Culloden: The Brutal 18th-Century Battle In The Scottish Highlands | Line Of Fire | Absolute History

this channel is part of the history hits Network [Music] flat and featureless Moorland is the site of the last battle to be fought on British soil it was here that the Scottish Clans made their last desperate charge battered by a storm of shot from the government cannons they waited for the Army to advance when it finally came they had to charge across an exposed plane devoid of cover or shelter in order to reach the lines of well-drilled regular soldiers waiting to receive them [Music] not surprisingly the Battle of Culloden ended in a brutal defeat for the Highlanders today the Moor is their grave it is also the last resting place of the Jacobite cause for which they fought [Music] the jacobites were the supporters of the deposed King James II who was a Catholic and who lost the Throne of Great Britain for that reason in 1688. James tried to revive his Fortunes in 1689 in Scotland and in 1690 in Ireland but essentially the the Protestant forces were too strong and so he was forced into France delivers a pensioner of the king of France James's son also called James then made a number of attempts to regain the throne increasingly relying upon the Scots and particularly the Catholic Highland Clans to do the work for him 1708 his proposed Landing actually failed to transpire but in 1715 James came ashore after the main battle of the campaign had been fought at Sheriff Muir too late to influence the events nonetheless he tried again in 1719 with Spanish help and that failed at the Battle of Glenn Shield in 1743 Britain and France became embroiled in yet another major war and despite all their previous experiences the exiled supporters of the House of Stuart had long been planning another Rising [Music] James the son of James II was entirely dependent on the French King for his maintenance because he had no claims to England at all his father having been expelled and his son the young Pretender was Charles Edward Stewart and essentially Charles Edward was a Debonair young Chevalier as he was known and it was it was thought that he might get more support than the rather elderly and ailing James the French agreed to help [Music] in 1719 James had been thwarted by a terrible storm which wrecked the Spanish Fleet gathered to support the steward rising in 1719. in 1744 when a French Fleet is assembled exactly the same thing happens the French Fleet is wrecked in a huge storm I think that alone would have been enough to tell anyone that the odds are certainly stacked against you but probably because Prince Charles is so young he's only 25. he's still got all the rashness of Youth he thinks it's enough merely to make the attempt and despite all the evidence to the contrary he feels that the public will rally To His Banner foreign Landing with only seven companions at Harris age on the west coast of Scotland the prince did not give the appearance of a man about to lead a triumphant Crusade the clan Chiefs had agreed to support a rising in the belief that they would be assisting an invasion by French regular troops the jacobites throughout their exiled monarchy always required major foreign intervention to enable them to support a successful Rising because of the critical military Mass needed to defeat what was in effect an 18th century superpower Great Britain French military intervention was absolutely essential if the rebellion of 1745 was to have any chance of success whatsoever I think the Highland chiefs were aware of that and Charles Edward Stewart himself probably knew that history hit is like Netflix just for history fans with exclusive history documentaries covering some of the most famous people and events in history just for you whether you're looking to dive into life and crime in Victoria and London or the Forgotten history that deserves to be heard history hit has a documentary for you just a click away we're committed to Bringing history fans award-winning documentaries and podcasts that you can't find anywhere else sign up now for a free trial and absolute history fans get 50 off their first three months just be sure to use the code absolutehistory at checkout here at glenfinen on the 19th of August 1745 his standard was raised more in Hope than expectation at first it seemed that none would come but eventually the sound of the pipes floated down the Glen [Music] much against their better judgment Cameron of lockheel and the McDonald's of Glengarry kepok and Clan Reynold brought in their followers the 45 had begun [Music] once raised the small army marched first to Perth the next move was to make a dash for Edinburgh as they marched Southward towards Perth additional men joined the prince's colors [Music] the prince had appointed Lord George Murray and the Duke of Perth as his Lieutenant generals and James Johnson as his aide to come the organization of the Highland Army was intended to be into regiments about 500 men each and essentially these were were linked to Clans so you had a clan regiment because then you had all the coherence of people who were who were relatives and wanted to to fight well for one another and so in those terms it was coherent but in terms of an army of of the mid-18th century it was rather old-fashioned and ramshackle this was at best a rebel Army it didn't have the drill and the discipline of a regular army and where it really fell down were in matters of supply and Logistics foreign 1745 is quite often portrayed as if it was a tribal army or a kind of ragbag of very dissimilar units but in fact we've got two surviving regimental order books from the army of 1745 and that's another evidence makes it very clear that the Army was it was conventionally organized in exactly the same way