chapter 21 part 2

alright guys so today we're going to finish up chapter 21 I mean had a test since we started it so let's make sure you remember what we've done so far in chapter 21 with the immune system we have two parts we have innate immune system and the adaptive immune system what we covered in our first discussion of chapter 21 was the innate immune system that's the part that's completely not specific you have no memory factor that part is simply something has gotten into my body called a pathogen that could be a bacterial virus opposed oh and anything like that something has gotten into my body the innate immune system just says this is not me I'm going to kill it and that's it nothing else when we were talking about the innate immune system we went over the first and the second line of defense the first line of defense is your skin and your mucous membrane okay the combination of the two your skin is a tough physical barrier the cells are dead on the outside helps you about tight junctions it's hard for things to get in your mucus membranes produce mucus it traps any incoming pathogen and there are also some things in addition to the mucus like extremely acidic conditions certain enzymes or even secreted in the mucus so that can serve as a way to trap and prevent anything from getting any further inside of you okay others now that we've got the first line of defense the second line of defense involves two major cells both of them do the same thing we have neutrophils and we have macrophages which come from modified both of these cells are capable of phagocytosis we went over phagocytosis phagocytosis was the process where the neutrophil or the macrophage see some sort of incoming pathogen reaches out grabs a pathogen pulls it into the body forming a phagosome then the phagosome fuses with the lysosome now you've got all those little digestive enzymes start breaking down whatever's inside of the macrophages in nature feel now now this macrophage is going to spit out any little piece of the bacteria that is left this piece of the bacteria that was originally found and went into the phagocytic cell this could hurt you that's why your macrophage killed it all these little pieces that are released those small fragments they can't hurt you so the macrophage or the neutrophil can completely neutralize that threat now it's very unlikely there's just a few of the bacteria will get in so in addition to just grabbing and killing the ones that the macrophages initial can see he also needs to begin to warn and activate the adaptive immune system and that's kind of where we left off that connection between how the innate immune system links to the adaptive immune system and what it does okay while we were in the innate immune system we did get over inflammation simply to explain this is kind of a group of the different innate immune system cells working together with information following damage the white blood cells were called to the area that's leukocytosis then the white blood cells kind of scooch over to the edge that's margination then the white blood cells leave the blood and come out into the damaged area that process is called diaphoresis now all of your white blood cells start screaming and spitting out chemicals that's called chemotaxis what makes it look like inflammation is when leukocytosis occurs that vessel gets bigger and bigger and bigger so that more blood can flow to the area that makes the area red that makes the area hot okay as all of these stuff is coming into the area and pushing out into the damaged tissue out of the blood you get the swelling then you get the pain because of all the extra pressure on the area pushing on your pain receptors okay so do we all understand the innate immune system that's that's the easy part okay I see something it's not supposed to be here I'm going to kill it the only option I have is let me eat it as I eat it I realize I'm probably not going to win this fight so while I'm eating it let me go ahead and call for some backup at the same time good all right so now we get to our aggressive immune system we said last time the good part of the adaptive immune system and the reason we have it is it can react to any type of antigen that it is given okay so what does that mean that means it can react to a whole cell it can react to the pieces of the cell but the macrophage has already eaten and broken down or it can also react to the macrophage holding it out and showing it to it the adaptive uses does not care how it looks it has a way of reacting to it in any way the other good part of the adaptive immune system would have a memory factor what we were talking about with the macrophage in a neutrophil if it eats an e.coli two seconds later it would eat another one and have no idea a connection between the two it's not going to remember what it breaks down it's just breaking it down blindly T cells and B cells which are adaptive immune system they have a way of remembering exactly what they broke down and every time they see what after the first time every subsequent infection they can react faster and stronger faster and stronger the downside to the adaptive immune system is they cannot be activated until the innate immune system has been activated first okay and that simple because we do not want it taken up and going crazy and fighting something is not supposed to fight so we do have to follow the stepwise path first line of defense then second line of defense then adaptive immune system okay so now we're ready to look at the different parts of the adaptive immune system we all remember what an antigen is right remember I drew the piece of bacteria and I said that the whole bacteria was the pathogen any little piece of the bacteria can be an antigen that's the part of the bacteria that's the T cell or B cells going to react upon okay so let's we did that slide we're here okay so you all agree with me that you completely understand what a macrophage