Catastrophe 4of5 - Asteroid Strike

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this city<font color="#CCCCCC"> the people in it in fact</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">everyone in the world are only here by</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">chance</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> you me an all life on earth</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">inherited the world after a series of</font> disasters<font color="#CCCCCC"> wiped out</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> 99% of all species</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">but if</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> it hadn't been for those</font> catastrophes<font color="#E5E5E5"> then none of us would</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> be</font> here at all<font color="#E5E5E5"> 65 million years ago an</font> asteroid the side mount everest<font color="#E5E5E5"> smashed</font> into the<font color="#E5E5E5"> earth at 60 times the speed</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> of</font> sound<font color="#CCCCCC"> it unleashed a series of events</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">that wiped out 70% of all species</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">including</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> the dinosaurs this is the</font> story of<font color="#E5E5E5"> that great impact</font> we tend<font color="#E5E5E5"> to think</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> of evolution</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> as</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> a calm</font> and<font color="#E5E5E5"> orderly progression from</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> one species</font> to<font color="#CCCCCC"> the next but</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> scientists</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> have made</font> discoveries<font color="#E5E5E5"> that turn that</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> whole notion</font> completely on its<font color="#CCCCCC"> head they see it</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> as a</font> much<font color="#CCCCCC"> more</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> violent process and one</font> surprisingly shaped by chance in this series we're looking at the theories on major global disasters that<font color="#E5E5E5"> nearly</font> stopped evolution in its<font color="#E5E5E5"> tracks to put</font> Earth's<font color="#E5E5E5"> violent history in perspective</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">think of it like a clock each minute</font> represents<font color="#CCCCCC"> three million years</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> at</font> midnight<font color="#E5E5E5"> the planet formed</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> just minutes</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">later a cataclysmic collision created</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">the moon</font> at 8:27<font color="#CCCCCC"> p.m. the planet plunged into a</font> killer<font color="#CCCCCC"> ice</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> age and at 10:40 p.m. massive</font> volcanic<font color="#CCCCCC"> eruptions wiped out 95% of all</font> species on<font color="#CCCCCC"> earth</font> finally at 11:38 p.m. the earth suffered a catastrophic cosmic impact <font color="#CCCCCC">I strike so large</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> it lasted billions of</font> tons of<font color="#CCCCCC"> debris into</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> the atmosphere and</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">set the whole planet ablaze</font> it triggered a chain<font color="#CCCCCC"> of events that</font> wiped out<font color="#CCCCCC"> 70% of all life on Earth</font> including<font color="#E5E5E5"> the</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> dinosaurs now</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> 65 million</font> years<font color="#E5E5E5"> later scientists</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> are piecing</font> together the story<font color="#E5E5E5"> of the day the</font> dinosaurs died this<font color="#CCCCCC"> is the Red Deer</font> River<font color="#E5E5E5"> Valley</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> in</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> the Canadian</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> Badlands</font> paleontologist Phil<font color="#CCCCCC"> curry is here to</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">investigate one of</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> the most significant</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">events in</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> Earth's history</font> the last great mass extinction it was an event<font color="#E5E5E5"> that changed</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> the course</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> of</font> evolution<font color="#CCCCCC"> and led directly to</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> the</font> emergence of mammals<font color="#E5E5E5"> and eventually</font> humans<font color="#CCCCCC"> Harry is hunting for the</font> fossilized remains<font color="#E5E5E5"> of the last of the</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">dinosaurs a wonderful</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> thing about these</font> Badlands is you<font color="#E5E5E5"> know almost anywhere and</font> at specific<font color="#E5E5E5"> levels you can actually find</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">bone and great abundance this was picked</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">up</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> in less than</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> 10 minutes</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> and we have</font> things like whole claws sometimes whole teeth this bone<font color="#CCCCCC"> which is</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> very very dense</font> and<font color="#CCCCCC"> hollow</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> is from one of</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> the</font> carnivorous dinosaurs<font color="#E5E5E5"> so we can see that</font> this is something<font color="#E5E5E5"> perhaps like</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">Velociraptor basically along the Red</font> Deer River<font color="#E5E5E5"> we have</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> 10 million years of</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">dinosaurian</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> history represented</font> and at<font color="#E5E5E5"> each</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> level</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> there are different</font> dinosaurs these layers<font color="#E5E5E5"> of rock represent millions</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">of years of evolution the deeper the</font> layer the further back<font color="#E5E5E5"> it is in time</font> well as you<font color="#E5E5E5"> can see the rock here is</font> actually in layers we have<font color="#E5E5E5"> layer of sand</font> stone here layer mud stone below<font color="#CCCCCC"> it</font> layers of coal<font color="#E5E5E5"> layers of silt stone</font> layers of<font color="#E5E5E5"> different things but they're</font> all laid down horizontally<font color="#E5E5E5"> one on top</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> of</font> the other<font color="#E5E5E5"> in</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> a</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> way it's kind</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> of</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> like</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">looking at a book from the back</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> forwards</font> each one<font color="#E5E5E5"> of these</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> pages of course</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">represents a different page and the</font> history<font color="#E5E5E5"> of the earth somewhere in these</font> layers like clues to the death<font color="#E5E5E5"> of the</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">dinosaurs several feet below the surface</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">is a layer that's intrigued scientists</font> for generations the Cretaceous tertiary or KT boundary this is exactly<font color="#CCCCCC"> what I was</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> looking</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> for</font> this is where we have<font color="#E5E5E5"> the</font> cretaceous-tertiary boundary<font color="#E5E5E5"> and this is</font> the area that for a long<font color="#E5E5E5"> time we</font> suspected<font color="#E5E5E5"> would tell us something about</font> the<font color="#E5E5E5"> extinction of dinosaurs because</font> below the layer we have<font color="#E5E5E5"> dinosaurs and</font> above the layer<font color="#E5E5E5"> we have no evidence</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> of</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">dinosaurs at all the layer dates to 65</font> million<font color="#E5E5E5"> years ago</font> it marks<font color="#CCCCCC"> the exact time when the</font> dinosaurs died out so this<font color="#E5E5E5"> appears to be</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">the</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> smoking gun</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> this may</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> be the layer</font> that indicated that<font