as most Continental or British armies were at the time first the jacobites could muster only some 1 200 men but their support in Scotland was growing the commander of the British troops in Scotland General Sir John cope therefore took a difficult decision he had two choices either he could stand fast and defend the line of the fourth as the Duke of argyle had done against the jacobites in 1715 or he could March into the highlands to nip the rebellion in the bud as general Whiteman had done in 1719 the first option was out of the question it meant abandoning most of Scotland to the jacobites and the rising might then take months to suppress cope therefore marched northwards hoping to enlist the support of the Protestant Highland Clans who were sympathetic to the government 45 Rising has some elements of Catholic Protestant conflict but those are really the elements that were dreamed up as propaganda by the government about 70 percent of the Jacobite Army were Episcopalian Scots and they were fighting against people on the other side who had all intents and purposes their co-religiousness Anglican soldiers in King George's Army and the relatively small number of Catholics who supported the jacobites were magnified out of all proportion by Propaganda to the dismay of Sir John he found none of the pro-government clans were willing to support him so with the jacobites rapidly gaining strength cope was forced to turn aside rather than risk a battle he therefore made for Aberdeen with cope out of the way the road to the South now lay open their jacobites raced southwards for Edinburgh the capital of Scotland the citizens of Edinburgh opposed the jacobites but they were unwilling to fight and the city was taken by surprise and captured on the 17th of September 1745. probably with the connivance of the city authorities as the Jacobite settled down to the occupation of the capital of Scotland General cope had meanwhile found enough shipping to take his army South by sea he had hoped to retake Edinburgh but instead his troops were surprised and routed on these fields by the Highland Army at the Battle of Preston pans early on the morning of the 21st of September 1745. under the skillful leadership of Lord George the Highlanders had changed position during the night to gain the advantage of drier ground to charge over The Early Morning Mist over the flat field had helped to mask the approach of the Highland Army from a new and unexpected Direction their sudden charge prompted a panic in the government ranks where Redcoat forces were still struggling to reorganize the government dragoons were the first to break ranks but as the Highlanders came down upon them the Infantry soon followed suit in a brief flurry of flashing broadswords the government Army was reduced to a fleeing rabble unfortunately the ease of the victory was to lead to an overconfidence in the power of the Highland charge it was to have disastrous consequences later in the campaign [Applause] despite the fact that Charles Edward had claimed the Throne of Scotland and actually had his father proclaimed as James VII of Scotland he decided that he was real Mission lay in winning the Throne of England still unsupported by French troops Charles Edward Stewart viewed his Highland Army as the only option for regaining that Throne too but even the prince himself must have suspected its unsuitability for the job nonetheless against the expressed wishes of many of the Highland Chiefs on the 1st of November 1745 Edinburgh was abandoned and the invasion of England began invasion of England did have some Prospect of success Charles Edward raised several thousand Highlanders and that gave him her substantial force and with the British army being largely involved on the continent a sharp movement South might well have succeeded in achieving his aim which was to get himself to London and challenge what he saw as the the Hanoverian usurper The Invasion progressed rapidly and the jacobites were soon in control of Manchester the youthful Duke of Cumberland with a substantial field Army tried to intercept the jacobites near Litchfield but they bypassed him and by the 4th of December were at Derby only 127 miles from London with no immediate sign of French reinforcements the Jacobite Army halted at Derby there the young Pretender and his officers argued for two days about what to do next Charles Edward Stewart himself insisted that they should continue to London but his military advisors said to him that with a force reduced by the the attrition of the march to barely five thousand men he couldn't advance and deal with the the city itself however in London there was General panic and George II had actually prepared all his treasure to be put on boats to be taken away [Music] Charles had to accept the decision of the Highland Chiefs but he Evermore considered himself betrayed by the Highlanders and increasingly relied upon his Irish quartermaster General John William O'Sullivan in preference to the Highland Chiefs represented by Lord George Murray the decision to turn back at Derby made absolute sense with not one but two government armies closing in on them and far away from their base of popular support if the jacobites had lost a battle near Coventry it would have been a disaster for them they had to leave England as quickly as they possibly could and there was never any real doubt about that in the minds of people like Lord George Murray they had only agreed to March into England on the expressed understanding that they were going to be backed by a large body of French regular troops when that didn't happen there was no question that they had to turn around and get out of England as quickly as they possibly could on the 6th of December the Army turned around and began retreating