C3_07: A Special Place

it's funny isn't it how the people who do something that changes the world all have to be dead before they get a special place in history all for doing things like this well just this once meet somebody who changed the world and is still alive in this case somebody who would have made Sherlock Holmes green with envy he does the thing that changes history in 1984 here he is Professor Sir Alec Jeffrey's of Leicester University in England take a good look at him tell you what take a really close look wait a minute I've got a better idea how about this this couldn't be anybody else but Alec Jeffrey's well maybe among 30 billion people if there were 30 billion people there might be another one like this because this is what Alec Jeffrey's comes up with in 1984 the DNA profile this one's his button and you can produce it from any tiny bit of a human being left behind say at the scene of a crime that's why this thing changes life for detectives and maybe paternity suit lawyers and maybe don't tag manufacturers because this is the identifier to end all identifiers these marks show the position of certain groups of molecules in Alec's DNA you can see that in my DNA molecule groups come in different places like all humans except for identical twins Alec Jeffrey's and I are two quite separate individuals and separate is the first thing you do when you're making a profile like this okay here's your DNA four particular molecules arranged in thousands of different groupings one group repeats but at different points in each person separate these out and identify their position with a radioactive tag like this then wash all the other ones away the radioactive groups show up on photographic film like this that separating out business is first done by this guy Swedish chemist arne tiselius back in the 1930s des alias takes proteins floating in a liquid and zaps them with electricity the charge makes the proteins move away from it the lighter the proteins the farther they move and you can see them grouped according to weight like this with a kind of photography called clearin normally used for this FLIR and photography is mostly used in aerodynamic research when you're looking at how air behaves because it shows shockwaves as these dark lines so you can design planes that go supersonic like this one now one of the hotshots in this kind of work is a Hungarian called Theodore von Karman who ends up in the US where he kind of gets the Jet Propulsion lab off the ground and then does much to get other things off the ground things like this fun commons real obsession is with what happens to air and exciting moments like that or exciting moments like this one of the things that turns von-karman on are these wingtip trails you see happening on a damp day vortices they're called watch how they happen when an airflow streams over any surface it breaks off the back of the surface it's called shedding in regular waves that kind of swirl around interesting but academic right not if you're on the Tacoma Narrows Bridge in Washington State on November 7th 1940 when the bridge starts shedding vortices like this the regular swirl of the vortices sets up sympathetic vibrations in the bridge and this happens and here's an action replay so much for interesting about academic matters and that's why there are holes in the sides of suspension bridges today to stop them shedding vortices or u-turns of uncommon into a real science Big Shot speaking of which never tried one of these virtual reality electronic games I never hit anything but take a look at this game the name of the game is to fire but miss your own propeller not easy try again in 1915 this is no game when you're shooting at the enemy shredded propeller is not what you want back in World War 1 that's one of the problems uncommon fails to solve but a pal of his called Anthony succeeds at the time he's making the hottest planes around for the Germans in 1915 a French plane gets shot down over German territory and on board they find this neat little trick on the propeller blades steel wedges to deflect any bullet that comes from the machine gun on board like this the ones that miss of course go through and hit the enemy plane that's the theory Fokker makes it work look Focker puts gearing between the machine gun and the propeller so the gun will only fire more it's when the propellers not there so now all you have to do is point the plane and pull the trigger the new gizmo makes lots of money for comic book publishers little trick creates one of the greatest comic book heroes of all time a real one though guy known as the Red Baron meet manfred von Richtofen Manfred is a rich German aristocratic daredevil who becomes a world war one fighter ace in his red Fokker plane drinks a lot of champagne and wins too many medals to wear for men friend war is just a great gentleman's game which he's better at than anybody else now up in the thick of it aerial combat consists of careering around the place desperately dodging bullets and desperately wondering where you are my youth getting lost would be specially embarrassing for manfred von Richtofen tell you why when we've had a quick catch-up after this guy crashes okay Jeffries does the DNA profile after protein separation with schlieren photography that shows vortices - plane makers and bridge builders Antony solves the problem of shredded propeller boosting the career of Manfred von Richthofen who never gets lost because geography runs in his family see Manfred's great-uncle is a great geologist who kind of puts geography on the map to start with like great nephew Manfred he's pals with royalty so he gets what he wants which is to spend Oh about 12 years on abstruse missions with oodles of