color="#E5E5E5"> there</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> was a</font> catastrophe 65 million years<font color="#E5E5E5"> ago</font> scientists have<font color="#E5E5E5"> found the same layer all</font> around the world below it<font color="#E5E5E5"> fossils from countless</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> species</font> above it<font color="#CCCCCC"> 70% of them are gone</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> including</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">the dinosaurs</font> nobody knew what caused this mass extermination until<font color="#E5E5E5"> Clues emerged</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> 5,000</font> miles away<font color="#E5E5E5"> in southern Europe</font> Zumaya<font color="#CCCCCC"> Beach northern</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> Spain hidden</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">within</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> these spectacular cliffs is</font> evidence of<font color="#E5E5E5"> what scientists believe</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">wiped the dinosaurs off the face of</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> the</font> earth almost<font color="#E5E5E5"> 30 years ago</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> biologist Yan</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">Schmidt came to these very cliffs he</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">wanted to know what killed off</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> the</font> dinosaurs and he thought the KT boundary <font color="#E5E5E5">layer might be the key</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> I started to</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">analyze the rocks chemically approaching</font> the KT boundary<font color="#E5E5E5"> right there because I</font> thought there<font color="#E5E5E5"> must be something hidden</font> in<font color="#E5E5E5"> the</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> rocks to tell the story how they</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">got extinct why they disappeared what he</font> discovered<font color="#E5E5E5"> shot the scientific world the</font> samples contained an extremely rare metal iridium that is it's rare in rocks on<font color="#CCCCCC"> earth most</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> of the Earth's iridium is</font> trapped 4,000 miles<font color="#E5E5E5"> below ground in the</font> planets<font color="#E5E5E5"> core</font> but it is found<font color="#E5E5E5"> in meteorites and</font> asteroids<font color="#E5E5E5"> and</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> when you find a high</font> abundance of iridium we know you have a clue<font color="#CCCCCC"> to extraterrestrial material</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> it has</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">to come</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> from outer space rather than</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">from</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> the surface of</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> the earth he thought</font> there could only be one<font color="#CCCCCC"> conclusion a</font> very big object<font color="#E5E5E5"> must have hit</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> the earth</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">this was the breakthrough scientists had</font> been<font color="#E5E5E5"> looking</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> for</font> the yridian suggested that 65 million <font color="#E5E5E5">years ago a massive asteroid hit</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> the</font> planet at the exact same time as the death of the dinosaurs<font color="#CCCCCC"> it was hard to</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">believe</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> this was a coincidence</font> many scientists were convinced<font color="#CCCCCC"> that</font> dinosaurs<font color="#CCCCCC"> had</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> been killed by</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> a</font> catastrophic<font color="#E5E5E5"> asteroid strike they had a</font> plausible murder weapon but<font color="#E5E5E5"> to prove it</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">they needed</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> to</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> find the crime scene the</font> site of the asteroid<font color="#CCCCCC"> impact so</font> scientists began<font color="#E5E5E5"> a global search for an</font> impact crater<font color="#E5E5E5"> by measuring the worldwide</font> spread of iridium<font color="#CCCCCC"> they</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> estimated that</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">the crater must have been enormous</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">around a</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> hundred and twenty five miles</font> in diameter the problem with iridium<font color="#E5E5E5"> is it's it's</font> it's within<font color="#CCCCCC"> the meteorite</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> but the</font> meteorite<font color="#E5E5E5"> is totally vaporized and the</font> iridium is strewn out over the whole <font color="#E5E5E5">world that doesn't</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> matter why</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> you're</font> here or<font color="#E5E5E5"> there on the surface</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> of the</font> planet<font color="#CCCCCC"> you find the</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> same amount of</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">reading so it doesn't tell you where to</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">look for</font> the scientists knew there'd been an impact and they knew<font color="#CCCCCC"> it was big but</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">where on the planet</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> had it struck they</font> still didn't know it's 1138<font color="#CCCCCC"> p.m. on our</font> clock of the Earth's<font color="#E5E5E5"> history 65 million</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">years ago</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> 70% of all</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> life on the planet</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">has been wiped out including the</font> dinosaurs scientists thought this could have been<font color="#CCCCCC"> the result of</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> a cataclysmic</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">asteroid impact but they had no real</font> evidence<font color="#CCCCCC"> of an impact big enough to</font> cause such mayhem<font color="#E5E5E5"> dan Durda</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">is a NASA planetary scientist he</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">specializes in the aftermath of massive</font> cosmic<font color="#E5E5E5"> impacts</font> and<font color="#CCCCCC"> we're</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> better</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> to come than</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> here one</font> of the world's<font color="#E5E5E5"> most spectacular asteroid</font> craters meteor<font color="#CCCCCC"> crater</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> Arizona</font> the impact<font color="#CCCCCC"> that created</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> it happened just</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">50,000 years</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> ago</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> it's</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> desert location</font> means it's<font color="#E5E5E5"> one of the most perfectly</font> preserved<font color="#E5E5E5"> impact craters</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> on</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> the planet</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">meteor crater is many times smaller than</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">the one that</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> must have been made by the</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">asteroid</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> that</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> killed the dinosaurs</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> but</font> it does demonstrate the enormous power <font color="#E5E5E5">of even a relatively small asteroid</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">striking</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> it's</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> three-quarters of a mile</font> across<font color="#E5E5E5"> debris is scattered over tens of</font> thousands of<font color="#E5E5E5"> square miles and the</font> asteroid<font color="#CCCCCC"> that did all this was</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> just</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> 15</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">meters</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> across if a meteorite the size of</font> a large house could make a crater of this size imagine the devastation <font color="#E5E5E5">wrought by</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> the impact</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> of an asteroid the</font> size of Mount<font color="#E5E5E5"> Everest</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> that's the scale</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">of the KT impact meteor crater