okay good morning everyone good morning everyone welcome today to today's star lecture with Professor Brian Cox my name is Julius Gherman I oversee all of the University's work with young people and schools and colleges and and we do a lot of work like this with people like yourselves to encourage you to think about University and it's my team today that have worked with your teachers to get you here today and we hope you're really going to enjoy being inspired by today's event and professor Cox is going to be introduced in a moment and what I'd like to go through some very very quick housekeeping before we start as you're all aware and you've been specially chosen to come along today by your teachers you're one of the some of the lucky five hundred odd people who are coming here today but also because so many people were interested in coming along today we sold out if you like from this event your teachers responded within a few hours that's why you're here so you should all thank your teachers for that afterwards but there's many more schoolchildren throughout the country and indeed throughout the world who will be watching this on a live webcast now because of that is a few housekeeping things I wanted to run through it means you need to be on very good behavior and please try not to speak and throughout the lecture because it's being broadcast around the world also can I ask you now please can you check if your mobile phones are on silent please it's really important that you've checked that so please do that and in terms of photography and you you can take photographs during the lecture if you like but not no flash photography please so again if you understand how cameras might work you are um it's really important that you don't use flash photography we are not expecting a fire alarm and so if you hear a fire alarm it's real you need to treat it as real and please listen to this student ambassadors and members of staff who will direct you to the nearest exit now before Brian starts he's going to be introduced by the deputy president and vice chancellor for the university professor Rod Coombs now how can I describe the role of the deputy president and vice-chancellor will um it's quite difficult by was thinking in language that you'll understand he's one of the bosses one of the people in charge of this university so it's a bit like all of your head teachers but whereas your head teachers are in charge of institutions with perhaps one or two thousand pupils and professor Coombs oversees this institution which has around 40,000 students so he's a very important person and he now is going to introduce Professor Brian Cox to put hands together for professor rod well good morning Julian and thanks for that introduction I've never been so praised in an introduction before but before I go on I just want to thank Julian and his team for all the work they've done and all the purple people that you see around here of all worked very hard to organize this so I think we should give Julian and his team around of applause for all the work they've done okay I'm not going to sleep very long as I know it's Brian you want to hear from not me but I just want to say a few words to introduce Brian and put things in context and obviously you've seen him on the television you've seen the programs that he's made which have been so successful in raising the profile of science amongst young people and people of all ages and all all all generations the wonders of the universe the wonders of the solar system stargazing live from Jodrell Bank actually where I'm going tonight to host another group of international visitors to Jodrell Bank which is of course part of the University of Manchester as well and before his television career maybe you won't remember this the pupils here but I'm sure the teachers will that Brian was was in a pop group called Deary I remember them I was in a pop group as well actually when I was about that age but was nowhere near as famous as Brian so we won't say any more about that I'm sure you also know but what I want to emphasize is that Brian is a working University teacher and a working University researcher here in this university and at CERN in Geneva where the Large Hadron Collider is which is where Brian does a lot of his research so he finds the time to combine being just like me and and my colleagues a university teacher teaching students doing research with all the other fantastic work that he does to popularize science and to bring it to the attention of people so you know don't just think of Brian as somebody who's on the TV he was just saying to me now that he's giving some lectures over the next few weeks to our first-year students on quantum mechanics and I know because I did a degree in physics as well that's pretty hard stuff and it's not straightforward teaching quantum mechanics to first-year undergraduates so you know he's doing the solid everyday work as well as doing this this glamorous stuff with you guys so why is it that Brian and other people like Brian spend so much of their time trying to enthuse young people like yourselves about science well actually you only have to dig a little bit into what science does for us to see what the answer is when I was not much older than you when I was a sixth former at school in 1969 just having just about to take my a-levels that's when we first put a man on the moon when the alarm strong stepped on the moon and we all looked at that stuff and we looked at the technology and we thought what fantastic technology what fantastic science isn't it amazing that we can do that well this thing this thing that you've just put on silent your phone I love my iPhone by the way that these things these things have more computing power in them than that spaceship that went to the moon in 1969 how can that be how can it be that the iPhone has more computing power than the spaceship that went to the moon well the answer is because between then and now lots and lots and lots of people who all started off just like you doing science at school have worked through University and done research and worked with companies and develop new science and developed ways of applying in new bits of physics new bits of chemistry new bits of mathematics with the result that we've moved on between 1969 and now to the point where there are more of these things going to be sold in the world next year than computers more mobile phones will be sold and computers in the world and in some parts of the world people will never bother buying a computer because they'll just use one of these to surf the internet so that is how science changes our world it creates a continuous flow of progress and of course challenges and sometimes tricky things