Buster Keaton - The Art of the Gag

Hi my name is Tony and this is Every Frame a Painting. There are some filmmakers who are so influential that no matter where you look, you see traces of them everywhere. I see this filmmaker's framing in the works of Wes Anderson. His acrobatics and stunts in Jackie Chan. And his deadpan posture in Bill Murray. He, of course, is Buster Keaton, one of the three great silent comedians "He was, as we’re now beginning to realize... ...the greatest of all the clowns in the history of the cinema." And nearly a hundred years later I think he still has plenty to teach us about visual comedy. So today, let’s take a look at how the master builds a gag. Ready? Let's go. The first thing you need to know about visual comedy is that you have to tell your story through action. Keaton was a visual storyteller and he never liked it when other directors told their story through the title cards. -"The average picture used 240 titles... "...that was about the average." -"240 was the average?" -"Yes. And the most I ever used was 56" He avoided title cards by focusing on gesture and pantomime. In this shot, you never find out what these two are talking about. Everything you need to know is conveyed through the table & their body language "But what you had to say... "You had to communicate to the audience in only one way..." -"Through action" -"Right. We eliminated subtitles..." "...just as fast as we could if we could possibly tell it in action" Keaton believed that each gesture you did should be unique. Never do the same thing twice. Every single fall... is an opportunity… for creativity. But once you know the action we come to the second problem: Where do you put the camera? Visual gags generally work best from one particular angle. And if you change the angle... then you’re changing the gag and it might not work as well. Finding the right angle is a matter of trial and error. So let’s take a look at two possible camera placements for the same joke. Here’s the first one. And here’s the second. You’ll notice in first angle, the car takes up most of the frame and we don’t get a clear look at Buster until he turns around. But in the second angle, the car’s placed in the background and we always have a clear view of his face. This split second, where he doesn’t know what’s happening but we do... ...that’s much better from over here. And in the first angle, the framing splits our attention. Our eyes want to look at his face and the sign at the same time. But after reframing the scene... Our eyes naturally look at him... then the sign then back to him. Much better. Now we come to the third question... What are the rules of this particular world? Buster’s world is flat and governed by one law. If the camera can’t see it, then the characters can’t see it either. In Buster’s world, the characters are limited by the sides of the frame and by what’s visible to us, the audience. And this allows him to do jokes that make sense visually but not logically. A lot of his gags are about human movement in the flat world. He can go to the right... to the left... up... down... away from the lens... or towards it. Look familiar? -"She’s been murdered. And you think I did it." -"Hey!" Like Wes Anderson, Buster Keaton found humor in geometry. He often placed the camera further back so you could see the shape of a joke. There are circles... triangles... parallel lines... and of course, the shape of the frame itself: the rectangle. I think staging like this is great because it encourages the audience to look around the frame and see the humor for themselves. In this shot, think about where your eyes are looking. Now where’s he? Some of these gags have their roots in vaudeville and are designed to play like magic tricks. And like all great magic tricks part of the fun is trying to guess how it was done. Keaton had a name for gags like these. He called them “impossible gags.” They're some of his most inventive and surreal jokes. But as a storyteller, he found them tricky because they broke the rules of his world. -"We had to stop doing impossible gags, what we call cartoon gags." -"We lost all of that when we started making feature pictures." -"They had to be believable or your story wouldn’t hold up." So instead, he focused on what he called the natural gag. The joke that emerges organically from the character and the situation. Consider what he does with this door. Keaton claimed that for visual comedy... you had to keep yourself open to improvisation. -"How much of it was planned and how much came out in the actual doing?" -"How much was improvised, you know?" -"Well as a rule, about 50 percent…" -"...you have in your mind before you start the picture..." -"...and the rest you develop as you’re making it." Sometimes he would find a joke he liked so much that he would do a callback to it later. But other times, jokes that he’d planned beforehand wouldn’t work on the day. So he would just get rid of them... -"...because they don’t stand up and they don’t work well." -"And then the accidental ones come." He was supposed to make this jump. But since he missed... He decided to keep the mistake and build on it. -"So you seldom got a scene like that good the second time." -"You generally got em that first one." -"Maybe that’s one of the reasons..." -"...there was so much laughter in the house the other night." -"I mean, the younger people and I had this feeling..." -"...that what we were seeing was happening now." -"That it had happened only once..." -"...It was not something that was pre-done and done and done." And that brings us to the last thing about Buster Keaton and his most famous rule. Never fake a gag. For Keaton, there was only one way to convince the audience... ...that what they were seeing was real. He had to actually do it… ...without cutting. He was so strict about this that he once said... “Either we get this in one shot… ...or we throw out the gag." And it’s why he remains vital nearly 100 years later. Not just for his skill but for his integrity. That’s really him. And no advancement in technology can mimic this. Even now, we’re amazed when filmmakers actually do it for real. But I think he did it better 95 years ago. So no matter how many times... you’ve seen someone else pay homage to him… Nothing beats the real thing.

Channel: Every Frame a Painting

Views: 5,584,042

Rating: 4.9620399 out of 5

Keywords: video essay, film analysis, filmmaking, Buster Keaton, silent film, clown, vaudeville, Great Stone Face, The General, Sherlock Jr, The Navigator, Our Hospitality, Steamboat Bill Jr, College, Go West, Seven Chances, One Week, The Boat, Cops, The Goat, gags, jokes, improvisation, camera placement, geometry, visual storytelling

Id: UWEjxkkB8Xs

Length: 8min 34sec (514 seconds)

Published: Sat Nov 21 2015

Reddit Comments

[u/mi-16evil]

There's a reason why he's the only person whose entire filmography was included in Roger Ebert's Great Movies archive. He was an incredible perfectionist who has defined the way we play with framing and editing.

Side note, this is my all time favorite Keaton gag.

[u/teleekom]

Holy motherfucking shit how did he survive half of these shots?

[u/LupinThe8th]

I discovered Keaton in college when I decided to kill an evening by going to a free screening of The General some film studies club was doing. I don't think I've ever gone from "I think I've heard of that guy" to "A goddamned legend" so fast.

I've watched just about everything he ever made, and I gotta say it holds up. Most silent films (even really good ones) are hard to sit through because the pacing and acting are weird to our modern sensibilities. Keaton's work on the other hand is just as funny as ever because the action was so fast paced, and his deadpan reaction to everything is much funnier than hamming it up with wild takes. The relative lack of titles card mentioned in the video also helps, since they are less distracting.

He was also just plain one of the best visual gag writers ever.

[u/qualiabsolete]

Another awesome video by Every Frame a Painting. I especially like that part about how camera replacement/angle changes the visual gag and the example given for that.

[u/Ihaveanusername]

Buster Keaton was a rare gift to cinema. I remember taking a cinema appreciation class, and many of the students had never seen Keaton or silent movies, but once Sherlock Jr loaded, they started laughing. Goes to show you not everything is completely outdated.

[u/nubosis]

It was always one of my favorite meta joke in Arrested Development where Buster ends up doing the Buster Keaton house gag

[u/thefilmer]

i hate the fact that due to insurance and legal reasons, we'll never get someone like him again.

actually I take that back, Jackie Chan comes close but some stuff Keaton does just can't be done today

[u/[deleted]]

I'm happy to see him make a video on Buster Keaton. He's one of the reasons why I started watching silent, comedy films.

[u/B4icu]

I Never heard of "Every Frame a Painting" and I genuinely thought that every frame of this video was hand painted so I clicked on it.

not disappointed though.