was a key</font> clue in the search for<font color="#E5E5E5"> the KT strike</font> because buried in its wall was evidence of<font color="#E5E5E5"> how cosmic impacts transformed stone</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">that immense impact released an energy</font> our modern estimates<font color="#E5E5E5"> are something on</font> the order<font color="#CCCCCC"> of one to</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> ten megatons that's</font> that's the scale of the<font color="#E5E5E5"> largest nuclear</font> devices we've ever<font color="#CCCCCC"> detonated that</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">immense impact excavated millions of</font> tons<font color="#E5E5E5"> of rocket it peeled open the desert</font> like<font color="#E5E5E5"> the petals of an immense flower and</font> sprayed blocks of ejecta huge masses have<font color="#CCCCCC"> wrought the size of a small house</font> for<font color="#E5E5E5"> four miles in every direction out</font> into the<font color="#E5E5E5"> desert</font> the heat and trauma<font color="#E5E5E5"> of</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> the impact was</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">enough to transform the rock itself</font> shocking and pulverizing individual mineral grains one side of the violence of an impact<font color="#E5E5E5"> event like this can</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> be</font> found<font color="#E5E5E5"> in the in the rocks</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> themselves</font> this is Coconino sandstone<font color="#CCCCCC"> it's a pretty</font> solid sandstone it's made out of<font color="#E5E5E5"> quartz</font> grains<font color="#E5E5E5"> that</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> have</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> been</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> cemented together</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">when this rock was shocked in the impact</font> itself<font color="#E5E5E5"> it was pulverized and broke those</font> sand grains<font color="#E5E5E5"> down into a much finer</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">material</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> almost the consistency of flour</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">you can</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> see here with what the impact is</font> done to that<font color="#CCCCCC"> material which has now been</font> cemented<font color="#CCCCCC"> back together in</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> the walls of</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">the crater very violent</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> event that</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> can</font> turn rock into flour this dramatic transformation<font color="#E5E5E5"> was a vital clue in the</font> search for<font color="#E5E5E5"> the location</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> of</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> the dinosaur</font> strike next<font color="#CCCCCC"> stop</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> Trinidad Colorado</font> Derr Derr is here to examine<font color="#CCCCCC"> specific</font> minerals in the KT boundary line the layer contains tiny mineral crystals <font color="#E5E5E5">similar to the ones that meteor crator</font> as small as grains of salt<font color="#CCCCCC"> it's</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> quartz</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">but that's not why it's</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> interesting it's</font> interesting<font color="#E5E5E5"> because something smashed it</font> to bits<font color="#CCCCCC"> so here in the in the in the the</font> KT boundary layer this this thin white clay layer deposited we we find<font color="#E5E5E5"> evidence</font> not only<font color="#CCCCCC"> of the of the iridium which</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> was</font> the original signature that's something funny<font color="#E5E5E5"> something</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> extraterrestrial is</font> going on here<font color="#E5E5E5"> this</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> is that layer where</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">we also find the shot quartz shops</font> quartz is normal quartz only smashed<font color="#CCCCCC"> say</font> by something<font color="#E5E5E5"> extremely heavy traveling</font> at many thousands<font color="#CCCCCC"> of miles an hour</font> only one<font color="#CCCCCC"> natural phenomenon could pack</font> enough punch<font color="#CCCCCC"> to</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> shocked quartz an</font> asteroid impact<font color="#E5E5E5"> these tiny grains are</font> further evidence<font color="#CCCCCC"> that the earth was</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> hit</font> by a massive asteroid<font color="#E5E5E5"> at the time of the</font> dinosaur extinction but the quartz grains also took scientists a step closer<font color="#E5E5E5"> to the</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> impact site</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> because while</font> the<font color="#E5E5E5"> iridium was spread evenly around the</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">boundary layer the shocked quartz wasn't</font> as we look at the thickness<font color="#CCCCCC"> of this</font> layer<font color="#CCCCCC"> here</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> in Colorado it's about a half</font> an inch<font color="#CCCCCC"> thicker so as we move</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> to the</font> southeast however that layer gets thicker and thicker it grows<font color="#CCCCCC"> into meters</font> thick as we move toward the southeast toward the<font color="#E5E5E5"> Caribbean and so the</font> increasing amount of<font color="#CCCCCC"> shot</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> quartz and the</font> thickening<font color="#CCCCCC"> of that layer as we move to</font> the southeast<font color="#E5E5E5"> or the Caribbean</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> is a</font> probably a<font color="#E5E5E5"> pretty good indication that</font> that the impact occurred in that<font color="#E5E5E5"> region</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">of the world</font> the shocked quartz pointed to an impact somewhere in the<font color="#CCCCCC"> Caribbean the trouble</font> was<font color="#E5E5E5"> there was still no crater then</font> researchers<font color="#E5E5E5"> got a lucky</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> break</font> in 1978<font color="#CCCCCC"> Pemex the</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> Mexican oil company</font> were surveying the Yucatan Peninsula <font color="#E5E5E5">geophysical data from the survey and</font> gravity field<font color="#E5E5E5"> maps revealed a giant</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">horseshoe shaped structure buried</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">three-quarters of a mile underground</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">beneath the sea off the</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> Mexican coast it</font> was huge 112 miles<font color="#E5E5E5"> across 12 miles deep</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> without</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">her impact</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> rings stretching to</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> 125 miles</font> in diameter<font color="#CCCCCC"> he</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> seeing circles around</font> each other like<font color="#CCCCCC"> a</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> bull's eye and the</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">Rings define the size of a crater and it</font> turns out<font color="#E5E5E5"> that the largest ring was</font> around 200<font color="#CCCCCC"> kilometers in</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> size and that</font> was<font color="#E5E5E5"> exactly the size of the crater which</font> was predicted<font color="#CCCCCC"> 10 years before it</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> was</font> massive it<font color="#E5E5E5"> was old and it had all the</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">signs of</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> an impact crater</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> Vic took</font> samples<font color="#E5E5E5"> during drilling</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> and later on the</font> microscope we found shocked quartz by analysis<font color="#CCCCCC"> of the rocks</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> we found high</font> abundance of<font color="#E5E5E5"> iridium</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">Chichen</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> Itza Mexico</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> the Mayans</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">worshipped here a thousand years ago but</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">the land they built on was shaped by</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> an</font> event<font color="#CCCCCC"> 65 million years earlier the</font> area's<font color="#CCCCCC"> famous for its Mayan temples</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> and</font> also for<font color="#E5E5E5"> its cenotes or sinkholes</font> they form<font color="#E5E5E5"> when limestone rocks get</font> hollowed out by<font color="#E5E5E5"> groundwater forming</font> underground caverns as the cabin gets bigger its roof weakens finally it collapses leaving<font color="#CCCCCC"> an open</font> cenote<font color="#E5E5E5"> to the