in a neutrophil does right okay so now let me say to you a macrophage and a neutrophil are both antigen presenting cells it's the same thing antigen presented we start calling a macrophage or a neutrophil an antigen presenting cell once they have already engulfed and broken down a bacteria okay so in that first picture where we were looking at the order in the way that a macrophage could destroy a cell I'm going to draw my macrophage as a pac-man because I think it makes for more sense okay we all remember pac-man to jump like a twin as a kid I did I had an Atari that I'll tell you how old I am I had an Atari but so we played time in as a kids tecna's job was to walk around and just eat everything right that's how your phagocytic cells work so it's not Mexico phage my nature say whichever one it is it comes in contact with a little bacteria it's going to grab eat that bacteria right bring it into the cell sit this is a little better no not of course not better it doesn't work okay now I will bacteria myself then it starts breaking the bacteria down spitting all the little pieces out right that's the process we already went over in addition to doing this the macrophage also takes one more piece of that antigen I'm trying to draw a triangle or some shape it doesn't matter I don't care what shape you draw just lays use it on a book take one little piece of this bacteria and sticks it out on a protein and waves it around now this is not just called a phagocyte now this is a phagocyte that has presented and antigen right now you know this will be laptops if I present you with an award I'm handing it to you I am showing it to you this phagocytic cell is taking this antigen and presenting it to the T cells and B cells saying hey here is I need you to work on this for me okay this is what I found it's bad we need to all work together to kill it okay now Z as we now go into the adaptive immune system we've got two types of cells we have T cells and B cells the T cells are the ones that are going to come over here and react to the presented antigen there's more than one type of t-cell we're going to go over but all of those T cells need the antigen presented to them okay the B cells which we're going to talk about they actually react down here to the little spit out pieces okay and so it's under status students kind of think well I just why why not have them react to the same thing because now you've got two different armies coming in to fight the same thing your team cells they're going to help the phagocytes all right the phagocytes are study trying to eat this stuff the B cells are going to come over and say okay I see what I got it I got the idea and they wouldn't specify let me go do my thing the B cells they can't interact in the same place the T cell can because then you have you know stuff will be in the lo of each other so the B cells come down here and the B sells just grab any of the little pieces of waste product that I've already been spit out by our site and they react to it so it makes sense it's kind of an important distinction the t salt it's not necessarily talking about what they kill the B cells know what to kill because they're looking at the waste products without by phagocytes the T cells know what to do because they're looking at what's presented by this phagocytic cell okay now they're going to eat it they're just looking at remember what these pieces are these are little pieces of the bacteria right the bean slope does not have the ability to see this bacteria and know what to do it needs to phagocytic sail to break it down and there will be pieces okay this whole bacteria that goes into the phagocyte that's a pathogen right what are the little pieces spit out called antigens so the B side you'll read it in your textbook and another thing they do a very good job explaining it it will say your B cell reacts to soluble antigen and most people don't really understand where the heck did the soluble antigen come from they're reacting to the little pieces of stuff that have been spit out by the phagocytic cell is floating in your blood the B cells if they see these little pieces that means the phagocytes found something right otherwise those little pieces wouldn't be there can you guys make that connection okay T cells same thing they don't know what to do with the whole bacteria they need the phagocytic cells to actually show it to them that these are a little bit lazier they're not even going to go search for it in the blood themselves they want something to show it to them okay hmm so what did it B cells to finally learn what our B cells in our T cells do another picture looks kind of scary at first but it's not your B cells do two things okay so these are supposed to be little B cells hanging out here at the top all right the little red flowers that is the little pieces of antigen that we're talking about right here that were spit by phagocytic cell does that make sense you know make the connection between what we were just talking about what we're home how now these little red flowers up here pieces of a bacteria that have already been recognized and broken down by the phagocytic cell the B cell is now responding to them so that a bistro can create its army what it's going to do so that the B cell can now go find any more of those bacteria that may be in your body and help the phagocytes destroy it that makes sense okay remember when the phagocytic flow eats out one bacteria and poops out the laced he just ate one right is there just one no so when he's pooping out that wastes the B cell finds it looks like and says okay I got it this is what it looks like all right let's go and then the B flow is going to get ready to go help fight that same infection better okay so our B cells recognize the antigen that has already been processed by the phagocytic cell and then our B cells do what we call proliferate proliferate means the B so that is able to respond to that antigen starts