it's a place where Indians used to call philosophical discussions and it's no wonder because it had this amazing view as you can see what Paul came to Athens and he was preaching the Christian message some philosophers found his message intriguing and they decided to bring him here and they invite the seem to give a speech what do you think Paul's reaction would have been coming to Athens he saw this city full of gods and so many idols everywhere in so many temples he was in fact outraged to see the city full of pagan gods Athenians typically worship their gods with offerings or animal sacrifices at altars scattered around the city in his speech palled mentioned seeing an altar honoring an unknown God the Athenians venerated the unknown God just to make sure that they didn't leave didn't leave anybody out he's got a head your best friend gods are concerned know referring to the unknown God allowed Paul to argue that his God was now making himself known to Athens was his message shocking to them oh I'm sure it was because they were really unfamiliar with the Jewish religion and he told them about the coming of Jesus and the resurrection of the Dead which they really really found particularly old to the greco-roman mind humans had an agreement an agreement of a reciprocal nature with their gods God's expected humans to perform sacrifices for them and humans expected in return gods to grant them prosperity and to fulfill their wishes so the Christian message must have struck at least initially most pagan listeners as bizarre [Music] I wonder what it must have been like for Paul in Athens convinced that he among all others was the only one who knew that the world was about to end did he ever have doubts did he ever worry how he was perceived at the city's Agora the ancient marketplace I met archaeologist Heinrich Horner so if Athens was such a mega center of paganism why would he have bothered I think he had to come here really I think not coming to Athens for his mission would simply not have done because Athens is such a significant intellectual center and the center of debate as we said so for someone who comes to spread a new idea avoiding Athens would look very odd and a bit weak so what was the reaction to Paul it's so not to be clear I think if you read the account in the Acts the reaction seems to be not disrespectful they don't cause him trouble they don't arrest him there's no fighting it also doesn't seem overly respectful they don't mass convert or anything like that Paul faced an uphill challenge to convince Athenians of his message philosophical debate was woven through the very fabric of the city and I'd heard about the ancient Greek tradition of symposiums basically a drinking party with added philosophy restauranteur suley Adamas had researched the food and culture of the symposium to bring the tradition back to life for modern Greeks I was asked to give a helping hand preparing a typical symposium meal see what are we actually going to be cooking today we're going to cook picolet stuffed piglets stuffed piglet now is this a traditional dish this is from the 5th century before Christ they had this during symposium of course everybody uses this word but in Greek means that I share with my friends eating drinking and sharing our ideas exchanging our philosophical ideas and this symposium should last around 12 hours 12 12 hours the symposium tradition caused Paul considerable problems taking bread and wine in remembrance of Jesus at the Last Supper was an important part of early Christian worship but from his letters it's clear some of Paul's Greek converts didn't understand the difference between the Christian celebration and the festival's of eating and drinking that they had become used to at symposiums your meetings do more harm than good it is not the Lord's Supper you eat for when you are eating some of you go ahead with your own private suppers as a result one person remains hungry and another gets drunk don't you have homes to eat and drink in this is your friend this is your friend okay what now what do we do you would have stopped her pink okay my goodness I feel like a surgeon man yes and this now goes in the oven how long do you cook this six hours six hours six hours gas mark 4 it's gonna be fantastic it's been absolutely fascinating for me to watch this reenactment of a symposium and this was going on when Paul would have been here and you clear the debating the intellectual society was was really rooted in Athens but apparently this could become very bawdy indeed I think I'll leave them to it could go on for some time Paul had little success with the Athens intellectual elite he needed a city with a more receptive audience somewhere it would be easier to convince people of the value of his arguments and so to corinth and through the Magnificent Corinth canal completed in 1893 amazingly the first serious attempt constructed was started in Paul's day the Emperor Nero himself digging out the first rock with a golden pick this is extraordinary when we must appeared that size from up there what a feat of Engineering I wonder what Paul was thinking as he approached Corinth I mean he had a pretty tough time of it Europe so far and yes you've made a few converts along the way but certainly in Thessaloniki and Philippi he had to leave in a hurry and he wasn't that well-received in Athens so it must have been with a little more than apprehension that he was approaching possibly the most notorious city in Greece as he himself says in a letter I came to you in weakness and fear and much trembling at that time Corinth was literally a melting pot of people from different nations different religions and certainly different morals so it must have been a huge challenge ahead of Paul [Music] when Paul first arrived in Corinth around AD 50 this was a young and dynamic city with attitudes to match unlike Athens it had been rebuilt as a Roman colony less than a hundred years earlier free of religious and intellectual traditions Paul had more room to operate according to Acts he set up shop and started earning a living as a tentmaker archaeologist guys Sanders excavation director here for the last 15 years agreed to show me around guy this looks like a major street or road what's around it it's the major road of the city it's the cardo maximus it's the main north-south drag in the city of Corinth he said where we're walking now Paul would have walked many times I would have thought this and would he better shop here in these Cannavale I think this was a high rent for the poor it's more like Harrods than the kind of place that you would find a tentmaker shop yeah he would have been a few streets over I think why would Paul have come here then what was special