Mayans they were</font> sacrificial pools to us<font color="#E5E5E5"> they're pointers to a species</font> killing impact crater<font color="#E5E5E5"> in</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> 1996</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> NASA</font> scientist<font color="#E5E5E5"> Adriana Ocampo made the</font> connection between the cenotes<font color="#E5E5E5"> and the</font> impact she realized<font color="#E5E5E5"> that the pattern of</font> the cenotes across the region pointed to the location<font color="#CCCCCC"> of</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> the crater the</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> Viscardi</font> really worth like a detective<font color="#CCCCCC"> story and</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">the sonata ring was the last piece of</font> the puzzle<font color="#E5E5E5"> that</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> gave credence to to the</font> theory cenotes normally occur along <font color="#E5E5E5">lines of weakness or faults in the</font> bedrock <font color="#CCCCCC">a camper realized that the yucatan</font> cenotes<font color="#E5E5E5"> might not be on natural fault</font> lines<font color="#E5E5E5"> the faults could have come</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> from an</font> impact her team studied satellite images of<font color="#CCCCCC"> the</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> Yucatan Peninsula</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> and compared</font> them with the<font color="#E5E5E5"> oil company's</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> maps the</font> cenotes were<font color="#E5E5E5"> arranged in a</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> semicircular</font> ring exactly matching that of the impact <font color="#E5E5E5">crater here we are</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> at the ream of the</font> Cretaceous tertiary impact crater <font color="#E5E5E5">this anata is one of many hundred</font> senators that form a semicircle<font color="#CCCCCC"> that is</font> the surface evidence of the cretaceous-tertiary<font color="#E5E5E5"> impact crater</font> finally scientists<font color="#E5E5E5"> had the exact</font> location<font color="#E5E5E5"> of the impact they</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> could begin</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">to build up a detailed picture of the</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">day the asteroid struck</font> 11:38 p.m. on our clock of Earth's history<font color="#E5E5E5"> 65 million years ago</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">a giant lump of rock hurtled through</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> the</font> solar system<font color="#CCCCCC"> at 45,000 miles an</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> hour</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">it was six miles wide and weighed about</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">a trillion tons the size of Mount</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">Everest</font> and it was on a<font color="#E5E5E5"> collision course</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> with</font> earth <font color="#E5E5E5">it's smashed through the atmosphere and</font> crashed into shallow seas at<font color="#E5E5E5"> 20 times</font> the speed of<font color="#E5E5E5"> a bullet</font> the impact<font color="#E5E5E5"> released</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> 6</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> million times more</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">energy than</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> the 1980</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> eruption of</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> Mount</font> st.<font color="#CCCCCC"> Helens it's set up a trail of</font> destruction<font color="#CCCCCC"> that</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> would end with the</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">death of the dinosaurs</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> and you realize</font> that<font color="#E5E5E5"> at that size when that asteroid</font> impacted the<font color="#CCCCCC"> earth at the moment it</font> started<font color="#E5E5E5"> to contact the surface</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> of the</font> earth<font color="#CCCCCC"> its trailing edge was still up</font> there<font color="#CCCCCC"> at 35,000 feet that's</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> that's you</font> know the altitude that<font color="#E5E5E5"> jet liners are</font> flying so we're really talking<font color="#E5E5E5"> a massive</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">object slamming into the</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> earth</font> the initial plume of superheated gases and debris incinerated virtually all life<font color="#E5E5E5"> in</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> the impact zone</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> nothing</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> within</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> a</font> thousand-mile radius<font color="#E5E5E5"> stood a chance it</font> literally would<font color="#CCCCCC"> have been hell on earth</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">this mountain of rock would have</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">immediate least the contact point would</font> have<font color="#E5E5E5"> started glowing with a brilliance</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">like like the surface of the Sun</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> you</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">probably just from the heat of the of</font> the fireball itself coming<font color="#E5E5E5"> in the flesh</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">would have been burned off</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> your body</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">just from</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> just</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> from the intensity</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> of</font> that<font color="#E5E5E5"> of</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> that fireball itself</font> but the devastation<font color="#E5E5E5"> was far from over</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">the asteroid landed in the water</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">creating a massive tidal wave</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> the</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">biggest the world had ever</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> known</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> and if</font> that wasn't enough<font color="#CCCCCC"> red-hot debris from</font> the impact<font color="#CCCCCC"> rained back on the</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> earth</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">setting it ablaze things look</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> pretty</font> bleak<font color="#CCCCCC"> for all life on</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> Earth</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">sixty-five million years ago</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">1138 p.m. on the clock of Earth's</font> history<font color="#CCCCCC"> a giant asteroid</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> plowed into the</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">seas off Mexico's</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> Yucatan Peninsula</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> the</font> impact smashed a hole<font color="#E5E5E5"> right through the</font> atmosphere a blast wave shot out at 20<font color="#E5E5E5"> times the</font> speed of<font color="#CCCCCC"> sound</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> everything within a</font> thousand-mile radius<font color="#E5E5E5"> was</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> incinerated on</font> the spot<font color="#E5E5E5"> but that was</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> just</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> the beginning</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">the impact was so powerful</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> it</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> blasted</font> billions of tons of<font color="#E5E5E5"> debris into</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> the sky</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">setting off a</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> chain of events</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> that would</font> kill off most<font color="#E5E5E5"> of the life on the planet</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">amazingly with modern technology</font> scientists<font color="#CCCCCC"> can recreate</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> this ancient</font> impact<font color="#E5E5E5"> in the lab</font> this is NASA's<font color="#E5E5E5"> Ames</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> Research Center</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> just</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">outside San Francisco planetary</font> geologist Peter Schultz<font color="#E5E5E5"> uses the</font> facilities here to analyze<font color="#E5E5E5"> what happens</font> when an<font color="#E5E5E5"> asteroid hits shallow seas</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> just</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">as scientists think it did</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> 65 million</font> years<font