dividing like crazy creating tons and tons of B cells that can fight that okay once enough of them are made the B cell kind of changes its form a little bit and it turns into two different types of cells the B cell makes plasma cells show yellow out on the slide I'm not making stuff up the B cell makes plasma cells and the b4 makes memory cells that's the two things they do okay so from the beginning the beasts all recognize the antigen and said oh this is something I need to fight so he starts making a whole bunch more of itself and now they're ready to fight so they get their fighting gear on they changing the plasma cells and memory cells okay the process of going from a basic B cell proliferating and then turning into a plasma cell on a memory cell that can take several days up to several weeks okay that can take time have you ever gotten an infection and not died from it yes you all have right and you didn't go to the doctor you didn't go get antibiotics you just got better why because over time your B cells were shown hey this is what's making her sick or him sick and your B cells start this process okay now then you can guess what memory cells do the less it applies myself first once these plasma cells are made plasma cells produce antibodies okay these antibodies that are made will specifically bind only the original antigen that activated the B cell those antibodies are specific for this infection at the same time there may be another v so over here that finds it a different piece of about carrier right it may make pause and says and it may make antibodies but antibodies are specific for the original antigen and activated the B cell okay in your mind right now you should be thinking well I still don't really understand what the answer is what the antibody is doing you know so see it okay I told you you at this point you need to understand the B cell recognized something that B cell became plasma so memory cell plasma cell makes the antibody okay so what does the antibody do we're going to talk about the memory in just a second here's the antibody we always draw antibodies like a Y and that's because if you actually look at the molecular shape the makeup of it it is a lot every antibody has what we call the constant region and the variable region these are the two heavy chains these are the two light chains it heavy light meaning size you're bigger person you're way more if you're small person you a less okay so what does the constant and variable mean if something is constant what does I mean stays the same it never changes alright every antibody in my body the bottom part of it down here the constant region looks exactly the same you can't take my antibodies and treat your sickness because your constant region of your antibodies looks different than mine okay that's just your body's way of making sure everything it makes belongs in your body there's one piece of it that always looks like you okay these top two pieces at the top this side and this side that is the variable region the variable region what's the variable booth changes that's the part of the antibody that can bind to the antigen it was specifically made against okay so I know I'm going slow but for some reason this is this is hard for some people so make sure don't leave anybody if I leave you you got to get to let me know all right so where did this come from phagocyte ate the bacteria spit out the pieces the B cell father piece and said okay this is something I need to kill so the be so made the antibody this antibody will bind to the little pieces spit out by the phagocytes but those little pieces spit out by the phagocyte are part of the whole bacteria right so this antibody can go bond that original bacteria that makes sense so he went oh okay like like a toe alright so you can go bond the original bacteria that is trying to do something with so finally would you like to know what is it going to do to that bacteria variable region binds to the antigen the antigen is just a piece of the original bacteria that this is trying the site okay so finally what can it do when it binds our original bacteria it can do a lot of things but it kind of does what we would get say for major processes in your body and of course we have to get it really fancy names for everything that it can do but it's not what it does is not complicated okay the first thing that we say it does is neutralizes okay what does neutralize means kind of take the threat away right you should be able to protect predict predict that a little protein can't go kill a cell right obviously the antibodies aren't just going to go kill kill the original bacteria but if those antibodies all start binding that bacteria then the bacteria may be neutralized it may still be in your body but it can't hurt you anymore okay think about this way if a bacteria wants to hurt yourself the first thing it needs to do is buy into yourself right make sense a virus is the same way if a virus wants to make you sick that virus needs to be able to bond to yourself if it's completely covered up with antibodies it has no way of binding to you so it's still there is still a lot of discus it's going to float right by and not be able to bond and hurt anything in your body so that's one thing antibodies do that makes sense the other process of an antibody is called agglutination which sounds bad agglutination means a binding effect if you see in this picture I don't know why they used red blood cells as an example but this could be bacteria okay a whole bunch of these antibodies can start working together they have one part all of your antibodies have one part that's the same right the constant region that can bind to each other so they can take their constant regions and bind them to each other and then take their variable regions sticking out at the top and grab a bacteria so antibody 1 says I got one right and a buddy Tim looks on and says Clara got one too if a whole bunch of them get together