boob to go and do well whatever he likes geography wise this includes long tours of the Alps here and China and California then he gets back to his comfortable little university study and don't you just know it writes yet another one of those giant multi-volume works they all churn out this one's about fun director burns new view of the view I mean like this view a valley right okay here's how you break down the view mountains trees and grass and lake now concentrate on one bit of the scene tree foliage trunk routes grass stems soil okay that breakdown trick von Richtofen calls choreography hard to believe nobody ever thought of this before don't you think anyway then von Richtofen takes the other stuff you see in the view human beings in there effect here's the valley again and here's the people effect buildings roads garbage traffic cows power lines land that's been cleared so all this is what humans have done to the place and riff toven calls the people effect thing core ology core ology and choreography ferdinand von richter burns contribution to the sum of human knowledge and you heard it first here oh and you know what i said about it being strange nobody else has the idea before he does well they do ferdinand snitches the idea from another geographer called ritter and don't panic that's all I'm gonna say about him except Ritter does that people thing in reverse places affect people making people different from one place to another or from one time to another and of course Ritter's snitch this idea - not from another geographer he'll be happy to know bit more romantic than that actually the guy in question kind of invents romanticism Acorah logically speaking I suppose it might have been because the place he was in at the time was a bit romantic now romanticism will recall is all that back to nature personal feelings stuff and it all kicks off here in 1776 in Vimal Germany with a nice guy named Hera who the people here in FEMA really like but then he is a nice guy and like all nice guys finishes last I mean have you ever heard of him Goethe Wordsworth Schubert Keats yes Hader that's because all those other famous people became famous by snitching headers new romantic concept known as wait for this the balance of forces now this balancing experience thing happens says Haneda because of the way your physical senses work artistic experiences says Hera are really physical experiences Hadar is deeply into touchy-feely flower power the late 18th century equivalent of psychobabble and I suppose in regard to him and his ideas the word that floats to mind is self-indulgent hair does really big thing is his new view of history to understand the art of the past you have to bury yourself in it funny that were bury the guy that had a snitches the idea from in the first place comes up with a concept thanks to a new craze sweeping Europe at the time for digging things up in the middle of the 18th century an Italian Prince's noodling away down some holes on his property and discovers the long-lost ancient Roman city of Pompeii just outside Naples buried for centuries under a ton of lava spewed all over it by the local volcano Vesuvius around 1762 Johan Winkleman the fella from whom here that steals these ideas visits the new excavations of the ancient city that everybody down here is raving about tells all his pals all over Europe and that everybody else starts raving about it and guess what yippee just what we wanted mass tourism is invented thing about Winkleman is though he's the first person to try and see ancient ruins the way they were when people lived in them like you know out here in the streets doing a bit of shopping just like us living in a small country town with public buildings and markets and squares just like we do so here they are living lives like ours doing dinner parties having elections checking on the entertainment guide for what's on and nipping out in the evening to the theater for show vinkle Minh reckons the Greeks and Romans are culturally speaking boffo the purest forms of theater the best architecture the greatest art and all this with a posh lifestyle to match but bad this little Roman ruin is it I mean you could imagine a small elegant cocktail party here 2,000 years ago not all that different from something you might want to go to yourself Dinkelman writes all this up so Hara can snitch the best bits in a thing about Greek and Roman art history well he really invents art history and bingo there's the new coffee table craze big book about art and everybody goes crazy about the antique and the classical meanwhile all this classical stuff takes the world of the East feet by the short and curlies in between the time when vin tlemen writes and header rewrites the discovery of Pompeii kicks off a kind of intermediate style called neoclassical imitation Greek and Roman decor for your stately home in England for instance which turned out to be a great career opportunity for the first woman ever in the history of painting to make it through the glass ceiling well she paints them in 1766 Angelica Kauffmann is here in London painting anybody who is anybody including a guy she knew earlier in Italy a pile of vinkle Mane's and by this time they're acting like old friends well he would act he's an actor well he's the guy who kind of invents what you and I would call acting meet David Garrick he's the actor who becomes the manager of the Drury Lane Theatre in London in 1747 and replaces the boring classical backdrops they've used till then with modern realistic stuff he brings in a scene change curtain you can drop and while the play goes on behind the curtain they changed the scene for the next act he also stops members of the audience from sitting up on the stage