Britain’s Controversial Desert Campaign | Desert Generals | Timeline

in 1942 Britain fists the very real prospect of losing the Second World War everywhere British forces were in retreat nowhere was the situation worse than in North Africa [Music] but get what you've been told about Stalingrad being the turning point of the war the turning point was here in these desert sands the man who fought here with the British and Commonwealth troops of the 8th army and the man who ultimately guided them to victory were soldiers from Ulster [Music] I've always been fascinated by the story by the battles that were fought here and by the generals the Elster generals who fought them occasionally they were allies often they were bitter enemies but they were all Alstom [Music] I'm Tim Collins and I'm a soldier from Elster - and I want to know more about the Ulsterman who won the Second World War [Music] the desert is the purest theater of war for soldier there's no environment like this it's flat it's vast the Sun burns your eyes and melts the horizon it's like a furnace during the day that's like a freezer at night soldiers of the British Army have been fighting in the desert for generations a couple of years ago I was one of them fighting against Saddam Hussein's forces in Iraq tough through the Iraq war walls it pills in comparison to what happen here over sixty years ago in the North African desert and this parched and dry land skip Britain and her allies stared into an abyss if the desert war was lost then the Second World War was unwinnable this was Britain's front line [Music] by the early summer of 1941 British forces in North Africa were under attack [Music] with the United States not yet in the war British soldiers were fighting alongside soldiers from South Africa Australia India and New Zealand [Music] the German forces under the command of General Erwin Rommel were pushing towards Egypt in their way stood the port city of Tobruk [Music] Tobruk was vital for three reasons first of all it was a seaport into which supplies could be landed men ammunition and above all fuel that would feed the offensive in the coming year secondly it represented Britain's defiance it was the mighty fortress that would not fall it was Churchill's line in the sand to Hitler and thirdly and most importantly it was the first step to Egypt and this is why the desert war was being fought because what lay beyond Egypt was crucial to victory in the war 400 miles east of Egypt is Iraq and Iran and underneath Iraq and Iran is oil and then as no no modern mechanized army can fight without oil Rommel knew that if he could conquer Egypt he'd be able to claim the oil fields of the Gulf for himself the British war effort would be crippled and the Axis powers would be able to feed their war machine indefinitely the stakes in the desert could not be higher [Music] Britain's commander in chief in the Middle East was General Sir Archibald Wavell but in June 1941 frustrated by the turn of events Prime Minister Winston Churchill had decided to remove him from command it was only after the disasters had occurred in the desert that I realized how overloaded and under sustained vales organization walls label tried his best but the handling machine at his disposal was too weak to enable him to cope with the vast mass of business which for five simultaneous campaigns forced upon him Churchill needed someone who could handle this huge and vital command his choice as new commander in chief Middle East was clawed John air or connect he arrived in Cairo via India Norway and Enniskillen Claude Auchinleck was colonel-in-chief of the royal Ennis killing Fusiliers best here infra mana the regiment was formed here in 1689 indeed Claude Auchinleck soldiered here in 1912 anis killin is a frontier town and frontier was very much Claude Auchinleck experience from free manner to similar in India to the Western Desert Claude Auchinleck surly life inframan had been tough his father had died when he was just eight years old leaving the family impoverished [Music] but the army offered Auchinleck a way out of poverty an order for mana in 1904 he joined the British Indian Army an organization quite separate from the Army at home or Kinect was a very decisive man very strong personality his disadvantage was that he was a soldier from the Indian Army the British officer Indian Army and therefore he didn't really know as much about the the home-based British Army as a British general will have done he's a very experienced officer he was known as as a man of unshakeable character but he doesn't really know the officers and Men of the British Army particularly well because most of his service has actually been out in the Middle East and an India the outsider from from Anna not find himself at the center of the most critical fitter of the war facing off in Lake in the desert was general Erwin Rommel Rommel himself was a brilliant instinctive soldier he understood the possibilities that the desert offered a general who had the armor to back up his quick-thinking if you made a mistake facing Rommel he would always punish that mistake severely he he was a true opportunist on the battlefield he always seized opportunities wherever he saw them rommel was a gambler and our dishes strategist he pissed Brit faith and the value of speed and mobility and surprise these tactics and this army were ideally suited to this theater but Roman wasn't the only adversary often like had to worry about [Music] dealing with Winston Churchill took up almost as much of his time as