about Koren well it was one of the biggest cities in the Empire it had fantastic harbor facilities on both coasts so there would be hundreds of thousands of people living in the region and engaged in international trade so people may have come from as far away as Britain and Egypt the Black Sea with Britain yeah I think highly likely you had people from the northwest of Europe as well as from the farthest flung parts of the empire and by coming here Paul had a captive audience and when they left again they would be perhaps taking his message far further than he could carry it did he have a strategy do you think in coming here he stood in Corinth for about 18 months which I think suggests that he did have a strategy and he'd invested a lot of money and effort in trying to establish his church in Corinth he had support himself somehow and he was a tentmaker as you said and the kind of society that he wove dinh was probably the lower the poorer Ashlyn's of society we're talking about 18 10 people or would have been at the poverty line but I imagine that he had a lot of contacts with people within his peer group there's no reason why he wouldn't be sitting outside a shop making his tents and so that he could talk to people who are passing by on the streets and some people he'd meet once and many people would come back and talk again I think what I've learned about Paul now having visited Athens and Corinth is that he was very adaptable he was also a man who knew and he was wanted and when he wasn't I mean we learned that in Athens he could talk to philosophers but he wasn't really welcome there and he left whereas in Corinth it was a different matter he seemed to get out more to the common people this was a port a great port city people who come in from all over the world and go out to other parts of the world he must have felt happier here because he stayed here two eighteen months longer than well anywhere else he stayed so that in his own words I've become all things to all people so that by all possible means I might save some [Music] while in Corinth Paul wrote a letter to a community of believers in Rome it laid out his theology in the clearest possible terms Romans would become the most influential script in the history of Christian thought his purpose for writing it was to announce his intention of visiting the city to gather funds for a mission westwards perhaps to Spain but before he could go he had an errand to run back to Jerusalem we know that Paul made at least two trips to Corinth the money was leaving the final time he was taking with him quite a large sum of money as a donation for the church back at Jerusalem it would appear that his plan was to set sail from a nearby port here at Ken Cray but at the very last minute he and his companions discovered a plot against Paul's life so he decided to walk clockwise around the Aegean I think this is clockwise returning to Jerusalem proved to be a fateful decision trouble was brewing many Jews believed Paul's methods in converting pagans were anti-jewish and were baying for blood a showdown was coming at the Jewish temple the most sacred site in Judaism archaeologist Ronnie ray has directed the excavations on the temple steps where Paul and indeed Jesus would one support we are outside the Temple Mount we just climbed the main staircase leading to one of two gates the holder gates and you should imagine masses of people in those days coming on pilgrimage to enter the Temple Mount bringing their offerings animals sheep we slaughter there in front of the temple on the altar of cycle how many people would have come in the first century tens of thousands did they have any ritual to go through before they would enter all certainly one obligatory ritual everybody had to be in a pure state ritually pure that means that he had to take a ritual bath in what is called in Hebrew and me Claire there are many mixes yes yes let's have a letter okay show me one yes yeah use the steps into the Mickler you have to imagine that it was full with water right up to about here up to about here a total immersion of the human body for one moment just into the water and outside from the water makes you pure and it was so important well this was a perquisite entering the Temple Mount you don't go to the temple as a tourist just to have a look and enjoy now you go further for the rituals and prayers and to see the house of God and now we are pure we can go to the time again when Paul returned to Jerusalem it would have been natural for him to visit the temple the strict purity rules meant that any non Jewish or Gentile companions he had with him were not allowed beyond a certain point Paul knew these rules but he was accused of breaking them either he purposely picked a fight or his enemies had framed him we're told that within moments a riot broke out Paul's life was in grave danger could he really have provoked such a violent response the temple Paul knew was destroyed by the Romans in AD 70 around ten years after his visit in the seventh century the Dome of the rock one of the most sacred places in Islam was built on the site Gershon Salomon founder of the temple faithful movement is leading a highly controversial campaign to rebuild a third Jewish temple in its place he fervently believes a biblical temple should once again be at the center of Jewish life and he would reinstate the ancient traditions but I was hoping Gershon could help me understand why Paul's alleged actions was so provocative the temple was the heart and the soul of the Jewish people they could not come inside the temple because of the law of pureness you should know it is not you are not coming in a regular building no even not to a synagogue you are coming to the house of God if it was discovered that Paul brought Gentiles inside this temple area how would people have reacted them first of all it it would be considered as a terrible provocation because he knew the law of the temple and he would known yeah on the wall was written in Greek that a stranger that will cross this wall will die will die will die yeah so if follow any other one will bring Gentiles inside the temple it could be a terrible terrible thing terrible thing and the reaction will be also terribly which is why there was a riot yeah [Music] in the end only the intervention of the nearby Roman garrison saved Paul's life he was arrested and taken under military escort to the Roman governor in Caesarea Paul's mission had come to a grinding halt Caesarea was the capital of the Roman province of Judea purpose built around a magnificent new Harbor Roman historian Gil gambler took me into the water to see its remains [Music] [Music] so the big killers there yes they are the huge we can actually go much