chatting to the actors and most of all he turns acting from the old overdone posing style to the modern realism were used to today moving around naturally with natural gestures this goes over very big at the box office and is probably why Garrick has his best idea see here you are with all this new range of expression and stuff very fast bein but not much good if nobody can see what you're doing because all they've got to light you with is a chandelier and a few candles so Garrick improves the lighting with reflectors behind the cameras a few years later jury Lane Theatre is the first to try a new kind of lighting this invented by a Swiss court are gone in 1874 so simple you wonder why not before how does it work let me illuminate you here's the place where you put the oil here's where the oil goes into the lamp here's the cotton wick and next to it the wick moving mechanism and now for the amazing bits amazement number one the slits that let air in and up around the burning wick so you can get a brighter flame now for amazement number two the glass chimney so not only do you get a brighter flame but you also get it flicker free nobody has ever seen a brighter flame comforting words if you're feeling under the weather our girls lab is great news for sailors when it goes into lighthouses well some sailors tell you why after the quick catch-up okay remember Ferdinand von Richtofen idea that people are affected by their environment copied from hair desire that people are affected by their times copied from vinkle man's art history stuff he develops in Italy where Angelica Kauffmann meets actor David Garrick whose theater uses argon lamps that go into lighthouses and cause problems like this see lighthouses make the ocean safer so a lot more ships so extra hassle for the people who live here in Hispaniola today the Dominican Republic back in the 18th century the stopping off point for ships headed for Spain loaded with South American gold and silver some of which gets spent building Hispaniola capital city now you'd think it having tons of gold and silver would be nothing but good news for the Spaniards right wrong as any economist will tell you there's such a thing as having too much money like it causes inflation one of the other effect it has is to attract the kind of person whose standard phrases have I got a deal for you which is what happens here talk about making waves the problem back then is the same today smugglers selling contraband and being chased by the Coast Guard people and the reason this is all happening this way today is because of all that gold and silver going home to Spain back in history because those people in Hispaniola didn't like the way French and English smugglers were stopping their treasure ships and offering them all kinds of cheap contraband and getting paid with the gold that should have been going back to Spain so the coast guard got invented and all this started now one day back in the 18th century a Spanish gold ship sails off after they've bought goodies from some smugglers in this case of an English smuggler about to be clobbered by the new Coast Guard in this case the guys on the right the coastguard eventually board to the English ship there's a big fight and the English captain a guy called Jenkins gets his ear cut off the English pick it up off the deck take it home in a box and wave it about in Parliament and stir everybody up which is why the anglo-spanish war that follows in 1739 is called the war of Jenkins ear good eh now during that war an English naval captain called handsome gets the job of taking six ships at over a thousand men to attack this Spaniard in the Pacific which he does in space Anson's crew get home with enough captured Spanish treasure to keep them for life because they're so pitifully few of the survivors left alive to tell the terrible tale of the thousand odd men Anson starts out with he gets home with a hundred and forty five and not because of battles with the Spaniards no because of a dreaded mystery disease nobody understands horrible swellings followed by terminal diarrhea and then you croak apparently something to do with the fact that the British are not yet known as limeys I bet you've guessed it the disease and since sailors died of is scurvy and the cure is lime juice lime juice limeys thanks to a young Navy doctor who learns his trade from a certain Professor Alexander Monro who is as far as we know still here where they left him I make that point because Munro is the inspiration for an outbreak of grave robbing at the time see Munro teaches dissection and his daily classes need a daily corpse which his students get from the nearest plentiful supply any graveyard anyway Monroe has studied all over Europe and has done enough cutting up to become top man in what's under your skin and in 1726 he put it all together in anatomy of the human bones the last word funny thing in a book about skeletons no skeletons turns out Monroe's ex-teacher a guy from London called William chiseled in' is bringing out his own book on bones with pictures so what well it could be because Chaz Williams the Queen's physician he's a friend of Isaac Newton he's a big cheese in medical circles and he knows everybody who's anybody and he got Monroe into the Royal Society but I'm guessing anyway children's book here we go no question what this books about and are these pictures accurate all thanks to a crafty visual gizmo that earlier on has changed early the entire universe in Austria in a tent okay here's the tent inside which here's the man with the gizmo Johan Keppler in 1600 using a camera obscura a mirror outside the tent reflects a beam of light in through a pinhole to show a detailed image which Kepler is tracing out it's