you're eventually going to end up with this giant clump of bacteria that can't do anything to you okay when your body sees a giant clump of something in your blood for example your body realizes clump equals bad blood supposed to be thin so that's just a giant sign that says okay I'm an antibody I can't kill this but I clump them all together somebody else come kill this okay all right other one is precipitation precipitation to the USA if we say that if we have precipitation occurring outside what's happening something's falling rain is falling snow is falling something like that is happening right okay if a bunch of the antibodies clump together you may have the big clock precipitate out of solution so it's kind of just falling out of solution it can do anything to you then agglutination and precipitation are real similar to each other both of them in one way or another make giant clumps which allows something else to see the giant clump realize okay we need to just really start working on and get this out of the way okay trying to think of a comparison that's not as gruesome but I can't if you were going to try to shoot somebody what would be easier she's a one person that was standing there if there's a whole big old cloud up and you shot into it you'll hit somebody in the big crowd right these phagocytic cells they don't know where to go there's flood around in your blood they may miss that one little bacterium sitting there but there's a giant clump of bacteria over here they're probably going to see that giant clump and then go over there and start really working on that okay the last thing antibodies do is they help complement which complement is something I told you we just weren't really going to fool with a whole lot right now but if you recall compliment was something I told you complements or helps all the other activities that we're talking about okay so if complement is going to come in and help the phagocytes works then the antibodies are just helping complement work okay are you seeing how all this is starting to kind of overlap and crisscross right it's not that way to intentionally confuse you it's that way to make sure if something comes into your body it doesn't kill you it your body has a way of fighting it off okay so all the way from the beginning Iko I got in phagocyte killed it just the one broke it down spit out some pieces these all said I need to come help with this so b-cell recognizes the piece b-cell made the antibodies the antibodies then go back to the original cell and then help get rid of all those original cells pieces these help actually makes the antibodies now to be so made the antibody the antibodies helping all the other cells in your body kill the original bacteria correct and it's a good resident but B so all I can do is recognize it and make the antibody the antibodies are what's actually going back and helping destroy the original infection but you got to keep in mind two antibodies are just proteins they're not magical a protein can't just go to a cell so it's a process that we have to go through right whoa correct correct and when a brothei a b-cell tournament a b-cell proliferate that one b-cell becomes thousands of b-cells then those thousand b-cells become thousands of plasma cells the cells and plasma cells produce a hundred thousand antibodies so we're not just making a few of these all of a sudden you're getting a blast of hundreds of thousands of and he's released into your blood every single one of those antibodies is going after that original bacteria that was put in your body before no antibiotics there's lots of different types of antibiotics your oldest and most common antibiotics bond to peptidoglycan which is component of bacterial cell wall just a chemical that destroys that cell wall none of yourself have that some of your newer antibiotics are chemicals that bind to bacterial ribosomes something I've had my career right on I learned homo bacterial ribosomes are smaller than your ribosomes so that chemical can block the protein synthesis of a bacteria and not yours no antibiotics hurt your immune system you would not see me taking antibiotic unless I felt like I was about to die my child is taking antibiotics five times in two years you should don't be one of those parents and want your kid to take an antibiotic every time they sneeze you're hurting their immune system big-time let them eat some dirt let them eat a bug it's really gross at the time the time she put the beetle in her mouth was the grossest to me because it was still alive it's really creepy but I mean you know she's healthy all right so which is are we feeling okay so far I know you guys don't like the immune system but I'm trying my best to make it where you can understand it all right so let's think about this memory factor man talks about that yeah right so all the way back at the beginning when we made all these first antibodies we also made the memory cell with the first infection that memory cell didn't do anything but that memory cell look where it is on the scale right we said this first step takes several days a week the second step takes possibly another week okay this memory cell when you are exposed to the exact same antigen again that memory cell can immediately proliferate become plasma cells which make what antibodies okay those antibodies will go back and start fighting the original infection right the time it takes to make a memory cell proliferate is not even a fourth of the time it takes to activate a b-cell for the first time okay and even in this little drawing what do you think makes more antibodies the first exposure or the second exposure second exposure okay so let's make this real life right have you had the chickenpox yes you had the chickenpox when you were kids if you did just play along okay pretend you had the challenge we didn't you had a vaccine and we'll talk about things in a second okay you had the chickenpox the first time you got