northwards it's one of the most wonderful what if questions in history whether the Jacobite Army should have turned back at Darby if the jacobites had Advanced they would have beaten Cumberland to London London was defended by only 17 companies afoot including irregular militia and the black watch so the jacobites would have entered London and after that who knows what would have happened it all boils down to whether the English jacobites would have risen if they had seen a success or were and or whether the French who are certainly planning to make landfall would have affected the landed their own Irish and Scottish troops in the French service on the south coast of England and then who could have said what they the long-term future would be expecting the jacobites to move on London Cumberland had planned to fight them near Coventry and he was taken completely by surprise by the sudden change of Direction so the Highland Army had almost reached Scotland before he managed to re-establish contact unhindered for the moment the jacobites made for Glasgow and then laid Siege to Sterling Castle [Music] General Henry Hawley attempted to relieve the Garrison but he was defeated in a hard-fought battle outside Falkirk on the 17th of January despite the fact that it is normally regarded as a Jacobite Victory the Battle of Falkirk nevertheless gave the Jacobite something of a fright it's the first time that the British Lion regiments stood and successfully repelled a Highland charge they'd run away at Preston pans the year before they'd been able to make any Headway at penrith earlier on and falca proved that the Highland charge could be beaten so although it wasn't decisive it had that implication and of course that meant a lot by the time we come to Columbia [Applause] by now a small contingent of French regulars had finally arrived in Scotland to assist the jacobites and it was this Detachment which saw off the government troops and thus won the battle for Charles unfortunately the French troops who helped secure the victory at Falkirk were the only French regulars to be sent to assist the 45. the French invasion had again been called off and the Duke of Cumberland hurried North again to take over hawley's defeated Army Falkirk strategically was a disaster because what happened is that the the government forces were handed over to the command of the Duke of Cumberland the Second Son of George II and for him this was a personal campaign he was on a crusade to eliminate the seeds of the Jacobite virus as he felt it to be once and for all all of the predictions that the rising was bound to fail without French help were now coming true after Falkirk the jacobites had two choices they could either Advance into the central lowlands try to reoccupy Edinburgh and recruit in Scotland or they could retreat the decision to retreat was taken in a panic when an exaggerated report of the number of disorders reached the jacobah high command after they began to retreat it was clear that only a quarter of many people were deserting as had actually been reported but by that time it was too late to go back so Falkirk was potentially a victory which the jacobites could have followed up but one which they had not the heart to do so the jacobites retreated northwards to Inverness Cumberland pursued them slowly halting for a month at Aberdeen but on the 8th of April he left the city and within six days was it Nan only a few miles short of the Jacobite headquarters at Inverness the speed of cumberland's sudden Advance caught the jacobites by surprise although many of their best men were away there was no real option left but to fight so on the morning of the 14th of April 1746 they marched out from Inverness prepared to take up their battle positions on Culloden Moore but the government Army did not appear that day nor the next the 15th of April was cumberland's birthday and to celebrate he gave his army a day's rest at Nan before committing them to battle on the 16th on the 15th of April while the jacobites waited in vain for the British army to advance they hatched A desperate plan [Music] the Jacobite leaders supposed that as his men were celebrating the Duke's birthday they were likely as Lord George put it to be drunk as beggars they therefore agreed the ill-fated plan to secretly march on cumberland's Army by night and mount a dawn attack on the sleeping camp this was the result in the infamous all night March which preceded the Battle of Culloden [Music] Lord George Murray's plan can be seen in some respects as a bold and daring attempt to catch the government Army at a disadvantage he understood that the Jacobite Army was not as well equipped was undergunned and did not have the artillery support of the government Army and thus using the surprise combined with the main tactic of the Highland all-out charge might well have succeeded but the crucial problem with the night March was the terrain and it was during the night March that we see aspects of different kinds of troops in the Jacobite Army manifesting themselves for example the true Highland troops had to be called back several times because they were moving so fast they were detaching themselves from the rest of the army and if they've been allowed to go on they would have reached the camp whereas the French regulars who were such an important part potentially of the Army in battle found marching over Moorland at night virtually impossible and they they slowed up the whole attack by first light they were still two miles short of their objective and it was clear that the British army would be ready and waiting for them in broad daylight Lord George Murray therefore abandoned the attempt and ordered his men back to Culloden the prince was Furious but there was nothing to be done after