that comes all the way up to the server yes the columns themselves couldn't be earlier than her audience right so we're talking about late first century BC nearly 2000 years that's right it's 2000 years Paul spent two years under arrest in Caesarea back on dry land Gil showed me where it's thought he may have spent much at that time Caesarea would be very much like the mirror of Rome the governor of this province would be sitting here in this most central city in Judea probably making use of Herod's palace where we stand right now as his Praetorian his government seat yes he will the where we're standing now the Praetorian did you say the Praetorian would Paul have been imprisoned or put under house arrest here where we are now it's very hard to tell but there is a likelihood that yes this is the seat of the governor but we have to imagine some sort of being held under the custody of the governor not because he's guilty of something but because there are charges standing open against him and also perhaps even more so because he is a destabilizing element in the province yes I think that would have would have been a strong enough motivation for the governor to keep him close by the Roman governor seemed in no particular hurry to resolve Paul's case but after two years that governor was replaced the new man was minded to send Paul back to Jerusalem it would have meant certain death Paul demanded his right as a Roman citizen to be tried in Rome as he languished in prison Paul seems to have begun reflecting ever since his conversion he'd been preaching that the end of days was coming soon our salvation is nearer now than we first believed the day of the Lord will come like a thief in the night the trumpet will sound the dead will be raised imperishable and we will be changed but the years had passed and the world had not ended Paul began to suspect that he himself might die before Jesus returned from prison he wrote I desire to depart and be with Christ which is better by far very moving for me to think that it's here in Caesarea that Paul would have spent his last two years in the Holy Land but he spent it under guard fighting for his innocence and having to appeal to Caesar and go to Rome and I wonder when he left here what he would have thought maybe he thought this was his last view of the Holy Land and that's given me pause for reflection many of Paul's ideas on how converts should live their lives challenge the social and political structures of the Roman state if the world had ended as he predicted none of this would have mattered but as time went on and communities grew larger it was inevitable the Paul's subversive message would be noticed the world was changing and these early Christians now risked the wrath of Rome the very place where Paul was now heading the Bible's book of Acts tells how Paul was taken by ship to Rome but on the way a storm blew up and after two weeks of being tossed around at sea he was shipwrecked on Malta the ship's company was forced to overwinter on the island before continuing to rebel [Music] Paul finally arrived initially around AD 60 from the port of Poti only where he landed he was then a hundred and thirty mile walk along this road the Appian Way to Rome by now he was probably in his late 50s and would have spent 30 years on the road he had established small communities of believers throughout the Roman Empire but this was his first time in the imperial city itself and he was arriving in Chains he must surely have crossed his mind that he might never leave Rome alive the Rome Paul saw was not the Rome of gladiator many of the big iconic monuments the Colosseum the Pantheon and the triumphal arches had not yet been built but the city was under the rule of the Emperor Nero who would launch the first Imperial persecution of the Christians back on the Appian Way I met archaeologist Valerie Higgins Paul coming to Rome he would have come into a pagan society how did the pagans regard Christians Christians were quite threatening because of course the pagan religion was not a religion in the sense that we know religion in that it was not divorced from the state and indeed the state was intimately involved in the religion I see so you're really talking if you're saying that he denies the pagan gods it's it's really treason because it's really denying the emperor and his power it may seem to us that Christians wouldn't be that threatening you know what is it in the message that's so threatening but it is that denial of the Emperor denial of the gods I says we're so used to Christianity today we have no idea that it could have ever been that sort of a threat at all well in a way it seems bizarre that an empire like the Roman Empire which has all these armies and has all this power seems to feel so threatened by a message which is actually so mild in many ways you know but they really genuinely did feel threatened by by it Rome was not a good place to argue that there was only one God and that God wasn't Caesar in his search for a fair trial Paul had insisted on his right as a Roman citizen to be tried in Rome it may have been a fatal mistake I'm sure his arrival here in Rome the story of pool then gets a little hazy from the book of Acts in the Bible we know that he was allowed to stay in rented accommodation for two years where the soldier was guarding him he was however allowed to welcome on visitors after that the story just simply stops there's no record of his trial well they learn any results of it so what was actually going on tradition claims that Paul lived in Rome's Jewish quarter of course he'd supposedly come here to stand trial for violating the temple in Jerusalem but after two years maybe that offense had been forgotten curiously though he was under some form of house arrest he does seem to have been free to carry on trying to make new comforts a dangerous game under Nero the church tradition is that Paul paid the ultimate price and was martyred for his faith father Scott Broder an expert in Paul's writings explained what he thinks may have happened he is announcing that Jesus is Lord and we know in the Roman Empire there's only one Lord and he is Caesar so if someone starts saying this Jesus this Jew from Galilee we believe he is the son of God and he continues to reign he has power ah are you implying that his power is conflicting with that of Caesar yes Wow oh that's political there it's a very political indeed and he he's brought before these the authorities for this political charge he's not going to back down he's not going to suddenly change his tune and say this isn't what I believe of course it is and ultimately that's what gets him killed how was he executed he was beheaded he was beheaded so you know compared to