the chicken pox the virus went into your body and you started breaking out the ration edgings while you were broken out this stuff was occurring you hadn't phagocytic cells and natural killer cells you know all those cells of the innate immune system they follow the chickenpox virus but they just couldn't kill it fast enough as they saw it they broke it down into pieces your original B cells saw it right they start proliferating you're still sick but your B cells are trying they make some antibodies eventually did you die from chicken pox nope you're still alive today right eventually your B cells made enough antibodies that virus was denatured completely and you're okay at that same time you made this memory cell okay have you ever had chicken pox again nope does that mean you've never inhaled the virus again no of course you did right probably the very next weaker till you inhaled it because some of your boy had it at school or something like that when you inhale it the second time you didn't get a rash or anything because as soon as you inhaled it your memory cell saw that antigen and said oh I know what this is and immediately within hours started making an army of antibodies that could kill all those viruses that got in your body before they could make you sick yes that's because the flu mutates okay so try explain that simply T when viruses replicate they don't have a lot of checking to make sure they've copied the nucleic acid correctly and they grow most of your viruses mutate so fast you can replicate so fast mutations are real common the flu is one that is known for changing almost every time it replicates so each year it is the flu but it's a different virus that's why you can get it over and over and over again okay there's also some viruses that remain in our body never go away but they change just enough while they're in our body that our immune system can't keep them under control completely all the time even though you have memory cells an example of that would be herpes you may hear get fever blisters nothing gross about it if you do that guess favourite blister we all have that virus because it's in the air so we all have it but since I get fever blisters that just means that every now and then that virus it's in my body changes just to know that my turn b-cells has to go through the whole process and making memory cells again and that's when you get the fever booster and then eventually it goes away and you may not get one for years that's because the virus every time it tries to start increasing in number in your body your memory cells say no no make antibodies get it under control well that's just because the virus that particular virus is activated by cellular damage and the Sun damages your your skin stress can also activate them and that's also same reason stress releases free radicals in your body causes cellular damage because viruses are actually really hard to kill every cells you are asking me complex questions I don't mind answering them but viruses are a little harder to deal with because they go into your cells so a lot of viruses can get in your cell and hi can your antibody attack yourself no and warts are caused by viruses too okay so what does this have to do with vaccinations do you think when you give it a vaccine they put the live bacteria in your body oh you could get sick from a vaccine then back 100 years ago yeah that's what we did okay the original smallpox vaccines were cow pox and you would get a rash but it would protect you from smallpox so how does that work let's say I get a I'm trying to think of a bacteria let's say I get a meningitis vaccine that's a vaccination to protect me from bacterial meningitis okay do you think they gave me the bacteria that could cause meningitis of course not would I take it if they put bacteria in my body no I'm trying to avoid getting meningitis right so the way they make a vaccine if this whole thing is the bacteria they'll take just one little piece of the bacteria and they stick that in the vaccine so let's think about it what did this b-cell react to the whole bacteria know a little piece of it right the little piece that would spit out by the phagocytic cell so when we make a vaccine we just bypass the innate immune system we go ahead and chop up the bacteria into something small but can't make you sick there's no way that's one little piece King any meningitis but my b-cells can be activated by that one little piece and when I get that one little piece shot in my arm my B cells proliferate my B cells make some antibodies oh well so what I don't need them right now I don't have the bacteria but they're not hurt anything the important thing is I also make a memory cell specific against this one little piece of this bacteria so if I do come in contact with the bacteria two years later my memory cell recognizes it immediately makes my army of antibodies antibodies go destroy that bacteria before I can get meningitis preemie right good yes yes your vaccine basically takes the place of your innate immune system okay so why do you think we have to have booster shots right poor kids we poke them all the time right we give them a DTP when they're three months old and then we're six months old you've another one well their immune systems not that strong at first they make a couple of memory cells but then if they don't come in contact with the actual D P or P what the vaccine is made against as memory cells will eventually get old and die so we have to give them another vaccine build them a new army of memory cells if you guys haven't had a DTP in ten years it doesn't matter you're not children you still need to get a booster to that vaccine because your memory cells last time you got that shot you were wooden year old okay and then you may got it when you were five I'm not there yet Kara's only two don't know but it's been at least 15 years since you got that shot do you think your memory cells are still good today