the image of the partial solar eclipse happening outside and Kepler's doing this because he's an astronomer being a 17th century astronomer means being heavily into astrological number jumbo so take a sneaky look at what friend Kepler is up to in the privacy of his own home see Kepler's one of those cosmic harmony weirdos in the search for which what does he come across but some ancient Greek bits of geometry that are supposed to have magic powers here they are called the five perfect solids now there's something deeply meaningful about these things that really turns Kepler on so if you're ready for a truly cosmic revelation here goes first you nest the shapes inside each other then you draw circles around each shape so you get five circles big deal except astronomy types like Kepler think there are only five planets out there in space get it this is clearly God's cosmic design we're dealing with here except Kepler finds a bit of a glitch when he checks out the astronomical data the planetary orbits aren't in fact circles they really look more like this but why Kepler crunches the numbers and realizes that the sun's attracting the planet when they're close so their orbits are really elliptical not circular you think he's going to call the attraction gravity nope holy spirit of force but whatever it's called Kepler's discovery is one more proof that the earth Terra is not the center of the universe but just a planet around the Sun like all the others this amazing breakthrough is so much of a shock it affects even the scientifically illiterate I mean people like poets whom I will get to after a quick check on where the story has taken us so far you recall the Caribbean coast guards that start the war of Jenkins ear and how in that war and since sailors died of scurvy the cure for which is lime juice discovered by the pupil of Alexander Monro who writes a skeleton book with no pictures because his old boss is doing one with pictures using the same camera obscura gizmo that Keppler draws eclipses with before he proves that the earth is orbiting the Sun scientific news that blows away absolutely everything everybody everywhere believes in because well look at it from their point of view if the earth isn't the center of the universe anymore but the church says it is but now it isn't so the church is wrong in that case which way is up or as poet John Donne puts it the new philosophy calls all in doubt the element of fire is quite put out the Sun is lost and the earth and no man's wheat and well-directed where to look for it and freely men confessed that this world spent when in the planets and the firmament they seek so many knew they see all this is crumbled out again to his atomies it is all in pieces all coherence gone all coherence gone makes the end of the Cold War Felix see spot run doesn't it you get a feel for how they must have felt with people like Kepler pulling the cosmic rug out from under them I mean with all the new astronomical data coming in all bets are off in 1619 Dunn bumps into Kepler in Austria and Kepler gives him a copy of his new book about his new discovery you remember the stuff that turns out to be gravity to bring home and give to the king here in England never gets to him well there's no record of it fishy not half as fishy as the guy who writes the whole story up Duns biographer is a Brit named Isaac Wharton who in 1653 writes the definitive book on how to fish The Compleat angler all about what stuff you need with you on the river you know flies waders how to cast your line in different kinds of water what pubs to go to with your pals best time of day to catch whatever fish or after everything any fishing freak might ever want to know including hints on how to tell stories about the one that got away now Walton gets a lot of material for his book while fishing with an aristocratic young friend of his charles cotton who builds this little stone cottage for both of them to use here's when and below it the initials iw Isaac Walton and CeCe Charles cotton cotton himself is a dab hand at fly-fishing and is also filthy rich he doesn't have what you and I would call a job so he spends his time fishing drinking fine wines and dabbling in a bit of poetry tough life right oh yes cotton doing poetry and drinking fine wines which is where this delectable liquid comes in Chateau d'Yquem possibly the best dessert wine only in the entire world point being cotton translates poetry in this case from French and in this case the writer Michel ich M is always said to come from the same family as that chateau became well the two names are similar but frankly like the people here at Chateau d'Yquem as regards the link with Monsieur it came the writer I'm skeptical speaking of which skepticism you know don't believe everything you read that stuff well back in the early 17th century being skeptical is something new and dangerous I mean there are Protestants and Catholics and utopians and Puritans and astrology ISM who knows what else all telling you there's is the only true way to salvation so it's a wise man who takes it all with a pinch of salt like Monsieur ik M whom you may know by his pen name more tame ok a few words on the subject of ripples which Montaigne makes with his new skepticism lots of ripples because Montaigne pulls the rug out from under every form of authority what you see is not what you get don't trust anybody or anything that kind of stuff anyway all this gets into the papers because one of Montagnes fans is an editor and what he does pretty much causes everything to hit the fan when he publishes a piece by another Montaigne fan a guy called fontanelle who comes up with what you and I would describe as the first bit of science journalism this is