color="#E5E5E5"> ago</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> a substrate of sand represents</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">the seafloor</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> with a layer of</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> water on</font> top to simulate the ancient<font color="#CCCCCC"> ocean what</font> we're trying<font color="#E5E5E5"> to do is to put an ocean in</font> here<font color="#E5E5E5"> we're trying to cover</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> up the land</font> with<font color="#CCCCCC"> the shallow ocean so this is kind</font> of like something comparable<font color="#E5E5E5"> to the</font> impact on<font color="#CCCCCC"> the Yucatan 65 million years</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">ago to simulate the asteroid</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> he</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> uses the</font> NASA Ames<font color="#E5E5E5"> vertical gun range so powerful</font> it can fire a projectile at 18,000 miles per hour<font color="#E5E5E5"> we should probably be</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> able to</font> see everything<font color="#E5E5E5"> coming in exploding and</font> then moving down range<font color="#E5E5E5"> so that should</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> be</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">good</font> he<font color="#CCCCCC"> raises</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> the barrel of the gun to</font> recreate the angle of impact<font color="#CCCCCC"> a steel</font> ball<font color="#CCCCCC"> stands in for the</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> asteroid</font> sweet okay <font color="#CCCCCC">Guerra saved come on Cara save</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">that is so cool look at this</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> weekly</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">super</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> slow-motion cameras capture the</font> impact<font color="#E5E5E5"> in detail</font> that is simply<font color="#E5E5E5"> extraordinary</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> look at</font> that <font color="#CCCCCC">oh okay let's see what we'll see what</font> really happened<font color="#CCCCCC"> step through this slowly</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">oh oh let me</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> go back look at this oh</font> this<font color="#CCCCCC"> is gorgeous</font> Kapow<font color="#CCCCCC"> it came in this direction slammed</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">in this is now vapor that is expanding</font> heating up the atmosphere<font color="#CCCCCC"> just turning</font> it into fiery hot almost<font color="#E5E5E5"> as hot as the</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">surface of</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> the Sun it's really intense</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">this</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> is the part that</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> would have been</font> lasting seconds<font color="#E5E5E5"> and then would have</font> translated all the way down range<font color="#E5E5E5"> and</font> then<font color="#E5E5E5"> the crater</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> began to form</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> the effect</font> of the impact amazes even<font color="#CCCCCC"> shoots</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> if we</font> imagine<font color="#CCCCCC"> this being</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> the earth our</font> atmosphere or if we were<font color="#CCCCCC"> imagining</font> ourselves<font color="#E5E5E5"> in a jet plane 65 million</font> years ago<font color="#CCCCCC"> we'd be flying along and</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> we</font> would be only<font color="#E5E5E5"> about less than my</font> fingernail<font color="#E5E5E5"> height the simulation shows</font> the<font color="#CCCCCC"> pattern of debris ejected from the</font> sand and<font color="#E5E5E5"> water the bullet throws up</font> pounds of debris 65 million<font color="#CCCCCC"> years</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> ago</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">the asteroid would</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> have kicked up</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">billions of tons we're talking about</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> 500</font> billion tons of debris<font color="#E5E5E5"> that</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> was</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> tossed</font> out we saw in the experiment<font color="#E5E5E5"> that</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> this</font> was just<font color="#CCCCCC"> as these were small splatters</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">but imagine this being the size of</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">buildings larger than buildings the size</font> of a small<font color="#CCCCCC"> city</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> the material thrown up</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">from the crater reached speeds of</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> up to</font> 25,000 miles<font color="#E5E5E5"> per hour</font> some of the debris<font color="#CCCCCC"> would have</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> actually</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">achieved escape</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> speed</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> and would</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> have</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">gone faster than the earth can hold it</font> together<font color="#E5E5E5"> to hold it in and</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> sorbets that</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">material</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> could have made it to the moon</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">there may be some material sent from the</font> earth<font color="#CCCCCC"> to the</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> moon</font> at the point of impact<font color="#CCCCCC"> the temperature</font> hit<font color="#CCCCCC"> 8,000</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> degrees Celsius in melted</font> surrounding rocks and sent molten bullets flying out at supersonic speeds superheated<font color="#CCCCCC"> 2000 mile an hour winds</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">raced from the impact site this was hell</font> on<font color="#E5E5E5"> earth any creature in the impact zone</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">would</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> have been incinerated</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> in an</font> instant this is not this<font color="#CCCCCC"> is worse than a horror</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">movie</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> this is worse than</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> your</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> worst</font> dream<font color="#E5E5E5"> it is very difficult to contain</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">our imagination when</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> it comes to</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">thinking</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> about</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> something the scale</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">peterson says</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> recreation shows in</font> miniature<font color="#E5E5E5"> what he thinks</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> happened next</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">the shockwave</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> from the impact itself</font> actually<font color="#E5E5E5"> causes the water to splash out</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">so we've already created a shock that</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> is</font> the<font color="#E5E5E5"> beginning of a tsunami</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> that would</font> have<font color="#E5E5E5"> traveled all the</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> way across the</font> Gulf of Mexico it would have been speeding along and then crashing on the shores in Alabama Georgia that whole region<font color="#CCCCCC"> and over</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> on</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">the western side</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> of</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> Mexico</font> the tsunami<font color="#CCCCCC"> of 2004 was around 30 feet</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">high</font> the<font color="#E5E5E5"> tsunami 65 million years ago would</font> have<font color="#CCCCCC"> been 10</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> times higher and thousands</font> of times more<font color="#CCCCCC"> destructive</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">a 300-foot wall</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> of water hurtled out</font> from the<font color="#CCCCCC"> impact zone and hundreds</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> of</font> miles an hour first<font color="#E5E5E5"> a superheated</font> fireball then a mega tsunami<font color="#E5E5E5"> nothing</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">within