as they were 15 years ago no are you as good today as you are 15 years ago I'm not alright so your your immune system can age and you have to challenge it over and over again go ahead and then I'll come I heard you okay can you is it possible to get chicken parts again one day when you're older what's it called shingles is the exact same thing the reason we don't get shingles one more 10 and as possible is very unlikely reason you'll get shingles when you're 10 and you get shingles when you're 50 or 60 is because your immune system does get old after a while and you say well I haven't had the chickenpox Simpson you have been challenged though you have inhaled the chickenpox virus and every time you inhale it even if you don't break out it challenges your immune system that's why Gretchen engine so it don't care which way yoga you say you saying why do you have to have to I said why don't you no I'm saying I don't know where you went you do have to have three well tell me what is B is actually a vaccine that's produced for my fungus and there's just a lot harder to explain the reason you need three rounds of it is because they increase the dosage each time they give it to you because think about it yeah they're trying to protect you from a virus but do they want to inject you with a giant concentration of the fungus no that could end up being bad too so you get the three rounds of it to build up enough of an army gen and then we'll come over here you see that okay life's end of a memory cell is different for different people when you're a baby your memory cells may only last a few months as you get older your immune system does mature and get better and then your memory cells can last for years okay they just they just lose their efficiency the other questions from iya I mean I don't money I'm talking to each other but it's really hard to concentrate one yes they're all talking to each other okay so that is we said that's how destinations work that's artificial immunity right fake you didn't do it naturally you can also actually just get a shot of antibodies but that's really rare why would it be hard for me somebody to give you a shot of my antibodies because my antibodies are made for my body they have their most constant region your antibodies are different usually when you see antibody they're called immunoglobulin injections have you ever heard of those immunoglobulins just another word for antibiotic means exactly the same thing you're only going to see those like with siblings or parent child you know you can't just some random stranger off the street can't give you their antibodies it just doesn't match up with us where your antibodies live is in your blood yeah okay there is a form of a natural immunity that you can get other than getting sick some of you may have gotten some unease antibodies when you were an infant how does that occur breastfeeding why do we why do scientific people especially harp on you need to breastfeed your child because what's in your milk we don't care about the milk yeah we can make milk what we can't make is the antibody that comes from the mother so when I had a child if I breastfed her every memory cell I had in my body every antibody I had in my body I just gave to her during the breastfeeding that can't last forever that's only going to last for about three months or so on average guess what we do to a baby when they turn three months old start giving them vaccinations that's when now their immune system has matured enough they can make their own antibodies they don't need Mama's anymore after about the three-month part point there really is a scientific need to breastfeed your child now telling you you shouldn't don't go tell somebody and said that if you want to breastfeed until they're 15 that is completely your prerogative there is just no scientific reason to do so beyond that that first even really honestly the first few weeks after the first few weeks you've given them all of the antibodies you're going to produce and you're just given a milk beyond that can you give your child somebody else's breast milk you can't you can buy it you can sell it I didn't I gave mine away my child was premature and her me her digestive system she couldn't handle the even breast milk when she was a baby and I had pumped a truckload of it so I gave it away and go to some other okay and he drank it so it can be you can give another Cajun antibodies and he's a big strapping healthy little boy now so you can give it away or sell it if you don't say but your child is very similar to youth because when they're an infant their immune system is so new they'll accept it no no it was a kind of a friend of a friend it was more of a I was kind of irritated one day and it might one of my good friends was at the house I'm like what am I going to do with this crap you know I have those nearly breastfed it's not easy it's not fun there's pretty irritating if you realize all of a sudden you've got you know 100 gallons of this milk in the freezer and it's expensive to get the other little sterile packages and do all this crap and it was complaining that I had done all that and then kara couldn't drink it the doctor had just told us this is what's wrong she can't have that and she her cousin was adopting a baby from a like 14 year old girl that had gotten raped and that's why she was pregnant so of course or a 14 year old girl didn't want to breastfeed and so you know I just tell my friend lasker if she won't say I don't care and she took it she gave it to so I was like it looks like I did a good thing even though I was complaining and that's how I found out about I guess so I can do a good thing but I mean you for the forest general and by breast milk for your child if you don't want to do it I have no idea I know some people will pay a lot of for it yes I think that's kind of weird personally but for the pill you can take that will make you produce breast milk they have that now it's all