Rommel did and the Prime Minister was just as demanding the main thing about Winston Churchill as a war leader is his enormous Drive and energy he's not really interested when generals come to him and explain all their difficulties when he got involved in operations in theater operations frankly his judgment was not good he was very impulsive the mount of Churchill's side was General Allen Brooke chief of Imperial General Staff from Colebrook and county fermanagh the land of dreary spar is according to Churchill [Music] new british soldier of the 20th century vista tasks as difficult as that taken on by alan brook every day for four years he had the job of keeping Churchill's Wilder impulses under control while simultaneously devising a strategy for winning the war [Music] I know those Berks Churchill had said when Brooke was appointed stiff-necked Ulsterman and there's no one worse to deal with than that the Brooke and Churchill one impetuous and romantic the other pessimistic and professional formed a creative partnership that was to see Britain through to the end of the war Churchill could see long lists of equipment heading out to the desert and wondered why on earth all collected an order an immediate attack but the orc knew that was he had equipment and man he wasn't ready to attack the men needed time to acclimatize and above all time to train or connect was correct in taking this firm approach with the Prime Minister but in doing so he was to sow the seeds of a bitter conflict that would last the rest of his desert command and come close to destroying his career Auchinleck chose dublin born general allen cunningham as commander of his desert forces the newly christened hit thorny as soon as the it for me was adequately trained and supplied all connecting cunningham would launch their first offensive against Rommel codenamed operation Crusader as a young officer I read this book on war by Carl von Clausewitz Allu it was written 135 years before the Second World War it might well have been written with Rommel Cunningham an orc and lectin mind and the book II says a conquering army is like the light of a lamp as the oil that feeds it sinks and draws away from the focus the light diminishes until it goes out altogether what one Kosovich is essentially saying is the more successful an army the further it gets away from its main base and therefore its lines of communication and it's lines of supply extend then overextend and then snap in other words the more successful an army the more vulnerable it comes to counter-attack here in this fast flat inhospitable terrain from the close of itches Theory becomes reality and any general who's ever fought in the desert knows you're not just fighting your enemy you're fighting the very desert itself Cunningham's plan was simple he wanted engage Rommel in a decisive tank battle at gabbro Salah a small crossroads in the desert after this had been won British forces would sweep up the remains of Rommels forces and relieve Tobruk Cunningham's plan for operation Crusader follows in a pattern of the desert war of trying to surprise your opponent seize the initiative and then outflank or encircle your opponent so that he has to then fight at a disadvantage in the desert a sandstorm lashed it for me as it prepared for battle [Music] in London Churchill who had as offensive at last was exultant for the first time British and Empire troops will meet the Germans with an ample supply of equipment in modern weapons of all kinds the battle itself will affect the whole course of the war now is the time to strike the hardest blow yet struck for final victory home and freedom the desert army may add a page to history which will rank with Brenham and Waterloo the eyes of all nations are upon him war our hearts with you may God hold on the morning of the 18th of November in 1941 the 8th army ruled out towards Galvez LA operation Crusader had begun [Music] in total allied forces amounted to 600 tanks and 100,000 men they were steeled for an immense decisive battle [Music] but so often happens in war things didn't go exactly to plan instead of finding wormholes divisions they found nothing the problem is that the place where cunningham selects the decisive battle will be fought is well a mark on the map there's nothing decisive about the place gabber Salette it's not actually far enough in to the access rear to force a reaction and force them to fight so they thaw me then has to sit down and think well what do we do no cunningham begins to try measures which will force a reaction from the access the problem is that he sends his rather than keeping his army together he begins to send his armored of armoured brigades off in different directions which dissipates their energy and strength this was a catastrophic strategy because neither it for me was thinly spread across a wide expansive desert and on the 22nd of November Rommel sensing that his opponent was weak and confused decided that he would oblige Cunningham and fight [Music] Cunningham didn't know what Rommel was doing he was blind in the desert theater a commander needs to be able to go over a plan like lightning and make a decision at that time British commanders weren't trained to do this Rommel did it instinctively and that's what set him apart from every other commander in North Africa [Music] rommel has to improvise a reaction to the British mousse which he doesn't fully understand but of course it's that kind of chaotic and confusing fight that Rommel excels and because he can send an opportunity on the