the impact zone</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> could</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> have</font> survived the onslaught and on the other side<font color="#CCCCCC"> of the world</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> far</font> from<font color="#CCCCCC"> the impact many dinosaurs were also</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">wiped out</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> it doesn't make sense</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> unless</font> the aftermath of<font color="#E5E5E5"> the impact was</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> even</font> greater<font color="#E5E5E5"> than thought back at the KT</font> boundary in Colorado<font color="#CCCCCC"> dan Durda</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> has</font> unearthed a microscopic clue<font color="#CCCCCC"> that could</font> explain how<font color="#E5E5E5"> the impact triggered a</font> global<font color="#CCCCCC"> catastrophe</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> in addition to the</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">iridium that we see in this layer and</font> the shocked quartz grains we find<font color="#E5E5E5"> small</font> particles of soot<font color="#E5E5E5"> in some</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> cases</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> actual</font> charcoal<font color="#E5E5E5"> but the soot we certainly see</font> all<font color="#E5E5E5"> across the layer and in all parts of</font> the<font color="#CCCCCC"> world</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> and in fact</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> if you add up</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> the</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">total amount of soot in that</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> boundary</font> layer it adds up<font color="#E5E5E5"> to something spread</font> globally it's something on the<font color="#CCCCCC"> order of</font> 70 billion tons of soot<font color="#CCCCCC"> and that's</font> roughly<font color="#E5E5E5"> equivalent</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> to you know all the</font> Earth's vegetation going up in flames<font color="#CCCCCC"> at</font> once this layer<font color="#CCCCCC"> of</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> soot around</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> the world</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">suggests</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> a global</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> inferno</font> it seems the<font color="#E5E5E5"> entire planet had burst</font> into flames <font color="#CCCCCC">not</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> Alamos New Mexico birthplace of the</font> atomic bomb<font color="#E5E5E5"> Los Alamos scientist</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> Kathy</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">Plesk oh</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> and a team</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> at</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> the Applied</font> Physics<font color="#E5E5E5"> Division have used</font> supercomputers<font color="#E5E5E5"> to study how an impact</font> can<font color="#E5E5E5"> incinerate a planet they've spent a</font> million computing hours<font color="#E5E5E5"> constructing a</font> 3d<font color="#E5E5E5"> simulation of the KT impact the</font> simulation reveals for the first time how the impact would<font color="#CCCCCC"> have turned the</font> planet<font color="#E5E5E5"> into a</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> fireball it was so</font> powerful<font color="#E5E5E5"> it held over 500 billion tons</font> of debris<font color="#E5E5E5"> into the air a lot of it makes</font> it<font color="#E5E5E5"> up into the upper</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> atmosphere and</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> some</font> of it<font color="#CCCCCC"> even makes it out of the</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">atmosphere</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> and it orbits in space for a</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">little bit and then re impacts into</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> the</font> surface<font color="#E5E5E5"> of the earth</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> somewhere else</font> so this debris actually went all<font color="#CCCCCC"> over</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">the surface</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> of the</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> earth and as it was</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">coming back in just like when you see in</font> a meteor<font color="#CCCCCC"> shower things heat up</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> as they</font> come back in to Earth's atmosphere<font color="#E5E5E5"> this</font> debris<font color="#E5E5E5"> would have heated</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> up to but there</font> was so much of<font color="#E5E5E5"> it</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> that it would have</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">heated up the entire atmosphere and</font> started forest fires<font color="#E5E5E5"> just from</font> spontaneous<font color="#E5E5E5"> combustion on the opposite</font> side of the globe four hours after<font color="#E5E5E5"> the impact</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> billions of</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">tons of superheated</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> debris rains down on</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">earth it buried the planet in burning</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">rock and set the earth on fire</font> just<font color="#E5E5E5"> minutes after the impact the earth</font> was ablaze many animals on the far side of<font color="#E5E5E5"> the</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> world that had survived the</font> initial<font color="#E5E5E5"> blast were consumed by raging</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">wildfires for the dinosaurs anywhere on</font> the planet<font color="#CCCCCC"> would have been</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> lethal at</font> that point<font color="#E5E5E5"> anything standing anywhere on</font> the surface<font color="#CCCCCC"> of the planet even in</font> Antarctica or Siberia on the other side <font color="#CCCCCC">of the world would</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> have</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> been in real</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">trouble it was a very</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> very bad day</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> for</font> the dinosaurs<font color="#E5E5E5"> incredibly against all the</font> odds<font color="#E5E5E5"> a few dinosaurs did find shelter</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">and survived the tsunami</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> and the global</font> fires<font color="#E5E5E5"> but even their days were numbered</font> the final nail in<font color="#E5E5E5"> the coffin was that</font> the asteroid<font color="#E5E5E5"> couldn't have struck a</font> worse place on the<font color="#E5E5E5"> planet</font> at 11:38 p.m. on the clock of Earth's history<font color="#CCCCCC"> a massive asteroid struck off</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">the Mexican</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> coast the impact the tsunami</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">and the global wildfires wiped out 70%</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">of life on the planet a few Hardy</font> creatures<font color="#E5E5E5"> did survive but they faced an</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">even greater threat sudden and dramatic</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">climate change</font> the impact lofted all of this<font color="#E5E5E5"> ash and</font> debris<font color="#E5E5E5"> and dust into the</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> atmosphere</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">blanketing the</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> entire atmosphere with</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> a</font> thick opaque<font color="#E5E5E5"> layer that made it night</font> for<font color="#CCCCCC"> about two to six months you</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> couldn't</font> see<font color="#E5E5E5"> anything you couldn't have seen your</font> hand in front<font color="#CCCCCC"> of</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> your face on the</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> other</font> side of<font color="#CCCCCC"> the world</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> for six months</font> doston<font color="#E5E5E5"> ash blocked out the Sun</font> temperatures<font color="#CCCCCC"> dropped like a stone and</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">kept on dropping thanks to the impacts</font> location if there was one<font color="#CCCCCC"> place on earth that</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">would have been a bad place</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> to be</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> hit it</font> was Yucatan Peninsula<font color="#E5E5E5"> the fact he</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> is</font> that that area<font color="#E5E5E5"> had a lot of sulfur</font> bearing minerals<font color="#CCCCCC"> and that