a night spent blundering around in the darkness all that had been achieved was to exhaust his men on the eve of their greatest trial [Music] the battlefield upon which the two armies faced each other was a broad Ridge of Moorland five miles to the southeast of Inverness the jacobites took up a strong looking position between two sets of Walled parks on their right the kulwinik park stretching down to the river and on their left the walls of the Culloden parks Lord George Murray was very unhappy about the battlefield of Culloden it was far too open and exposed he knew that he needed to at least to some extent surprise the government Army and certainly find some way of neutralizing its advantage in artillery and cavalry that meant that the Moor of Culloden which was so open really he knew was placing the Highland Army in danger it said that Lord George Murray had selected a far more favorable Battleground but the prince with O'Sullivan and easy decided that kalodon Moore is the place they would they would fight we'll never know for certain whether that's true but certainly Culloden was by no means the ideal Battlefield to deploy that Highland Army [Music] by the time at Culloden the Highland Army was more conventionally equipped and most had French muskets and bayonets though the front rank still kept their swords and charges [Applause] the Highland method of fighting however was still very different from that of the red-coated regulars opposite they had neither the training nor indeed sufficient ammunition to engage in protracted exchanges of musket Farm [Applause] instead led by the Swordsmen in the front ranks they came down to within musket shot fired a single volley and then ran in with sword and Taj hoping to induce panic in the enemy ranks this was the famous Highland charge it was actually in a very much smaller scale a similar tactic to Hitler's ground war Blitzkrieg that you move for on a very narrow front with maximum Force punch a hole and then widen the hole as your troops poured through [Applause] one of the problems with this was that by the time of Culloden they were facing at least some Veterans of the French campaigns who were not going to be as easily frightened it relied on a shock action and if the government troops were not frightened if their morale was not already sagging by the time that the Highlanders charged then this One-Shot weapon this One-Shot charge would encounter difficulties behind the Highland regiments in the front rank of the Jacobite Army stood a second line of lowland Scots regiments armed with French fire locks and bayonets and stiffened by two regiments of French regulars one was called the Irish PKS and the other was the blue jacketed Royal Echo say or Royal Scots [Music] all in all the jacobites ought to have mustered some six and a half thousand infantry in addition there were a small number of cavalrymen and gunners unfortunately far too many of the Highlanders had straggled off in search of food and shelter and the Jacobite Army probably amounted to little more than four thousand infantry on the field that day [Music] in front of the Jacobite line were placed eleven three pounder Cannon and it was these guns which would signal the commencement of the battle [Music] on the other side of the Moor Cumberland had some six and a half thousand infantry drawn up in two lines he also had a regiment of government Highlanders the argyle militia together with 14 troops of mounted dragoons on his flanks one of the great myths about Culloden is it has come to be portrayed as a war between Scotland and England it never was that in the best sense it probably represented a Civil War and the romantics probably hate to hear it but there were a very substantial number of Scots on the side of the government and they played a very significant role in the victory at Culloden [Applause] unlike the civilians Manning the Canon of the jacobites all of cumberland's artillery men Manning the ten guns of the army were well-trained professionals who handled the guns with deadly efficiency artillery was a very important battle winner in the mid-18th century if you had enough of it I mean you have to remember that at Culloden there were only a few three pounder guns and they're relatively small weapons but what artillery could do is it could disrupt the enemy's formation and indeed what happened at coladin was that the fire of the cumberland's forces artillery forced the Scots into Advance which they didn't necessarily want to to do so it could be dangerous and it could be disruptive and at close range it was extremely bloody the canons of the period fired a solid shot which was a vicious weapon it would smash through people it would tear off limbs it would it would cause the most horrendous injuries the guns themselves weren't particularly accurate but it didn't help that the forces of the time stood shoulder to shoulder and effectively presented the Gunners with a Target that they could hardly Miss at this period Firepower normally decided the outcome of regular battles but sometimes it was not enough and the soldier then had to turn to his bayonet which was a fearsome weapon [Music] utilizing the lessons from Preston pans and full Kirk at Culloden a departure on the normal bayonet drill was used I instead of lunging straight forward at the man in front of him who would be protected by his shield each Soldier was trained to thrust Instead at The Swordsman attacking the man on his right by doing this he would have a clean thrust at the unprotected right hand side of the Highlander it's unclear as to how the new government being at drill actually worked out certainly the idea of every Soldier using his bayonet to protect the soldier on his right and thus stabbing at the Highlands klansmen with his