battlefield and then take advantage of it Cunningham the other hand is confused by the chaos as he watched Ronald's attack he decides that the Germans are in fact retreating in Cairo the British triumphantly announced that Rommel was defeated what actually happened here was completely different from what the British were telling the world and from what Cunningham and/or collect themselves thought that happened two Panzer divisions had attacked the 7th Armored Division and virtually annihilated annoy with Rommel and personal charge the Germans had surrounded the remnants of the British 7th Armoured Brigade here at City Rose egg aerodrome and they were intent on finishing the job I'll connect north fest a difficult choice Cunningham's plan clearly had not worked British losses were mounting and Rommel was in the ascendancy the dilemma that faced the commander-in-chief was whether deploy on with operation Crusader or to admit defeat and call the assault off in the 23rd of November Claude Auchinleck visited the beleaguered commander of the 8th army [Music] Cunningham was obviously worried by the collapse and disintegration of his armored formations he had every reason to be so should I have been in his place he did not strike me as emotionally disturbed but obviously under great strain again very naturally as the battle had not gone according to plan and the change and it had been kaleidoscopic he said that if he went on as we have been we might be left with our tanks while the Germans might still have some in which case Egypt would be in danger County was saying we really must retreat Auchinleck said no I am sure that the enemy is it as bad as stay Jules we are with the offensive will go on and it's then that Claude Auchinleck as commander-in-chief in the Middle East I think showed his mettle one of the most important attributes for any commander in battle is perception the unique ability to cut through the fog of war and to work out what the situation is with your troops on the ground and with the enemy that evening Allen Cunningham wasn't able to do this but all connect was I thought Ramallah was probably in as bad a shape as we were and I ordered the offensive to continue I certainly gambled in fact by going on he might have lost all or collects decision was a gamble worthy of Rommel himself and it was the right decision it was a decision based on a unique field for this theater of war and for his enemy and their strengths and tactics he was an example of a great commanders intuition because there were these reports coming in the year the 8th army was down to about died what did 20-30 runners in the way of tanks and and and and it was his instinct his professional instinct that in fact the Germans were in as a bad case as we were all connect was right but Rommel that sends panic at the top of the 8th army he decided to call Cunningham's Bluff and charge directly at his head wart [Music] Cunningham sees this move and thinks all is lost but he's gonna have to order a retreat and it's Auchinleck who steps in and sees this he put he realizes that this is actually a desperate last rule by his opposite number by Rommel [Music] so in that way it's it's Auchinleck who finally perceives the the Battle of crusader the the the battles of operation Crusader in the most clear light and it's his determination to keep on even when when everything seems lost that finally wins the day as Rommels tanks loader stop Auchinleck decided that cunningham was no match for his german adversary if the battle still unresolved he decided to fire the commander of the 8th army cunningham had fought for only eight days [Music] it's a big decision to remove the commander at the height of a battle it can cause dislocation and strategy it can have a bad effect on morale troops look up to their commander and they want to know that those giving the orders know what they're doing one of the most important things for any military commander is being able to stand the test of strain during any battle particularly when things are going wrong when things become difficult and Cunningham had clearly broken under that pressure knew you were in fact actually relieving the lanyard you were chosen only a month or so before to command this great offensive and and so this was a it was a difficult decision but the Lorcan deck had absolutely no doubt at all it really had to be done because you know here was a man who who was really lost his nerve Auchinleck chose as cunning as replacement a young relatively inexperienced Scottish soldier major-general Neal Richey or connect chose Richey because he thought it would be do a sound job in continuing the battle of his a solid reliable sort of blow Richi arrived at a time of immense confusion in the field with organic nog personally directing operations the earth army gradually recovered its poise and took the fight to Rama [Music] realizing his bluff hadn't worked and desperately low on fuel Rommel decided the discretion was the better part of valor and retreated its army and won its first victory Hawken lack had shown that Rommel wasn't invincible the courage and tenacity of British and Commonwealth troops was immense and gained great admiration including from the Germans themselves mistakes had been made but Auchinleck had shown real courage and vision and his handling of the battle against Rommel he'd been right to wit until his troops were trained and ready and he had been right to remain cool headed when Rama would counter-attacked and he was right in his judgment of when the Germans were