hormonal and you know years and years ago hundreds of years ago there were things called wet nurses and that's because if you were a really wealthy woman you didn't breastfeed your own children so generally breastfeeding is not something that is really a good helps you look really good on the house side is nicely usually y'all look quite the same after you've breastfed so a lot of those really wealthy women would pay other women to come breastfeed their children because they didn't want to do it I thought your breasts don't look the same usually after you milk yeah if you guys want to hear something crazy which other we're not how my hormones anymore but when a newborn is breastfed sometimes they will start producing milk in their little tiny breasts how could that be possible because when you're breastfeeding them well no something no actual milk will come out okay when your baby's drinking your breast milk they're not just getting antibody in the milk they're getting every hormone in your body to a lot of little babies will have a slight blood that comes out in their urine because there is a woman breastfeed them she's got hormones that are making her produce milk which is what prolactin she's also got oxytocin still going trying to get the uterus to contract and go back to normal which makes a woman bleed to get rid of all of the afterbirth and the placenta and things like that and the baby gets those hormones and some little babies I'm not how about like massive milk but you'll see a real teeny tiny drop of milk come out of a baby's nipples okay it happened my child it freaked me out I was going on and I called their nests in there and she's leaving like I was an idiot like whoa you're making milk of course she can - excuse me it could okay yeah good just like little mini boobs yeah it happen and seize it nobody tell you guys this time not because I think you want to know every ounce of my personal life I tell you because I think you may want to know something so you don't like that idiot in the you know matific award like idea like what the heck is there you know that's why I tell you how these things alright so you got a couple more things to go over we've done our beef sales right we need to see what our team sales do the pre sale is actually much much more simpler than the b-cell if I do to be so first okay he sells the easy one when your T cells are activated they are going to you're going to have two different T cells okay there's a cd8 t-cell and a cd4 T so I don't like those names because you know how science is they love to change them a cd4 cell is what we call a regulatory and a helper t-cell so that's one group and then the other group becomes a cytotoxic T so I'm sorry that was so horrific I'm gonna have to work on this computer a little bit I know I was doing crazy stuff alright so a lot of times we don't write out the whole word this when we were scientists were lazy so we'll call a helper T cell ATH cell we call a regulatory t-cell a t reg and we call a cytotoxic T cell a TC okay so you'll see that a lot of times as you're going through okay so since our t cell is going to split into two different groups obviously they're going to do different things right so let's look at what the helper T cell does first since it's called a helper T cell what do you think it does it helps everything else okay the helper T cell you remember one big word as you're studying all of this the helper t-cells main job in your body is to give permission okay so let's look at what's going on in this little picture I had it's kind of a blueish green color okay this is a b-cell right yeah this would be so okay so here's our helper t-cell it's coming over here and it's bound to a b-cell well we just want our b-cell does when it's exposed to antigen makes antibodies right go through several steps it makes the antibody in the memory cell when it gets ready to do that the B cell forms the antigen the beef was ready it shows the antigen it has to the th and it says do I have your permission to make my antibodies the th looks at it and says yes you're good to go this is an antigen we need to be fighting and the th cell gives the B cells permission to make the antibodies it says yes or no not yet the TA pcs are going to do something too but yes in this instance the B cell is the one that's doing the work the th is just giving permission it secretes little chemical biochemical signal if the pH cell thinks that something the B show should do it releases little chemicals and then the B cell goes if the th says this is something you should leave alone it releases different chemicals and the B cell will quit okay so you some of you probably should think why do we need this extra step but think about it why do we need this extra step so the B so don't start attacking not only bacteria but anything they're not supposed to attack right what if we had some heart damage and we end up with some small fragment proteins in our heart or in our blood and the B cell says how do I see it looks good to me and then our B for as far as making antibodies that attack on heart cells that be really bad right so you always need this little th-this helper cell to come in and say yes this is something you should kill or no do not destroy the heart we kind of need that okay how does the th no go all the way back in your mom when we were talking about this antigen presenting cell right here right what did I tell you the t-cell did looks at the piece of antigen the phagocytes found that's how the teenage knows it's something that is supposed to attack the phagocyte has already broken it down okay so don't lose what we've already went over so th give a gives B cells permission okay th also gives permission to ATC so this picture right here looks complicated but it's not here's your th cell activate interacting with a phagocytes why well the phagocytes the first one that gets activated right phagocyte has eaten the bacteria showed it to the