Claymore up raised in his right arm was a very novel idea perhaps what's more important is its morale effect on the government soldiers that here was a drill which they believed would give them the edge against the Highlanders a great deal has often been made of the Cumberland Bayern drill there is in fact precious little evidence that it worked where the Jacobite troops reach the government front line at cologne they broke it and the reason that they didn't break it as effective as they done on previous occasions was because so many they were being killed during the charge thank you sometime around midday one of cumberland's Staff officers Lord Berry rode forward to count the Jacobite guns and was fired on by two of them the government artillery fired back and the battle was begun the ill-served Jacobite guns were soon silenced now for as long as the Highlanders stood their ground the government artillery kept up a steady rhythm of one round a minute with the ten guns [Applause] certain how long the Highlander stood facing this bombardment it could have been for as little as 10 minutes or as many as 20 but they had to endure it because hundreds of men were still hurrying to the Moor to rejoin their regiments this delay was exacerbated by the unwillingness of the prince to give the order to attack the government bombardment had relatively limited effects in terms of killing people but it had very serious effects on morale standing still under heavy fire even if not many people are being killed is not a pleasant experience for half an hour when it's raining you haven't done any breakfast as the Jacobite Army study mobile awaiting the order to charge General Hawley ordered his four companies of argyle sheer Highlanders to Break Down The Walls in the enclosure on the Jacobite right flank in order to let the dragoons through to attack them by doing so he was threatening the right flank and rear of the Jacobite Army the moment had now arrived the Highland Army had to charge or be defeated [Music] a brief respite was gained for the jacobites when Lord Lewis Gordon's two lowland battalions from Aberdeen swung around to face the approaching dragoons faced with this threat the order was given at last for a general assault on cumberland's position while there was still time [Music] over the past hundred years yelling mobs of klansmen had inspired fear and panic amongst regular troops on a score of battlefields but at Culloden it was to prove a disastrous failure the Highland charge effectively needed three things to maximize its effectiveness it needed either to have a downward slope or to have confined space or to have a short distance at Culloden it had a relatively long distance over poor ground about 500 yards it had a very wide space because colon more is very Broad and it certainly wasn't downhill so it was a disastrous Battlefield from that point of view the more was not as featureless as it might at first have appeared the Inverness Road ran diagonally across it from the bottom corner of the Culloden Park to old leonic and the ground between the road and the British army was wet and boggy as the Jacobite set off towards the British lines the Highland left made up of McDonald regiments blundered into the morass while those in the center desperately tried to avoid it by swinging to their right Unfortunately they had once collided with Lord George Murray's right wing which was itself veering to the left in order to avoid the lyanna enclosure wall for a moment they were all brought to a confused Halt and cumberland's Gunners switched from Round Shot to Grape shot great shot was a very nasty weapon indeed it was a bag of musket balls which was loaded into the cannon and when it fired it spread out causing a storm of musket balls that would lacerate the people running towards you and cause the most horrendous injuries oh [Applause] after this pause the Camerons and the macintoshes led the jacobites on again so that the whole weight of the attack fell upon just one battalion Burrell's fourth of foot now the king's own Royal border regiment it was only on the Highlander's right wing that they actually managed to contact some of the government forces and when they did the effect was devastating the members of the regiment that absorbed the impact had to cope with the large Claymores of of the Highland troops and their targes which could be used to protect the Highlanders [Music] the men of barel's Battalion fought back savagely but were overwhelmed by sheer weight of numbers losing one of their colors and nearly a third of their strength in killed and wounded however two regiments from the government's second line were ordered by a watchful Cumberland to March up to attack the Jacobite flank while two more including Semple Scots borderers engaged them from the front they were now ranged around them some 1700 well-drilled soldiers who proceeded to fire five or six volleys into the column at point-blank range in the space of just two terrible minutes 800 klansmen were killed or wounded and the Macabre outline of that massive column can still be traced today in the great slew of grave stretching southwards from The Well of the Dead on Culloden Moore [Music] faced with those terrible point-blank volleys of musketree some jacobites began surrendering but most of the survivors turned and ran back across the Moor [Music] on the other flank of the Highland Army the McDonald's struggled to within 20 yards of cumberland's men but then the Relentless musket fire of the royal Scots and poulton is 13th foot brought them to a complete halt not one of the McDonald's even reached the British line the Highland regiment in the Jacobite Army had been routed but the Battle of Culloden was still far from over the lowland unit standing in the second