in a difficult position and recognized Ronald's Bluff and didn't rise to it or collect had become the first British general to defeat a German General in the Second World War [Music] [Music] as 1942 dawned Auchinleck decided to launch a quick offensive against Rommel in order to capitalize on the success of crusader [Music] but events elsewhere conspired against him at the start of December 1941 Britain declared war in Japan and Churchill ordered large numbers of aircraft and men to detach from the earth or me and head to the Far East it was about this time that Auchinleck took a decision that was to have a profound effect on his career and the conduct of the desert war Neel Richie's appointment had been a temporary one a stand-in denture operation Crusader went well but no all connect made that appointment permanent on the 21st of January Rommel made his move he pushed a hundred and fifty tanks down this road the via Bell via reports awaiting British troops of the 1st armored Brigade British defenses were in total disarray and fell back in front of Rommels tanks raoul kept pushing his tanks on even when they're running out of fuel but such was the confusion of British lines they kept retreating [Music] this was Ritchie's first real test and battled won 2-1 against Rommel without off mike beier side from the start it was a mismatch rommel was a master of fast agile warfare time and again Ritchie filled a reader's intentions as his Panzers approached the small town of mckeely he fiend an attack panicking Ricci moved his armor to defenders but Ronald's real intention was Benghazi in the north and with it thousands of tons of supplies that the British had painstakingly assembled [Music] and gauzy felt so quickly that Rommel was in the town center before the German High Command and even given him the permission to advance [Music] richy's first engagements rommel and proved to be a disaster Hitomi had lost thousands of tons of equipment and supplies had been completely audited by the Germans [Music] well the point about Ricci was that he was a very conventional soldier not very imaginative not very fast thinking and so when faced with Sunday like Rommel who attacked when he ought not have attacked to be ready to attack and who move very fast and Exploited initial errors of dispositions on the part of the of the British Ritchie region houses how to handle that [Music] Richie's performance had put dot Norton xmind about a suitability as a commander he dispatched a trusted aired to see Richie and not to get a better feel for what was going on the man he sent was a fellow Ulsterman one of the most brilliant and controversial soldiers of his generation Eric Dorman Smith was a very intense man filled with what might be termed zeal or military zeal and he in some sense is worshiped at the at the temple of efficiency and wanted the British Army to be the best that it could be he was a very unorthodox and a very brilliant soldier he was considered to be a really bright thinking military brain I think he was a very he was very keen soldier he was determined to get things right he was interested in his subject which I think was something which many folk in those days were not but he was also a very original thinker Eric Dorman Smith known as [ __ ] does friends was born into a Catholic family in County Cavan in 1895 urban and ferociously bright he conjured Ernest Hemingway amongst his friends but his enemies stretch from Calvin to Cairo and back again he had no compunction about embarrassing people and actually criticizing them for stupidity or inefficiency it made him a very awkward person to deal with he didn't butter people up he didn't make political friendships he never minded really who he hurt from an Englishman's point of view he really was every bit of an Irishman who you know loved to fight and and a verbal fighter in spectral fight and so there were all the plotters he met along the way up in in the army right the way through resented him [Music] Domon Smith had been horrified at the way Ricci was commanding the authority when he reported backdoor connect he didn't mince his words [Applause] I am more than ever convinced that there must be radical and sweeping changes I do see now by many things have gone wrong and I have my ideas how they can be put right Ching came back and recommended that Ricci you should be replaced he quipped the 8th army is more like a club than a disciplined entity I think father's view of Ricci was that he was too slow to hidebound if I can paraphrase a a mill and he and I think he considered him a bear of very little brain indeed and there was regret there as well because she was kind he was compassionate to people it was only at the instance that they had men's lives in their hands that that he judged them [Music] the spiders own dots all connect declined to tip Dorman Smith's advice Ritchie would stand command for nine it was in this empty wasteland that Ritchie set about reorganizing his share Kaname but he fundamentally misunderstood what desert warfare is all about it's a vast empty place ideal for an army that can act swiftly and decisively and change its plans quickly after necessary it's much less than ideal for an army that's slow that's rigid and it's over cautious the earth or me lined up outside the small Libyan town of Ghazala and what we're known as boxers fixed groupings of infantry and supporting arms the idea was to create a strong line of defense the problem of course is again all one of mobility and if you're fixed to a particular point in the