him and this is his story in 1680 Halley's Comet appears and so fontanelle decides the best thing to do for his next column is something on space right wrong well wrong the way he does it because what foretells peace says is hey maybe there's millions of planets out there with other civilizations and people like us and towns and roads and shopping malls and all that okay why not except this is the 17th century we're in remember and fontanelle is Catholic and Rome's Authority rests on what the church says about us humans being the center of everything unique in the universe made specially in God's own image all that a one-off exclusive so what's all this about more of us out there maybe they're the center of the universe a and if that is true Rome is wrong well you just know that as far as the Pope's concerned fontanelle's number is up still he was never any good at math anyway it's a boring Swiss mathematician named Johann Bernoulli who called fontanel's math a second-rate Bernoulli comes from Basel he's one of eight mathematicians from the same family and he's the guy who is said to have made calculus understandable to the average person when you could have fooled me here's something Bernoulli isn't able to explain what happens when you shake up mercury in a tube and it glows something that people at the time call mercurial electricity and one of the obsessions of an English weirdo francis hawks be who being obsessed with electricity invents the world's first static electricity machine just crank a glass container with a vacuum inside rest your hand or any other part of you against the turning glass surface count to several hundred count to another several hundred hey what can I tell you this stuff took forever and besides what else did Francis Hawks we have to do then you go anywhere near metal so Hawks bee starts rubbing anything else he can get his hands on oxb attracts the attention of no lesser person than Sir Isaac Newton when he comes up with his next trick watch carefully what you're about to see is what's called capillary action see the two upright glass tubes the red liquid goes higher up the narrow tube on the right now hawks be reckoned as this must have something to do with the liquid being more attracted up the narrow tube which is why Newton gets interested because since he's the man who works at what gravity is attraction for obvious reasons is Isaac Newton's middle name so he writes about hawks B's experiments in one of his heavier volumes on scientific matters which I'll get to after we use his book to illustrate the scientific matters this program has been dealing with for the last few minutes okay the poet John Donne whose biographer is a fishing freak called Isaac Walton whose pal cotton translates the skeptical Montaigne whose science writer fan fontanel does a newspaper column all about space and who's math is covered by the new leaf who is mystified by mercurial electricity investigated by Hawkes B whose capillary work is published by Newton and read by a vicar here's the Vika name of Stephen Hales in 1727 Hales plants a few capillary thoughts in a new book of his all about how plants suck up water the capillary way Hawks be discovered through tiny capillary tubes in the plant structure this study of tubes takes Halon to breathing and respiratory medicine and public health which Hales may well have seen as something of a musical matter a musical matter because Hales reckons the source of all disease is foul or putrid air found mostly in enclosed spaces and what that has to do with public health is the way a church organ works see it takes two to play the organ one to play up front and one to work round the back pumping for all his worth making it all possible with the organ bellows which are not exactly high-tech you use hinged wooden flaps moving up and down drawing air in and pushing it out of a wooden box it's not totally airtight but I suspect the congregation doesn't care Hales tries it out as a ventilator in a granary down the road from the church knock out then he offers it to the Navy and various prisons boffo then he tries it in a smallpox Hospital at which he's a governor dismal failure well foul and putrid air isn't the cause of smallpox any more than any other disease but funnily enough the problem of smallpox is about to be solved anyway by a country doctor who has never been near an organ and who in the end you could say goes completely cuckoo country dr. Edward Jenner lives in deepest nowhere England after doing something that saves the lives of millions of people all over the planet it all happens because of something very strange happening to the local milkmaids Jenna gets to hear about a disease milkmaids are catching when they make the cows it's called cow pox and it makes horrible pustules on the hands now cow pox is no big deal but what Jenna discovers is it gives you immunity to a killer disease called smallpox in 1796 Jenna hits the headlines when he deliberately infects the healthy son of one of his laborers with liquid from a cow pox pustule and then he deliberately infects the kid with smallpox and he survives and that's why were all survivors today of smallpox because we all get what the boy got vaccinated from vodka the Latin word for cow 12 years later everybody else has worked up enough nerve to try it with a reaction in the press not all that different from the reaction to genetic engineering today now in case you're wondering if all that money and publicity goes to Jenna's hair and that's why I said he goes cuckoo no see the other thing besides vaccinations about which Jenna is cuckoo his cookers on which he writes the definitive paper and gets elected to the Royal Society for services to ornithology and then dies just