line were a rather mixed bag but there were some good regiments among them and as the Highlanders came running back a desperate fight began to protect their retreat General Hall is dragoons and the Highlanders of the argyle militia were pushing into the Jacobite rear threatening to encircle them but James Moore of stoneywood's Aberdeen regiment played a major role in keeping the government Cavalry at Bay [Applause] it was at about this time that The Pretender himself made his Escape Lord Elko the leader of his own bodyguard called bitterly after him run you cowardly Italian with elko's cry ringing in his ears he rode off the field with a small escort of French Cavalry to look to his own destiny [Music] even with the prince gone and the Highland regiment scattered the remnants of the last Jacobite Army continued its final death struggle and in one of History's sad little ironies the Scots soldiers of the French Royal Echo say in the Jacobite ranks exchanged fire for a time with the British royal Scots of the government Army the French regiments at Culloden did not take a very important part in the in the main battle itself they were kept in reserve and the idea was that they could be used to follow up the impetus of the Highland charge of course when the Highlanders came back when they were broken when they were routed the French infantry's job then was to cover the retreat and and that's what they and the lowland supporters did to try and get as many of the jacobites away safely from the battle as they could by doing so they probably saved many lives because afterwards the government Army was to demonstrate that they were in no mood to show any compassion the brave actions of the royal Echo say gave the fleeing McDonald's the brief respite they needed to escape but as Government troops arrived they were soon surrounded by government cavalry and after a fierce fight which left half of them dead or wounded they laid down their arms surrendering as prisoners of War once the Royal Echo say had surrendered there was nothing left to restrain the dragoons and they mercilessly rode down the Jacobite fugitives an indiscriminate Slaughter of the fighting men and women and children who followed in the wake of the army began and continued all the way into Inverness no mercy was shown in respect of age or sex and many innocent civilians were brutally murdered in the ensuing bloodshed [Music] back on the field the battle was now over and Cumberland marched his infantry forward across the Moor to stand on the ground formally occupied by the jacobites by this symbolic act he formally claimed his victory after the battle the prince rather ungraciously told his followers to fend for themselves or he himself tried to escape back into Exile into France he doesn't appear to have shown much gratitude for the people who had lost everything and the support of the Stewart cause in all the British army lost a total of 50 killed at Culloden on the other hand something like 1500 jacobites were slain on the field or cut down on the road to Inverness [Music] hundreds more of the Jacobite wounded were taken prisoner indeed over the next few days the number of prisoners Rose dramatically as the wounded jacobites were brought in from the Moor and fleeing fugitives were captured barbaric atrocities were committed in the days that followed by small groups and squads of government soldiers under the direction of their officers Cumberland had actually given orders that No Quarter was to be meted out to any Jacobite prisoners thus it's unclear as to whether the government Army was out of control or whether it was following orders certainly the government dragoons which galloped away in pursuit of the Jacobite Army were out of control and were sabering often innocent bystanders from the large number of prisoners that were taken in the aftermath of the the Battle of Culloden I don't think it's probably correct to say that the government Army was out of control or there was any kind of systematic Slaughter but there certainly were a number of brutal and vicious incidents which took place on the field there were definitely prisoners and wounded men who were murdered on the field of Culloden we can divide the postcolon atrocities if you like into three phases the first is the pursuit of the jacobites long after the battle being completed the Burning Alive of groups in Barns and the killing of fugitives without offer of quarter there's the second phase was the pursuit of the Jacobite strongholds if you like the the townships the areas which are supported large-scale Jacobite activity which were in many cases attacked and burnt and people driven out of their homes the third was the starvation policy whereby the uh the crops were effectively destroyed in these areas and therefore people starve to death [Music] in the months which followed many jacobites were tried and executed while hundreds more were transported to the American colonies or most ironic of all conscripted into the British army inevitably for a man pledged to break the power of the Clans forever cumberland's pacification of the Highlands was heavy-handed and brutal but the punitive Expeditions served their purpose the Clans refused ever to rise in arms again [Music]

Channel: Absolute History

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Keywords: Bonnie Prince Charlie, Clan warfare, European battles., Highland warriors, Historical significance, Military campaigns analysis, Prince Charles Stuart, Scottish Highlands, Scottish independence, War casualties analysis, ancient warfare, battle reenactment, historical battles, history education, history exploration, military tactics, political history, war statistics

Id: _40onBDbPH0

Length: 47min 50sec (2870 seconds)

Published: Sun Apr 09 2023