desert then yes your position may be very formidable it may be very difficult to attack but more mobile troops can simply drive around behind the position and cut you off from any form of support so eventually that infantry box if it's besieged if it's surrounded it will have run out of ammunition it'll have run out of water and there's really nothing that it can do apart from surrender [Music] from London Churchill was urging Auchinleck to strike back against Rommel I'll connect refused arguing that the hit thore me needed more equipment and more time to Train the time was something that the Eighth Army had run out of on the 22nd of May 1942 Rommel attacked once again the British had been caught completely by surprise unprepared and flat-footed the athomie was no match for Rommels Panzer [Music] after defeating British forces at Bureau Hakeem Rommel turned north towards Tobruk but Rommel didn't have it all his own way the road to Tobruk was blocked by four British divisions no one will have another problem his plan had been fooled enough to catch the British Army unawares but also left him vulnerable and deep behind the hip Army's lines his supply lines were stretched and he was running out of petrol [Music] the Germans were a long way from their petrol supplies they were right up behind the British positions and and a really prompt concentrated counterattack might have done the vasty of damage the reason the air Tommy didn't strike was its High Command was at least 24 hours behind events the fog of war in this case you could say the dust and sand of war had obscured Ritchie's view of what was happening on the battlefield the contrast with Rommel couldn't be more acute this was a general who led from the front literally he could grasp what was happening on the ground and he could act on it quickly on the 30th of May Rommel led a supply trend through the British lines and personally oversaw the resupply of his forces this dangerous audacious move is the kind of leadership that wins battles for generals with Ritchie stranded 40 miles from the battle Rommel had rescued a dangerous situation and was now ready to fight on [Music] Eric Dorman smith was furious and what he saw is Ritchie's inadequacy for two weeks now victory has been within our grasp yet we haven't achieved it the fault lies in ourselves Auchinleck may have to pay a high price for his loyalty to a man who behind an imposing facade is a very ordinary occupational soldier but his tanks full of petrol again Rommel made good as a skip from under Richie's nose Ritchie had passed up the chance to strike a fatal blow to his enemy and not compounded his mistake by convincing himself that he had Rommel on the run the Rommel had no intention of running away from Ritchie [Music] in war you have to be fooled and you have to be alert Rommel was a courageous and calculating risk-taker his moves were unpredictable and skillfully executed Ricci by contrast was plodding and predictable and Rommel in exactly what Ricci was likely to do the 5th of June the 8th army charged a Rommel with intention finishing off what they believed to be a weakened enemy it was a desperate mistake pounded by Rommels anti-tank guns and harried by Panzers the british world brought it to defeat at the way clear for Rommel to advance on Tobruk all eyes noise shifted to here Tobruk in 1942 it was a ruined battle-scarred port its defenses were weak and incapable of resisting any concerted German attack and yet it remains strategically and psychologically important it was the last torn of any significance before the Egyptian frontier and more importantly it was heaving with British garments and supplies on the 14th of June the 8th Army in disarray Winston Churchill sent a telegram to opener presume there is no question of giving up to Brock as long as the brook is held no serious enemy advance into Egypt is possible this wasn't what I'll connect wanted to hear he feared that Tobruk was not too weak to withstand Rommel and that any battle here would result in an inevitable and catastrophic defeat but all connect had no choice but to bake Churchill's order to stand and fight general Ritchie is putting into the Brooke what he considers an adequate force to hold it even should it be temporarily isolated by the enemy basis of immediate future action by Eighth Army is to use all available mobile forces to prevent enemy establishing itself east of Tobruk on the 18th of June Ritchie met with Dorman Smith normally to discuss a way out of the crisis despite the desperate situation Ritchie seemed calm and collected there was a general optimism and belief that Rommel would take his time over to Brook and that we had leisure to rearm and regroup or connect was disturbed by this atmosphere he thought it was not yet the moment to relax [Music] I'll connect was right to be worried Rommel had no intention of slowing down not as rich he was meeting with all connect and Dorman Smith Rommels forces close the noose around to Brook two days later they went in for the kill [Music] a Stukas roared out of the skies and as German artillery pondered the tattered defenses the South African troops inside Tobruk desperately tried to hold off Romans advance the rest of the earth army was already retreating across the border to Egypt [Music] inside the city troops set fire to the vast petrol dumps and blew up new material to prevent them falling into German hands [Music] on the 20 of the June - Brooke fell 33,000 troops were captured [Music] two days later Hitler promoted normal to Field Marshal [Music] Churchill was meeting US President Franklin Roosevelt when used the fall of Tobruk reached this is one of the heaviest blows I can recall during the war not only words military effects Grievous but it had affected the reputation of the British armies I did not attempt to hide from the president the shock I had received it was a bitter moment defeat is one thing disgrace is another [Music] [Applause] as Claude Auchinleck flew to Ritchie's headquarters his offer resignation was already on the Prime Minister's desk [Music] dear Prime Minister the unfavorable course of the recent battle culminating in the disastrous fall of Tobruk compels me to ask you seriously to consider the advisability of retaining me in my command personally I feel fit to carry on and reasonably confident of being able to turn the tables on the enemy in time all the same there is no doubt that in a situation like the present fresh blood and new ideas at the top may make all the difference between success and state away the Prime Minister refused to accepted quite rightly because this was in the middle of a really fluid situation than you and so he left or connect it in command but I think I could say that with the fall of Tobruk really demolished Churchill's real respect and and confidence in all he liked even though he left him in command for the time being the fall of Tobruk really brings into question whether Britain will be a suitable and reliable ally for the United States as the United States begins to generate and put forth its power into the war so to Brook this symbol has a huge amount of political capital surrounding with it and it's lost then really is it's a stunning blow for the British ultimately someone had to pay for the calamity once more or collect fists the grim task of removing his choice of commander in the field Neil Ritchie had lasted longer than Allen Cunningham but the removal of a second commander in eight months prompted many in Britain to question or connects ability to pick subordinates or collect nor took personal charge of the earth or me and reality there wasn't much to take charge off he immediately ordered there should be no more fight to the death battles like the one that proved sooo calamitous at Tobruk it's no exaggeration to say if the Eighth Army was defeated the second world war was lost that army was totally finally destroyed the way would then be open for Rommel to march to Cairo and Alexandria and we would lose the hope of Middle East we would the the the Russian front would be partly undermined it would to be a theater scale catastrophe not merely the defeat of one army Clausewitz wrote at the center of gravity was the hub of all activity on which everything else depended Auchinleck believed that everything Cairo Alexandria the Mediterranean Iraq around there oil the very war itself depended on the it form his ability to continue to exist this meant that they had to preserve themselves as a fighting force and this was no time for futile heroic gestures this meant retreat east towards carroll all connect knew he couldn't defeat Rommel in the open desert he would pull his troops back to a better position near the city in the Egyptian capital British diplomats burned peppers in anticipation of imminent defeat no eggs and Riya the Royal Navy weighed anchor and seal dr. safety Kara's residents prepared to welcome their German and Italian liberators the earth armies norm full retreat and in the chaos hundreds of tons of stores are either lost or surrendered to Rommel but for clothes which once again intervenes because Rommel is advancing so fast as air force can't keep up and so the Eighth Army is an attack from the air as it retreats yet Rommel reaches out to grab them but he's slowing and the supply lines are tightening and the British remain agonizingly Shiar start of touch [Music] on the 30th of June Claude Auchinleck stood here on the dabber road and what's the shattered remnants of his army stream passed towards the Nile Delta tanks and trucks soldiers and all the clutter of a retreating army moved slowly past towards a dusty railway halt at El Alamein 20 miles in that direction it was a heart-rending sight for any commander but strangely Auchinleck was optimistic he wanted to fight at al alamin it beaten normal before and he reckoned he could do it again walking like a doorman Smith had analyzed the collapse of the defense of Egypt at the moment of greatest crisis the true health sir soldiers had sketched out a way to fight back and El Alamein would be the place where they would make their stand doorman Smith wrote to his wife worse situations have been retrieved by bold and courageous action we will see what can be done but it won't be very Orthodox you think I'm an incurable optimist I do look on the bright side one must but I try to look at things objectively as a military scientist all connects august's men were belligerent the enemy is stretching to his limit and thinks we are a broken army he hopes to take Egypt by bluff show him where he gets off [Music] or collect knew he couldn't afford to lose another battle he realized the future of the entire war depended on what happened in this desert indeed what happened at this dusty little rail halt and on that score he was entirely correct however it would be another Irishman another alderman whose name would forever be linked with El Alamein [Music] you

Channel: Timeline - World History Documentaries

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Length: 48min 23sec (2903 seconds)

Published: Mon Sep 04 2017