has</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> longer</font> term effects on the<font color="#CCCCCC"> global climate as</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">well as the media poisoning in</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> the area</font> around it the blast<font color="#E5E5E5"> generated incredible</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">heat it vaporized the rock and blasted</font> tons of sulfur dioxide into the<font color="#E5E5E5"> air it</font> mixed with water in<font color="#CCCCCC"> the atmosphere to</font> form<font color="#E5E5E5"> sulfuric acid droplets and that was</font> a<font color="#E5E5E5"> disaster the droplets were highly</font> reflective they<font color="#CCCCCC"> bounce</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> sunlight away from the earth</font> and<font color="#E5E5E5"> sent temperatures plummeting so at</font> first you have the<font color="#E5E5E5"> dust lofted into the</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">atmosphere which blocks out the Sun that</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">eventually falls back as the atmosphere</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">convex and cleans itself out but then</font> you've still<font color="#E5E5E5"> got these sulfur oxides</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> up</font> in the upper atmosphere<font color="#E5E5E5"> which</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> reflects</font> sunlight and cool the planet<font color="#CCCCCC"> so this</font> prolonged the impact<font color="#E5E5E5"> winter for probably</font> another<font color="#CCCCCC"> couple of years temperatures</font> dropped by around<font color="#CCCCCC"> five degrees Celsius</font> forests destroyed<font color="#E5E5E5"> by fire struggled to</font> regenerate eventually the sulfur dioxide <font color="#CCCCCC">fell to earth</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> and temperatures</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> returned</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">to normal</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> but there was a sting in</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> the</font> tail<font color="#E5E5E5"> the sulfur dioxide</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> fell as acid</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">rain</font> first you have this<font color="#E5E5E5"> six month long</font> winter where there's no<font color="#E5E5E5"> sunlight at all</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">and then finally you</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> get a little bit of</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">sunlight and</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> the plants think oh good</font> finally I can sprout my seeds and grow again<font color="#CCCCCC"> and then the sulfur dioxide falls</font> as acid rain<font color="#CCCCCC"> and burns all the leaves</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">off your plants</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> the food</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> chain collapsed</font> the few<font color="#CCCCCC"> animals that had survived the</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">blast</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> the tsunami the</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> raging fires and</font> the<font color="#E5E5E5"> plummeting temperatures began to</font> starve<font color="#CCCCCC"> and the asteroids after-effects</font> just kept on<font color="#CCCCCC"> coming</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> as global cooling</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">made way for global</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> warming the rocks</font> the asteroid<font color="#E5E5E5"> hit didn't just contain</font> sulfur<font color="#E5E5E5"> they also contained carbon</font> dioxide the impact released billions of tons of greenhouse<font color="#E5E5E5"> gas the equivalent of three</font> thousand years<font color="#E5E5E5"> of modern fossil fuel</font> burning the carbon<font color="#CCCCCC"> dioxide was</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> the last</font> effect of the impact<font color="#CCCCCC"> and it hung on for</font> centuries<font color="#E5E5E5"> now warming the</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> planet instead</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">of</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> cooling it so the climate</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> is then</font> artificially warm and not returning<font color="#CCCCCC"> to</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">normal values for several centuries</font> after<font color="#CCCCCC"> the impact</font> carbon dioxide<font color="#CCCCCC"> choked</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> the planet</font> temperatures increased by around<font color="#E5E5E5"> 20</font> degrees<font color="#E5E5E5"> Celsius over the next hundred</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">years</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> it was global warming</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> on a fast</font> track<font color="#E5E5E5"> here was a true ecosystem collapse</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">something that we can in and imagine at</font> any scale today<font color="#E5E5E5"> and there was no</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">recovery it wasn't a bad summer it was</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">devastating</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> hundreds of years</font> temperatures soared<font color="#E5E5E5"> much of the</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> land</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">turns to parched desert</font> even the hardiest plants died herbivore dinosaurs<font color="#CCCCCC"> starved to death</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">leaving the carnivores</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> with nothing to</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">eat they died too after 150 million</font> years<font color="#E5E5E5"> the reign of</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> the dinosaurs ended</font> and now here we<font color="#CCCCCC"> are the supreme species</font> on the<font color="#CCCCCC"> planet but</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> we</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> survive and</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> impact</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">the size of the KT strike if something</font> as big<font color="#CCCCCC"> as the KT impact occurred now</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">only</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> a portion of</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> the world would</font> survive<font color="#E5E5E5"> most of North America would</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> be</font> wiped out<font color="#CCCCCC"> and the debris</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> coming back</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">through the atmosphere still would have</font> affected them<font color="#CCCCCC"> and then the</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> longer-term</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">effects</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> of the sudden change in climate</font> may be oscillating<font color="#E5E5E5"> from something that</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">would be incredibly warm to the</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">incredibly cold would have been very</font> difficult to<font color="#E5E5E5"> adjust it would have been a</font> long time of survival<font color="#E5E5E5"> frankly our</font> prospects aren't<font color="#E5E5E5"> good maybe it was a</font> one-off<font color="#CCCCCC"> of course it will happen</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> again</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">and this is nature and this is what</font> happens we get hit<font color="#E5E5E5"> now and then and</font> something that's as big as the KT impact <font color="#E5E5E5">should happen</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> every 100 million</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> years or</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">so</font> the bigger the impact the rarer it is<font color="#E5E5E5"> so</font> we could be waiting<font color="#E5E5E5"> another 35 million</font> years for another dinosaur killer<font color="#E5E5E5"> but</font> smaller impacts are much more<font color="#E5E5E5"> frequent</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">fifty</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> thousand years ago</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> a 50 meter</font> asteroid<font color="#E5E5E5"> created meteor crater in</font> Arizona<font color="#E5E5E5"> devastating an area the</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> size of</font> Greater London as recently as 1908 the <font color="#E5E5E5">Tunguska asteroid destroyed an area of</font> 830 square<font color="#E5E5E5"> miles impacts this big happen</font> around<font color="#E5E5E5"> every hundred years or so so</font> where<font color="#E5E5E5"> do another one soon scientists</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">believe that the KT impact wiped out</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">around</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> 70</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> percent of all species