to work through but without it where would we be where would we be if we didn't have souls and it's that kind of commitment to the role that science plays in the world that means that Brian and people like him take the time to make sure that there are more people coming through more people committed enthused and who won't have to Ziya to do more science and produce more progress for everybody so I think that what Brian is doing is very important I think it's also of course extremely attractive and entertaining and engaging and that's that just right because science shouldn't be thought of as being dull or dry it's not there is nothing more exciting than an experiment that goes right and that goes well yeah it really really gives you a buzz so what I want you to do is to enjoy Brian's lecture but when you're on the bus going back and when you're talking to your parents about what you want to do think about science think about the fact that you can be part of all of that kind of activity and think about it when you think about what you're going to do next year in the year after in school whether you're going to go to university if you go to university what you're going to study and so on so that's the end of my bit of kind of sermonizing and now let's get on with the main attraction so without further ado will you please welcome Professor Brian Cox I'm just going to say which schools from Oldham that's my you guys that's my hometown son it's not a welcome everybody by particularly welcome like my friends from Oldham it's brilliant to see you and yeah I want to talk about Schuyler a small goal I want to talk about the universe but particularly the two great pillars of our understanding of the universe that we've built over the last century and we're still building absolutely now two of those pillars that I hope you're going to contribute to building in the future and the two pillars two things that maybe you don't learn about at school but you'll certainly learn about University what one pillar is called relativity which is Einstein's great contribution to science and the other one is something called quantum mechanics which is a fascinating theory it seems very strange you may have heard of things like Schrodinger's cat things will be in two places at once but naturally quantum mechanics is our theory of everything that happens in the universe other than gravity and it today the place where we explore that in detail is a Large Hadron Collider at CERN in Geneva the place that I work when I'm not messing around on television so I want to give you some idea of what we're doing now at the Large Hadron Collider and what we hope to discover within the next year or two so absolutely current cutting-edge research but the first thing I think to say about the the ambition because I said we want to understand the universe and our two great theories of it is to look at the sheer size of the problem and that's one of the things that I think captured my imagination first when I first began to get into science very when I was five six seven years old it was the sheer ambition of it because this is a picture of the universe it's actually pictured the night sky if any of you are interested in astronomy that thing up there is the constellation of Orion that you can always see in the winter sky but I want to focus I want you to focus on a piece of sky that's somewhere around here I'm going to zoom in on it now this piece of sky that you would cover if you took a five pence piece and held it about 25 meters away so imagine taking a five pence piece and putting it 25 meters away over a tiny piece of sky well a few years ago the Hubble Space Telescope which is in orbit around the earth turned its gaze to that tiny piece of sky the five pence piece bit of sky and took a picture it opened its camera shutter for thousands and thousands and thousands of seconds and just gathered the lights from that piece of sky it was deliberately chosen because it's a dull uninteresting piece of sky actually for the surface of the earth you would see virtually nothing in it at all but this is the picture that Hubble took and you see that it's anything booked empty it's called the Hubble Deep Field image it's one of the most important and fascinating images in the recent history of astronomy and it's not empty it's got lots of structure lots of points of light in there are actually over 10,000 points of light or blobs in that image and virtually every one of them over 10,000 of them they're actually galaxies distant galaxies so they're not stars they're galaxies now those galaxies on average have what a hundred thousand million stars like our Sun in them at least so a hundred thousand million stars in each one of those ten thousand blobs the most distant object in that image and I'm going to talk a bit about how we know these things in a moment but the most distant object is thirteen point two thousand million light-years away it was actually discovered in this image only a few months ago now light travels at 300,000 kilometers per second 186,000 miles a second and at that speed it's taken over 13 billion years to travel from the most distant object in that image to earth to the Hubble Space Telescope now when you think that the earth is only just under five billion years old it means that most of the light from most of the galaxies in that image began their journey began its journey to earth before there was on earth and if some of the most distant galaxies there they were over halfway here when the solar system was just a cloud of gas and dust it hadn't yet coalesced into the Sun and planets and moons of the solar system so imagine what that looks like that's a time remember five pens peas piece of sky 25 meters away imagine what that looks like when you extend it over the hiya sky well this is a beautiful map of the observable universe every dot on that map is a galaxy with 100 billion stars like our Sun in it at least there you see that the structure in there they're not randomly distributed it's very interesting I'm going to show right at the end of the talk that we think we're beginning to understand where that structure came from just to get some sense of scale that little line up there you might not even be able to see it in the back but that's the 1 billion light year line so light takes a billion years to travel from one end of that line to the other this is the observable universe and I'm going to show you there's a ridiculous number that I have to show you it's better to show it than say it this is the number of stars that we think are in the opposite well we know from observation or in the observable universe at the moment thirty thousand million million million stars just like our Sun some bigger