crucifixion a far more merciful way to put someone to death a quicker way horrific in itself of course but again compared to crucifixion far less painful there's something that slightly puzzles me is such a major event in Christianity why isn't it it mentioned we have to remember that the Acts of the Apostles are written by Saint Luke and Saint Luke has other concerns it is not a biography so Luke is concerned with showing that the gospel has reached Rome and it continues to be preached so in a sense what you're saying is he deliberately didn't write it because if you write the death of Paul people could be reading that's the death of the Gospel precisely that's the point some have argued that Paul wasn't executed that he continued westward to Spain or perhaps returned to the east the truth is we just don't know but the church tradition is that he was beheaded and buried here in Rome where the Basilica of San Paul Outside the Walls now stands mr. Vivek good evening your eminence Cardinal Francesco Monta Ricci led me to what he believes is the final resting place of poor and inside the sarcophagus is simple yes what have you been able to see inside we could not open the sarcophagus but the endoscope has been dropped inside yes we were able to see some pieces of tissue and some pieces of bones we were able to take a small piece of bone and it was examined by expert the results of the examination was that it belonged to a man of the first or second century of the christ amazing this is the JD's Wow the idea that this is the real and called sample buried in the surface amazing it's very special isn't it thank you very much English is a great privilege for me thank you we can never be sure whether Paul's body ever lay in this tomb it seems that the biggest piece of evidence that he died in Rome is that it is here that his story ends there is simply no evidence for anything else it's strange that the New Testament doesn't record what happened to Paul if he was executed then perhaps publicizing that fact would only serve to discourage new converts or maybe in the midst of Nero's persecution of Christians one man's death simply went unnoticed the Roman persecution of Christians however continued for two and a half centuries after Paul's death but the faith continued to grow until ad 380 when Christianity was made the official religion of the Roman Empire Rome seemed to have no record of Paul but it did hold one incredible last clue to the man I thought I had come to know throughout my journey I'd carried in my imagination a portrait of Paul an image I'd seen repeated in painting statues and icons down through the centuries [Music] and then in a suburb of Rome in a catacomb deep beneath a modern office block my guide Dario took me to meet archaeologists Fabrizio piss County he'd made an astounding discovery oh goodness Lucas County buongiorno buongiorno there is a sheriff with her professor Visconti Hanna Okayama oh that's it thank you these catacombs were originally pagan but began to be used by Rome's Christians in the fourth century AD what I was about to learn about the man I had been pursuing for so long would come as a bit of a shock if actually a imaginary sample okay scoobert open twist to the story if appropriate winners of freedom equals openness made a is cool imagine a DiPaolo echoes even more beneficial Omiya Sarah Connor Shalako a la barba Punta typica del imagine Paulo Michael Vincent Rafi popular traditions a completely oh boy Natalia Bianca typical imagine Paolo is a very piercing eyes dr. Chopra pool occupant Otto T guarda un punto lontano indefinite oh come a larger calibre Rita that's unique isn't it and the date of this degree some lesser-known elusive of the daddy and a feeling required to say called Patricia to Dan thank you gentlemen 380 yes 80 so is this the very earliest picture of pool in the world crystal and imagining in busto ich liebe dich Okayama through a tunnel it was so exciting to see the earliest ever portrait of paul he was exactly as I had always imagined him but it appeared that this was not in fact Paul do you think that is what Paul looked like seguramente Paulo new Mariposa una retract Oh invent Otto the invention a natural meant a ad a spirit seoane a alemana philosophica cara PVC no chronology comment a a ideal meant a a la Fukuda de San Paolo a coach a Kia Concha pedo imaginary Paolo sis P de Alcala de platino Kara unimaginable saneun probe diverse Emilia the mall - Regina a platino after all this time Paul was not poor his portrait had been based on the image of a third century philosopher called Plotinus that image had them being copied down through the centuries so maybe he didn't look like me after all in a strange sort of way it was appropriate that if I really wanted to find Paul the best place to look was in his own words so let's hear this extraordinary man speak for I am the least of the Apostles and do not even deserve to be called an apostle because I persecuted the Church of God but by the grace of God I am what I am and His grace to me was not without effect how can some of you say there is no resurrection of the Dead if there is no resurrection of the dead then not even Christ has been raised and if Christ has not been raised our preaching is useless and so is your faith but Christ has indeed been raised from the dead the firstfruits of those who have fallen asleep for since death came through a man the resurrection of the Dead comes also through a man for as in Adam all die so in Christ all will be made alive like Paul or dislike him you certainly can't ignore him [Music] [Music] [Music] announcing that Jesus is Lord and we know in the Roman Empire there's only one Lord and he is Caesar so if someone starts saying this Jesus this Jew from Galilee we believe he is the son of God and he continues to reign he has power ah are you implying that his power is conflicting with that of Caesar yes Wow no that's political there it's a very political indeed and he he's brought before these the authorities for this political charge he's not going to back down he's not going to suddenly change his tune inside this isn't what I believe of course it is and ultimately that's what gets him killed how was he executed he was beheaded he was beheaded so you know compared to crucifixion a far more merciful way to put someone to death a quicker way horrific in itself of course but again compared to crucifixion far less painful there's something that slightly puzzles me is such a major event in Christianity why isn't it mentioned we have to remember that the Acts of the Apostles are written by Saint Luke and Saint Luke has other concerns it is not a biography so Luke is concerned with showing that the gospel has reached Rome and it