in time to miss the guy who you might say turns bird-watching into an art meet JJ audubon the first real painter of birds and the man whose name has become synonymous with bird lovers everywhere Audubon and his feathered friends become world famous after he failed in about five careers and settles for painting in 1821 he's here near a st. Francisville Louisiana where he gets a job at the oakley plantation teaching basic painting techniques to the daughter of the family painting Birds is a piece of cake here since the woods and bayous of this part of Louisiana are stiff with birds well they're stiff when JJ paints them by the time he's finished if it's got feathers and a beak JJ has done its portrait JJ's thing is realistic detail as you can see and when he puts all his paintings into a giant book called birds of America he starts a whole new fashion for bird-watching and chocolate box art some people say well you may not like it much but you gotta admit it's accurate if photography had been invented at the time you'd have said these were snapshots right now JJ has only one other obsession besides painting Birds it's painting all of them so when some young kid writes to him one day to say he's found a new kind of yellow-bellied fly catcher that JJ has missed JJ's language gets positively foul detailed correspondence with the aforementioned kid follows the offending bird is tracked down stuffed and mounted and it's picture done before you could say st. Petersburg so guess where we are now okay Imperial Russian architecture is all very beautiful and historic and all that but building this stuff to the greater glory of bazaar is expensive what you're looking at here is conspicuous consumption so why are we looking at it well it's all to do with that candid Audubon the hairs from you know the one with a yellow-bellied flycatcher Spencer Fullerton Baird who goes on to become secretary to the Smithsonian no less and gets involved in a very shady deal being brokered by some top-level Russians okay here's the plot if you're living a lifestyle like this just for the upkeep you need three things money money and more money so you're the Czar of all the Russia's the last thing you want is your government bureaucrats coming at you for more cash especially if it's for some tin-pot colony you've never heard of at the middle of nowhere that isn't even paying its way which is just what happens the Prime Minister drops a note about this tin-pot colony to the Czar's brother who then drops a note to the great man himself anyway in no time at all in Tsarist Russia that's several months later various bigwigs are summoned to an audience with you-know-who No where'd you say these places they're they're a waiver there well get rid of it no wait wait could be sucker enough to take it who they would a much 5 million bucks tell you what play hard to get say seven and a half and see if they blink oh and wait it's got to look as if they're pushing for the deal right as the plot thickens listing moves to the foreign office and some back-channel totally deniable discussions with the potential buyers are held behind closed doors and the Russians pull it off that's one problem solved leaving one other minor matter of the original seven-and-a-half million bucks only five million ever turns up in Russia yeah ah well that's what you get when you conduct international diplomacy behind closed doors oh I nearly forgot where that kid Fullerton Baird fits into this gap well at one point he commissioned a survey of that colonial dump the Russians are trying to offload persuades the US Secretary of State that the place is worth buying and the Russians are laughing all the way to the bank mind you a hundred years later when the North Slope oil fields come on stream who's the sucker then hmm anyway all this is why in 1869 the map of America changes when they add this little bit not that they need the space America is still practically uninhabited especially here in 1871 this is this and that kid Fullerton Baird does it again he sends a surveyor called Ferdinand Hayden to check the place out Hayden turns up with a photographer called William Henry Jackson and Jackson's photographs blow everybody away this was America over a hundred years ago I said Jackson's photographs blow everybody away especially the US Congress because what that kid now secretary to the Smithsonian does with the pictures is one of history's greatest bits of PR I mean think about it they've only just finished the Transcontinental Railroad you could get lost out here and never return in some places Native Americans are still at war with the government in Washington it can be fatally dangerous to go anywhere west of the Mississippi but thanks to Fullerton path Congress designates this place a wilderness in the wilderness well that's just what they do which is why today you can't own property here or do much of anything without a permit except the visit which people do in their thousands and like them we end our journey here too because thanks to all the connections we've made between the DNA profile and the work on aerodynamics and machine guns and the Red Baron and geography and romantic ideas that start in Italy and paintings of actors and lighthouses and Spanish gold and skeleton drawings and astronomical poetry by friends of fishing freaks who write books at skeptical wine drinkers called hem and the cure for small pox and American bird pages and devious Russian real estate deals because of all that in 1872 America gets a special place the first National Park Yellowstone you

Channel: SlimaksClass

Views: 27,156

Rating: 4.7777777 out of 5

Keywords: Connections3, 01

Id: 8klGPY1CzwI

Length: 52min 4sec (3124 seconds)

Published: Thu May 17 2012