some smaller 350 billion large galaxies seven thousand billion smaller dwarf galaxies that's the observable bit of the universe we have pretty strong evidence now the universe is significantly bigger than that but we can just see this blob surrounding us the blob from which light has had chance to travel during the history of the universe so the universe is big is what I wanted to say to you and I don't know if you know a comedian called Woody Allen he once said that the universe is probably infinite which is a bad thing give you one of those people who can't remember where they put things but under there it's enormous so how can you or Donna start that yes that I'm going to there we are so how can we possibly begin to think about explaining that you know how do we know first of all how do we know it's so big how did we find that out from this planet that we're standing on now and how could we begin to make theories guesses I suppose if you like about where that came from how it began how fast light travels all those facts that I've said to you or all those numbers that I've given out that our best estimate of how the universe works it is of course science and I wanted to just play you a little video of for me what the best definition of science or the science if it method than I've heard comes from a very famous physicist called Richard Fineman who won a Nobel Prize for building one of the first quantum theories of electricity and magnetism it's called quantum electrodynamics this is back in the 1940s and 50s it's our best theory today of how light interacts with matter what Feynman was also I recommend that you read his books he was a brilliant teacher a brilliant lecturer as well as a Nobel Prize winning physicist and he gave this lecture back in I think was in 1960s and it's just a one-minute definition of the scientific method law in general we look for new law by the following process first we guess it then we compel let us that's really true then we compute the consequences of the guess to see what if this is right if this law that we guessed is right we see what it would imply and then we compare those computation result to nature or we say compared to experiment or experience compare it directly with observation to see if it if it works if it disagrees with experiment it's wrong in that simple statement is the key to science it doesn't make it different how beautiful your guess is it doesn't make even doubt smart you are who made the guess or what his name is if it disagrees with experiment oh that's all there is to it so I think that's a really beautiful description of what science is it's really very simple it's the application of common sense in many ways what it is is looking at the universe looking at nature guessing about how it works seeing what the consequences of that guess are testing those against nature and as Fineman said the great power of science it doesn't matter who you are there's no such thing as authority in science if your guest disagrees with nature then it's wrong and that's all there is to it's easy to say but how can we possibly compare ideas about the origin and evolution of the universe with nature but if you think about it there's only one way to look into the wider universe from Earth certainly that the universe beyond our solar system and that's to gather the light from distant stars and planets and there is an immense amount of information contained within that light this is our son we're so tremendous I think video of the cell it's nice this is not a computer graphic it's a real movie of the Sun taken by an orbiting spacecraft that just observes the Sun every day and you see that it's a it's a dynamic and violent place you could fit a million earths inside that ball of glowing plasma by the way a million planet Earth's it burns 600 million tons of hydrogen fuel every second into helium so it's a powerful gigantic object many years ago now stretching back to Newton and even before we looked at the light from the Sun and after Newton we found a way of analyzing it by splitting it up into its component colors so with a prism essentially making a rainbow of the light from the Sun just as nature makes a rainbow of some lights using water droplets and this is a picture a modern-day picture of that rainbow now rainbows of course lots of different colors from blue all the way to red but when you look at the light from the Sun in a laboratory and you're very careful and you put it through a very precise prism then you see that it's not just an array of colors it has dark lines in it all these black lines crisscross in the rainbow what those lines are are the signatures the thumb prints if you want of the chemical elements themselves see what happens is you'll know that a an element is a nucleus with electrons going around it and each element has a different nucleus and a different arrangement of electrons what happens with the light from stars is that the light shines through elements in the Stars atmosphere to elements like hydrogen and oxygen and helium and because those elements have different structures of electrons around their nucleus they absorb different colors of light very specific colors that correspond to move in the electrons around in very specific ways so for example these two lines here are very famous they call the sodium lines sodium absorbs light in the yellow part of the spectrum if you heat sodium up it emits lights in the yellow part of the spectrum why because of the way its electrons are arranged around the atom so what you're seeing here is that the signature the fingerprints of elements in the Sun that's interesting in itself because you can immediately read off what the sun's made of because you can do an experiment on earth see which colors the elements absorb or emit and you can look in the Starlight you can see what the Stars are made of but also and this is the point for looking at the wider universe something very interesting happens when you look at these spectrum these black lines in the rainbows of the most distant stars and galaxies so here's a distant galaxy you can look at the light from that galaxy what you find of course is that the spectrum is the same the black lines are all the same because chemical elements are the same across the universe except that in all distant galaxies the lines are shifted they're moved they're not in exactly the same place now one explanation for that of course could be that the elements are somehow different in different parts of the universe but it's interesting isn't it that they're all shifted in the same way and actually it turns out to be a pattern to this shift so what's the explanation well the explanation for the shift is very simple the universe is expanding