continues to be preached so in a sense what you're saying is he deliberately didn't write it because if you write the death of Paul people could be reading that's the death of the gospel precisely that's the point some have argued that Paul wasn't executed that he continued westward to Spain or perhaps returned to the east the truth is we just don't know but the church tradition is that he was beheaded and buried here in Rome where the Basilica of San Paul Outside the Walls now stands mr. livid good evening your eminence Cardinal Francesco Monta Ricci led me to what he believes is the final resting place of Paul and inside the cicadas is simple yes what have you been able to see inside we could not open the sarcophagus but again the scope has been dropped inside yes we were able to see some pieces of tissue in Christ Jesus can you read that back to me now in Greek yes book any avails there alien who can who knows who their Lefteris who can answer carefully pandas kill a demon assistant historian and that actually is a quote from one of Paul's letters and that is how he actually wrote them he didn't pick up a quill dip it in ink and write on a piece of paper of papyrus no he dictated them to ascribe so what we have when we actually read Paul's letters are his actual spoken words his chosen vocabulary his sweep of sentences his energy and that tells me so much about Paul the man thank you very much indeed thank was this in recent years some of Paul's letters have come under fire one passage in particular has been drawn into the modern debate of a woman's place in the church and has been used to justify why they shouldn't be priests women should remain silent in the churches they're not allowed to speak but must be in submission as the law says yet in the very same letter Paul appears to contradict himself by referring to women praying and prophesying in church implying he doesn't expect them to be silent [Music] remember Paul's first convert in Europe had been a woman in another letter he mentions 26 prominent members of the community nine of whom were women women were also valuable recruits being in charge of the household meant they could offer a venue for meetings and access to networks of family friends and associates so was Paul a misogynist how should we read his letters the next day in Thessalonica Central Market I met New Testament scholar ekaterina salim boonie [Music] do you think Paul would have attracted women to follow him Paul had many many co-workers who were women what Paul of course he's a man of his world he knows very well what the place of women in the society is he of course takes into consideration these ideas but I think he's a little bit progressive he treats them somehow as it was I really find that so fascinating so is what you're actually saying is that the seeds of women's liberation today could have been sown in Paul's own theology yes because for Paul always we must connect his thought his theological ideas with his expectation of this and of these carvings are something that people put back into the earth in gratitude for them taking the rocks out of the earth to build this fantastic city of Philip I giving back to the earth for what have been removed was a basic pagan belief it was clearly well ingrained in this city convincing people to give up these traditions would not be easy Paul's first challenge was to try and find a way into this possibly hostile community he would have to tread carefully what would become the Christian faith had never been spoken of in Europe before [Music] he needed to find a sympathetic first audience when Paul first came here he was just outside the Roman colony of Philippi and as was his custom he went looking for a synagogue to start preaching but the Jewish community here was so small it wasn't even a synagogue so he came down to a Riverside and there were a group of women here one of the women was called Lydia and she was a purple dye trader and she heard him speak and was baptized and the important thing here is that Lydia became the first European convert to this new religion that would one day be called Christianity [Music] other converts followed Paul now had a toehold in Europe but his time in Philippi was short-lived when he converted a slave girl without her owner's permission it led to his arrest and public beating Philip I was a start but it was time to move on along the VA Ignacio to Thessalonica a hundred and fifty kilometres and a four-day walk away [Music] though Paul was leaving Philippi behind it was vitally important that he stayed in touch with a small community here established there was always the risk that a fledgling church would break apart after he had gone Paul was to become a master of the new technology of the letter writing [Music] the only contemporary sources we have for Paul's life and journeys are in the Bible's book of Acts and in a remarkable series of his own letters which now form much of the New Testament each of these surviving letters was written to a specific community the Philippians the Romans the Faysal aliens what intrigued me was how and why these letters were written at Thessalonica splattered on monestary I met biblical scholar Eddie Adams poor primarily wrote I was asked to give a helping hand preparing a typical symposium meal see what are we actually going to be cooking today we're going to cook piglet stuffed piglets stuffed piglet now is this a traditional dish this is from the 5th century before Christ they had this during symposium of course everybody uses this word but in Greek means that I share with my friends eating drinking and sharing our ideas exchanged in our philosophical ideas and this symposium should last around 12 hours 12 12 hours [Music] the symposium tradition caused Paul considerable problems taking bread and wine in remembrance of Jesus at the Last Supper was an important part of early Christian worship but from his letters it's clear some of Paul's Greek converts didn't understand the difference between the Christian celebration and the festival's of eating and drinking that they had become used to at symposiums your meeting must do more harm than good it is not the Lord's Supper you eat for when you are eating some of you go ahead with your own private suppers as a result one person remains hungry and another gets drunk don't you have homes to eat and drink in this is your friend this is your friend okay what now what do we do you would have stopped her pink okay my goodness I feel like a surgeon now yes and this now goes in the oven how long do you cook this six hours six hours six hours gas mark 4 it's gonna be fantastic it's been absolutely fascinating for me to watch this reenactment of a symposium and this was going on when Paul