th the th is looking at it saying okay if you found something bad so it immediately starts secreting out a chemical that tells the TC go to work okay what do you think a cytotoxic T cell does what inside of me so what is toxic me destroy a cytotoxic T cell finally this is the only cell on your immune system they can just walk right up to an entire cell and go poof give it right why did you have to go through all those steps to get to this to make sure you should kill it because killing something you don't want to kill causes an autoimmune disease there's no cure for autoimmune diseases you will eventually not necessarily die from the autoimmune disease but you will have it until you die if you have one there's no cure for it so how does the TC cell work this TC cell has it already been told by the th to go to work the TC cell means the target cell the target cell is the original bacteria whatever has come into our body when it binds that target cell this is kind of a blow-up of the two of them interacting together okay the TC cell starts releasing these little enzymes through enzymes go in and poke a hole in the bacteria open up the membrane and then all the nasty enzymes that will kill it leak into the cell and it's the cell dies it's very very fast death a very efficient death so we have to regulate it really really specifically once they're dead and they're broken down into pieces the pieces float through our lymphatic or our blood until they come in contact with either they get small enough if they can be treated in your urine or something like that or your feces or they're broken down further by your lymph nodes and things like that once it gets small enough it just comes out of your body just the th TC does nothing think of it this way your TC is kind of the big guy that's quiet and since back in the corner right he's not the first one to go fire right he just kind of hangs back in the corner watches everything that goes on and when it's time and the situation finally needs to be dealt with it ended that's when the big guy comes out and just ends the situation right that's your TC so he just kind of hanging out in the background that's your killer so he just hangs out in the background until it's like okay y'all did all this bickering and fighting and it wasn't taking care of fine I'm going to come out and take care of it okay there is one other type but you notice there's not much written on here there are other T cells called the regulatory t-cells they are very very close cousins to the th they're also just kind of coming in there and sticking in and making sure everything is regulated they make sure everybody doesn't get too excited so if the TC start working the t regs they'll come over there and say slow down just a little bit you know so I guess you carried away we don't need to destroy everything in the body so they're just kind of regulating the action of everything else but when I'll really talk about those too much okay I want to put it all together for you it won't take me long I just want to make sure you I don't want you to lose the overall picture as we've gone through the details okay as soon as I get my little board to pop up here I'm sorry for god I looked at you and I forgot Greg yes when you get an organ transplant that is rejected that means your immune system recognize that organ as foreign and your Alba cells start working to destroy that organ this is also what happens remembered also we're talking about blood typing we're talking about you can't have an antibody that matches the antigen this is why because if you have an antibody that match the antigen on the red blood cell it would destroy that red blood cell so your immune system would start killing that blood okay so let's see if my pens going to behave it's not I'll just do this on the board okay so here comes our original bacteria got in the body right what's the first thing that happened first you had to get past our first line of defense right had to get past our skin now let's pass our first line of defense here comes pac-man sorry acidic soil comes in right second line of defense phagocytic cell ingest that bacteria and it does two things to it it breaks it down into little bitty pieces right and it also sticks it out on a piece of it out on the surface to show to the other cells okay the little bitty pieces my B cell is going to come over here look at those little pieces and say alright this is something I need to get rid of right so my B so you know my pen start working right my B cell turns into plasma cells that are going to make antibodies and my B cell also makes a memory cell okay the antibodies go back up here and start fighting the original cells right okay at the same time this is occurring my T helper cell is over here looking at what the antigen-presenting cell is showing him right pH secretes the chemicals and tells TC go kill the cells so TC then switches into keel mode and you can also draw you a little on a different color th also comes down here and gives permission now notice there's a whole rific looking picture sorry they apologize but I want you to see that it all works together right once this group of bacteria comes in everything that else that happens is all aimed at the antibodies or the TC cells coming back and helping you kill the original infection okay get a different color everything below this Purple Line is adaptive immune system the only thing that is innate immune system is what's above the Purple Line innate immune system is your skin and your phagocytic cell once that phagocytic cell eats that very first bacteria your B's and T's start working bees make antibodies th's tell the bees to do that and the th is tell the T C's to kill does that make it better can can you see how it all fits together

Channel: Mandi Parker

Views: 22,556

Rating: 4.8842974 out of 5

Keywords: chapter, 21, part, 2

Id: 6yZdnqnV3Qg

Length: 60min 21sec (3621 seconds)

Published: Thu Sep 27 2012