on</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">earth</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> but</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> despite the death and</font> destruction<font color="#CCCCCC"> life persisted</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">a few species not</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> only survived</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> they</font> thrived with the dinosaurs<font color="#E5E5E5"> out of the</font> way new kinds of<font color="#E5E5E5"> animal took center</font> stage<font color="#E5E5E5"> one was particularly successful</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">the mammal these Hardy creatures</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">survived the impact</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> and the climate</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">change the one species</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> of mammal has</font> come to dominate<font color="#E5E5E5"> practically everything</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">us the extinction</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> of</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> the</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> dinosaurs</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">clearly cleared the way if you will</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">emptied the world of that particular</font> ecological niche and gave the mammals a chance to to rise to prominence and so the extinction of<font color="#E5E5E5"> the</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> dinosaurs was sort</font> of the<font color="#E5E5E5"> crucible of human evolution</font> ultimately if you will<font color="#E5E5E5"> where we're here</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">because they're not Golden Colorado</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">Jalen Emily hunts</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> the fossils in a layer</font> just<font color="#E5E5E5"> above the KT boundary these are the</font> bones of<font color="#E5E5E5"> some of the animals that</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">survived the</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> impact</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> the fireball</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> and the</font> climate chaos they were small mammals<font color="#E5E5E5"> the size of</font> rodents unlikely heirs to the<font color="#CCCCCC"> dinosaur's</font> crown but<font color="#CCCCCC"> the qualities that</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> had once</font> kept them near<font color="#CCCCCC"> the bottom of the</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> food</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">chain</font> now tuck them to the top starting with their small<font color="#E5E5E5"> size</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> if we</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> compare the</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> Katy</font> meteorite impact to say something we can envision today<font color="#CCCCCC"> such</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> as a nuclear war</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> the</font> organisms<font color="#E5E5E5"> that would be most likely to</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">survive</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> something</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> like that are going</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> to</font> be the small ones the ones that can <font color="#CCCCCC">escape</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> the surface in some way through</font> burrowing living underground<font color="#CCCCCC"> they had a</font> much higher<font color="#CCCCCC"> chance of surviving than</font> anything<font color="#E5E5E5"> that would be on the surface</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">such</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> as these</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> large dinosaurs and these</font> subterranean survivalists<font color="#E5E5E5"> had another</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">thing in their</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> favor</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">they were omnivores</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> they'd eat anything</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">the mammals that you have right after</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">the KT impact such as this fellow right</font> here<font color="#E5E5E5"> by</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> Akana Don these guys are</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">generalists meaning they could</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> probably</font> eat a variety<font color="#CCCCCC"> of different things for</font> mammals<font color="#E5E5E5"> being a generalist would be very</font> helpful after<font color="#E5E5E5"> the KT boundary because</font> there are<font color="#CCCCCC"> there</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> going to be</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> a variety of</font> foods on<font color="#CCCCCC"> the scene and</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> I think if you</font> were<font color="#E5E5E5"> to specialized the KT boundary</font> might have been<font color="#E5E5E5"> might have been where</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">you met your</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> end</font> unlike the dinosaurs<font color="#CCCCCC"> they didn't lay</font> their eggs on<font color="#CCCCCC"> the ground or raise their</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">young and exposed</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> nests</font> dinosaurs<font color="#E5E5E5"> lay eggs and their young</font> developing eggs and then hatch<font color="#E5E5E5"> mammals</font> on the<font color="#E5E5E5"> other hand they lay their eggs on</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">the inside if</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> you will and their young</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">develop on the inside with that added</font> protection of the mother<font color="#E5E5E5"> the mother's</font> body<font color="#E5E5E5"> that probably was</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> advantageous</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">right after</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> the KT boundary because</font> those young<font color="#E5E5E5"> I just</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> had further</font> protection from the environments the elements predators scavengers<font color="#CCCCCC"> a few egg</font> layers did make it<font color="#E5E5E5"> some with the flying</font> dinosaurs<font color="#E5E5E5"> who laid their eggs in trees</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">they evolved</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> into birds</font> and the primitive reptiles<font color="#E5E5E5"> survived like</font> crocodiles<font color="#CCCCCC"> that buried their eggs</font> underground<font color="#E5E5E5"> along with the mammals these</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">survivors of the catastrophe flourished</font> after<font color="#E5E5E5"> 150 million years the dinosaurs</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">one of the most successful species</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> that</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">ever lived</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> were</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> wiped out</font> it was the meek<font color="#E5E5E5"> the burrowers and the</font> scavengers who inherited<font color="#E5E5E5"> the</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> earth</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> and</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">eventually they evolved into us it's</font> extraordinary<font color="#CCCCCC"> that we may owe our very</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">existence to one freak event a</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">cataclysmic impact that turned our</font> planet<font color="#E5E5E5"> into a fireball and unleash</font> deadly global chaos<font color="#CCCCCC"> but</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> if it hadn't we</font> might<font color="#E5E5E5"> not be here at all on the next</font> catastrophe<font color="#E5E5E5"> humans have arrived they too</font> must overcome<font color="#E5E5E5"> super volcanoes climate</font> chaos<font color="#E5E5E5"> and cosmic impacts but for how</font> long you can discover more about<font color="#CCCCCC"> the amazing</font> natural events that shaped our planet<font color="#E5E5E5"> at</font> channel 4<font color="#CCCCCC"> comm</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> slash science</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> next on</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">four from two stories</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> chosen 30 years on</font> three men recall their vivid<font color="#E5E5E5"> and</font> traumatic<font color="#E5E5E5"> memories of being sexually</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">abused at public school</font>
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Channel: Remedy B
Views: 42,999
Rating: 4.7755103 out of 5
Keywords: Documentary, Catastrophe, Tony Robinson, Episode 4, Asteroid Strike
Id: SiJWvrb2Kks
Channel Id: undefined
Length: 48min 11sec (2891 seconds)
Published: Sat Mar 17 2012
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