would have been here and you clear the debating the intellectual society was was really rooted in Athens but apparently this could become very bawdy indeed I think I'll leave them to it could go on for some time Paul had little success with the Athens intellectual elite he needed a city with a more receptive audience somewhere it would be easier to convince people of the value of his arguments and so to corinth and through the Magnificent Corinth canal come to the seat of the governor but we have to imagine some sort of being held under the custody of the governor not because he's guilty of something but because there are charges standing open against him and also perhaps even more so because he is a destabilizing element in the province yes I think that would have would have been a strong enough motivation for the governor to keep him close by the Roman governor seemed in no particular hurry to resolve Paul's case but after two years that governor was replaced the new man was minded to send Paul back to Jerusalem it would have meant certain death Paul demanded his right as a Roman citizen to be tried in Rome as he languished in prison Paul seems to have begun reflecting ever since his conversion he had been preaching that the end of days was coming soon our salvation is nearer now than we first believed the day of the Lord will come like a thief in the night the trumpet will sound the dead will be raised imperishable and we will be changed but the years had passed and the world had not ended Paul began to suspect that he himself might die before Jesus returned from prison he wrote I desire to depart and be with Christ which is better by far very moving for me to think that it's here in Caesarea that Paul would have spent his last two years in the Holy Land but he spent it under guard fighting for his innocence and having to appeal to Caesar and go to Rome and I wonder when he left here what he would have thought maybe he thought this was his last view of the Holy Land and that's given me pause for reflection many of Paul's ideas on how converts should live their lives challenge the social and political structures of the Roman state if the world had ended as he predicted none of this would have mattered but as time went on and communities grew larger it was inevitable the Paul's subversive message would be noticed the world was changing and these early Christians now risked the wrath of Rome the very place where Paul was now heading excavation director here for the last 15 years agreed to show me around guy this looks like a major street or road what's around it it's the major road of the city it's the cardo maximus it's the main north-south drag in the city of Corinth so where we're walking now Paul would have walked many times I would have thought this and would he better shop here in these Cannavale I think this was a high rent for the poor it's more like Harrods than the kind of place that you would find a tentmaker shop yeah he would have been a few streets over I think why would Paul have come here then what was special about Corinth well it was one of the biggest cities in the Empire Rome it had fantastic harbour facilities on both coasts so there would be hundreds of thousands of people living in the region and engaged in international trade so people may have come from as far away as Britain and Egypt the Black Sea we've bitten yeah I think highly likely you've had people from the northwest of Europe as well as from the farthest flung parts of the empire and by coming here Paul had a captive audience and when they left again they would be perhaps taking his message far further than he could carry it did he have a strategy do you think in coming here he stood in Corinth for about 18 months which I think suggests that he did have a strategy and he invested a lot of money and effort in trying to establish his church in Corinth he had support himself somehow and he was a tentmaker as you said and the kind of society that he wove dinh was probably the lower the poorer Ashlyn's of society we're talking about 1810 people would have been at the poverty line but I imagine that he had a lot of contacts with people within his peer group there's no reason why he wouldn't be sitting outside a shop making his tents and so that he could talk to people who are passing by on the streets and some people he'd meet once and many people would come back and talk again I think what I've learned about Paul now having visited Athens and Corinth is that he was very adaptable he was also a man who knew when he was wanted and when he wasn't I mean we learned that in Athens he could talk to philosophers but he wasn't really welcome there and he left where as in Corinth it was a different matter he seemed to get off more with the common people this was a port great port city people come in from all over the world and go out to other parts of the world he must have felt happier here because he stayed here for 18 months longer than well anywhere else he stayed so that in his own words I've become all things to all people so that by all possible means I might save some [Music] what he set up shop and started earning a living as a tentmaker archaeologist guys Sanders excavation director here for the last 15 years agreed to show me around guy this looks like a major street or road what's around it it's the major road of the city it's the cardo maximus it's the main north-south drag in the city of Corinth he said where we're walking now Paul would have walked many times I would have thought this and would he better shop here in these Cannavale I think this was a high rent for the poor it's more like Harrods than the kind of place that you would find a tentmaker shop yeah he would have been a few streets over I think why would Paul have come here then what was special about Koren well it was one of the biggest cities in the Empire it had fantastic harbor facilities on both coasts so there would be hundreds of thousands of people living in the region and engaged in international trade so people may have come from as far away as Britain and Egypt the Black Sea with Britain yeah I think highly likely you had people from the northwest of Europe as well as from the farthest flung parts of the empire and by coming here Paul had a captive audience and when they left again they would be perhaps taking his message far further than he could carry it did he have a strategy do you think in coming here he stood in Corinth for about 18 months which I think suggests that he did have a strategy and he'd invested a lot of money and effort in trying to establish his church in Corinth he had support himself somehow and he was a tentmaker as you said and the kind of society that he wove dinh was probably the lower the poorer Ashlyn's of society we're talking about 1810 people who would have been at the poverty line but I imagine that he had a lot of contacts with people within his peer group there's no reason why he wouldn't be sitting outside a shop making his tents and so that he could talk to people who were passing by on the streets and some people he'd meet once and many people would come back and talk again I think what I've learned about Paul now having visited Athens and Corinth is that he was very adaptable he was also a man who knew and he was wanted and when he wasn't I mean we learned that in Athens he could talk to philosophers but he wasn't really welcome there and he left whereas in Corinth it was a different matter he seemed to get out more to the common people this was a port a great port city people come in from all over the world and go out to other parts of the world he must have felt happier here because he stayed here to 18 months longer than well anywhere else he stayed so that in his own words I've become all things to all people so that by all possible means I might save some took his claims that Jesus was a king and that there was only one God as a direct challenge to the authority of Caesar around ad 49 he wrote his letter to the Thessalonians the earliest surviving Christian writing of any kind in it it's clear that he'd left behind a small but thriving community the legacy continues to this day [Music] after being driven out of Thessalonica Paul set off for Athens to aid his journeys and the transport of his letters he was able to exploit the supremely efficient communications network of the Roman Empire I suppose roads like these would have been called super highways the ancient world they would have carried messages information and new ideas between cities towns and villages but unlike the modern high-speed Internet where messages can travel across the globe in seconds in the ancient world messages traveled slowly and would have required someone to actually set out on a journey I have been constantly on the move I have been in danger from rivers in danger from bandits in danger from my fellow Jews in danger from Gentiles in danger in the city in danger in the country Paul knew the risks but he wouldn't give up for me the journey to Athens was by car and train Paul would have walked or traveled by ship along the Aegean coast on a clear day he could have seen Mount Olympus home of the Greek gods [Music] who are they the twelve gods of Olympus iris iris yes Thea's daughters pseudonymous possible was it on us yes era you go forward got eight more to go you got 15 kilometres to find eight gods [Music] I'm getting quite excited now because there are one or two characteristics of Paul that are rising to the surface that are really changing my preconceptions about him for example I've been told by now so many people the Paul appears to be Pro women whereas before I thought he was completely anti women almost a misogynist another thing is his persistence he goes into these pagan cultures and everything oh here you can see Artemis with the bow and the dog we had a society of hunters they had dogs and they were believing Artemis the goddess of the hounds why are they here amongst these rocks people were mining here and were taking material for to build the city of Philippi so they were given an offer back back to the earth back to the earth yes I just love the fact that these carvings are something that people put back into the earth in gratitude for them taking the rocks out of the earth to build this fantastic city of fear by giving back to the earth for what have been removed was a basic pagan belief it was clearly well ingrained in this city convincing people to give up these traditions would not be easy Paul's first challenge was to try and find a way into this possibly hostile community he would have to tread carefully what would become the Christian faith had never been spoken of in Europe before [Music] he needed to find a sympathetic first audience when Paul first came here he was just outside the Roman colony of Philippi and as was his custom he went looking for a synagogue to start preaching but the Jewish community here was so small it wasn't even a synagogue so he came down to a Riverside and there were a group of women here one of the women was called Lydia and she was a purple dye trader and she heard him speak and was baptized and the important thing here is that Lydia became the first European convert to this new religion that would one day be called Christianity other converts followed Paul now had a toehold in Europe but his time in Philippi was short-lived when he converted a slave girl without her owner's permission it led to his arrest and public beating Philip I was a start but it was time to move on along the VLE nasiha to Thessalonica a hundred and fifty kilometres and a four day walk away [Music] though Paul was leaving Phillipi behind it was vitally important that he stayed in touch with a small community he had established there was always the risk that a fledgling church would break apart after he had gone Paul was to become a master of the new technology of letter writing [Music] he's got very piercing eyes I love you you know to propel occupant ATO to guarda un punto lontano indefinite Oh commander Richard calivita that's unique isn't it and the date of this semester no no mother daddy and I feel required to say called Patricia to tan tied to shame - no madam 380 yes 80 so is this the very earliest picture of pool in the world crystal and imagine in busto in flipple pure dick Okayama trovato it was so exciting to see the earliest ever portrait of Paul he was exactly as I had always imagined him but it appeared that this was not in fact Paul do you think that is what Paul looked like seguramente una Mariposa I wanna treat rato invent Otto the invention and naturalmente ad is P dot C own a al imagine a philosophica Keira pupae Chino chronology comment a a ideal meant a a la fickle ad San Paolo a coke a Kia Concha Peto l'm a genie Paolo sis P de Alcala de platino Kiera unimagine for say noon propia verisimilitude to vicino a platino after all this time Paul was not Paul his portrait had been based on the image of a third century philosopher called Plotinus that image had them being copied down through the centuries so maybe he didn't look like me after all in a strange sort of way it was appropriate that if I really wanted to find Paul the best place to look was in his own words so let's hear this extraordinary man speak for I am the least of the Apostles and do not even deserve to be called an apostle because I persecuted the Church of God but by the grace of God I am what I am and His grace to me was not without effect how can some of you say there is no resurrection of the Dead if there is no resurrection of the dead then not even Christ has been raised and if Christ has not been raised our preaching is useless and so is your faith but Christ has indeed been raised from the dead the firstfruits of those who have fallen asleep for since death came through a man the resurrection of the Dead comes also through a man for as in Adam all die so in crop around ad 49 he wrote his letter to the Thessalonians the earliest surviving Christian writing of any kind in it it's clear that he had left behind a small but thriving community the legacy continues to this day [Music] after being driven out of Thessalonica Paul set off for Athens to aid his journeys and the transport of his letters he was able to exploit the supremely efficient communications network of the Roman Empire I suppose roads like these would have been called the super highways the ancient world they would have carried messages information and new ideas between cities towns and villages but unlike the modern high-speed Internet where messages can travel across the globe in seconds in the ancient world messages traveled slowly and would have required someone to actually set out on the journey [Music] I have been constantly on the move I have been in danger from rivers in danger from bandits in danger from my fellow Jews in danger from Gentiles in danger in the city in danger in the country Paul knew the risks but he wouldn't give up for me the journey to Athens was by car and train Paul would have walked or traveled by ship along the Aegean coast on a clear day he could have seen Mount Olympus home of the Greek gods [Music] who are they the twelve gods of Olympus artists yes fierce Thomas Posse daughters you see Thomas was it was it on us yes era era we go for we got eight more to go you got 15 kilometres to find eight gods I'm getting quite excited now because there are one of two characteristics of poll that are rising to the surface that are really changing my preconceptions about him for example I've been told by now so many people the Paul appears to be Pro women whereas before I thought he was completely anti women almost a misogynist another thing is his persistence he goes into these pagan cultures and everything seems to start off quite well and then it goes totally pear-shaped and this repeats itself over and over again apart from perhaps from Thessaloniki which seems to have had some success it's time simple to the people of the Salonika wow he actually preached here right through this this is the space this spot that's amazing this mosaic is from for a seventh century after that in importance centrally good there are rest of the church doesn't have to put shivers huh no hmm this chapel was erected yes because all actually spoke here yeah everybody's crosses it gives your kind of material connection didn't expect that no that was an unexpected pleasure so how do you actually write his letters then he's usually not the person who picks up the stylus and actually writes usually his letters are dictated that seems to be his standard procedure for composing a letter Paul's letters were written to specific churches but crucially they were also copied and shared between communities carrying his message and voice around the Roman world so would you put this down for me yes of course there is neither Jew nor Gentile [Music] neither slave nor free nor is their male or female for you are all one in Christ Jesus can you read that back to me now in Greek yes okay any avails there alien who can evil loss with a letter of pope any answer careful pandas kirara mean he sustained cristo issue and that actually is a quote from one of Paul's letters and that is how he actually wrote them he didn't pick up a quill dip it in ink and write on a piece of paper a papyrus no he dictated them to ascribe so what we have when we actually read Paul's letters are his actual spoken words his chosen vocabulary his suite of sentences his energy and that tells me so much about Paul the man thank you very much indeed thank Wednesdays in recent years some of Paul's letters have come under fire one passage in particular has been drawn into the modern debate over women's place in the church and has been used to justify why they shouldn't be priests women should remain silent in the churches they're not allowed to speak but must be in submission as the law says yet in the very same letter Paul appears to contradict himself by referring to women praying and prophesy and swear the name of Jesus was not learned for Paul this is a desperate race against time to convert non-believers to Jesus before the end of the world the riots but he's now moving closer to the heart of the Roman Empire where Caesar himself is revered as a god and he's carrying with him a radical new manifesto preaching that all are equal whatever their place in society calling for love and understanding within communities and demanding that pagan waves be swept away by a higher moral code surely Poole must have realized he was putting himself in grave danger attacking the Roman religion was attacking of Roman state once ashore Paul's journey to Philip I would have taken him along the via Ignacio a major Roman Road that ran through northern Greece incredibly several long stretches of the road still exist today he really is the most extraordinary feeling to know that I'm actually walking on the same stones as some Paul walked when he went to Philippi and it's 15 kilometres and uphill most of the way this region was one of Rome's oldest and largest provinces the heavy presence of empire surrounded Paul as he approached Philippi he was definitely stepping out of his comfort zone how would he be received in a city where the worship of pagan gods was woven into the very fabric of life where their images adorned not just temples but workplaces public arenas and even people's homes on the outskirts of Philippi I met one of the city's modern Guardians Alexi LeBron is Alexi hello hello David welcome how are you very well thank you this is Philippi let's see the city we are entering the city from the city walls they were combined with the theater what was it like in the first century here very crowdy and full of life was a city between ten and fifteen thousand people and imagine that we had people from everywhere not only Romans yeah what was the religion here was a mixture everybody was believing his own faith traces of pagan gods from all over the ancient world from priests Babylon and Egypt had been found in Philippi Alexi was keen to take me in search of new discoveries carved into the cliffs high above the cities at

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Published: Sat Feb 23 2019