so if you look at the very distant galaxies then you find all the distant galaxies are rushing away from us think about what that does to the light what happens to the light is the light begins its journey from the distant galaxies light is a wave just imagine a wave on its journey through space the space is stretching because the universe is expanding is the light journeys from the distant galaxies to us what does that do well it stretches the light so the wavelength of the light is stretched the wavelength is the color red light has got a bigger wavelength than blue light so as the light let's say goes from from a star it's a hydrogen let's say emits a line up here and that journeys across the universe to us it gets actually what's at in the blue so let's say as an element down here that emits light in blue it journeys across the universe it stretches it stretches it stretches it moves towards the red bit of the spectrum because it gets stretched and so you see the whole fingerprint of the atoms moved from the blue bit of the spectrum to the red as the light gets stretched to space stretches that's what we observe so that's a very direct measurement that tells us that the universe is expanding that's one piece of the puzzle so just qualitatively you can say that tells us our universe is stretching space itself is stretching how do you quantify that though well this is in many ways even more fascinating you see there are certain types of objects certain types of phenomena that occur out there in the universe that we know the brightness of very accurately now imagine how useful that is if you know how bright a light is and you put it somewhere a long way away and then look and see how bright it looks to you then you can work out how far away it is it's very simple obviously it gets dimmer and dimmer the further away it is from you now this is a picture one of the cut types of object that we know the brightness of very accurately and it's actually this one here those are the beautiful picture this is the galaxies so this is an island as I said at 100,000 million perhaps 200 thousand million stars like our Sun there are perhaps a billion stars in the center of this galaxy shining brightly this looks like a star that must be closer to us than that galaxy because it's so bright it actually isn't it's actually something called a supernova explosion this is a star in the galaxy it's on the edge of the galaxy it's the same distance away as the billion or so Suns in the center and the hundred billion also stars in the disk same distance away but it's going brought as brightly as a billion suns how could that be one star glowing as brightly as a billion well it's something called a supernova explosion it's at the death of a massive star but it's actually a very interesting one and what we think that is it's called type 1a supernova it's something called a white dwarf so that's the ultimate fate of the Silla it's a star that's burnt out all its fuel and it's just sitting there in space gradually fading away but it's a white dwarf that had a companion star orbiting around it now the white dwarf the dying star sucks matter off the companion star until it gets too big to support itself too massive to support itself and then it collapses and it explodes and we know that process very well it was a process that was predicted actually from quantum mechanics from our theory of atoms and molecules back in the 1930s so it's a very specific process and we can calculate precisely how brightly that explosions should be because we understand the mechanism beautifully so we know how bright that is we know how bright it looks because we've taken a picture of it so we can work out how far it is away and this is the second bit of evidence you need so we've got two things now we've got that you look out into the sky and you see that things are speeding away from us because you can measure the shift in the light and we know exactly how far those things are because we can look for things like this supernova explosions and the distant galaxies now these are rare you get on average about one supernova per century per galaxy so very rare but there are a lot of galaxies and this is a beautiful picture I think again from the Hubble Space Telescope which is a picture of galaxies along the bottom as they usually look and along the top as they looked on a particular day or a particular week when we were looking at them when there was a supernova explosion so you see here there's the galaxy as it usually looks there's a supernova explosion galaxy supernova galaxy supernova supernova in hundreds of galaxies have been measured and we've made a map of the universe we've got the distant galaxies we know how far away they are we know how fast they recede in what happens well I just want to I just want to tell you about one specific supernova but let's say what happens with the fascinating one as I said they happen very rarely a supernova in our galaxy happened on average once every 100 years the most famous one happened in 1054 ad this is a picture of it today it's called the Crab Nebula you can see it with a small telescope in the sky - a beautiful cloud of expanding gas so this is a star that's died and exploded 1054 ad it exploded how do we know that because it was observed by chinese astronomers and particularly interesting i think and it's one place neither pleasure of visiting in one of my TV programmes is this place it's called Chaco Canyon which is in the southwestern United States very close to the Mexican border there was a civilization here a thousand years ago but built structures like this enormous castles and houses in the desert you see the ruins you tend to think of I tended to think in a cliched way about that the Native Americans on the plains you know riding horses and you get an impression of what they're like from western films cowboys and Indians films actually many of these civilizations are extremely sophisticated and built these giant structures they're still there in the desert this is in New Mexico Chaco Canyon and these people this is a picture of me of course but what's fascinating is not me but this here because these people saw that explosion in 1054 we strongly believe and this is a painting of the explosion the supernova now this was six thousand light years away which is a lot star a long way away from us this is a drawing of the crescent moon this is a drawing of a new star that appeared glowing as brightly as the moon and it's thought that this handprint points along you see it's an overhang of the rock points to a place in the sky and with modern computer simulations you can wind the sky back to see what it would have looked like on that July 4th 1054 ad when the supernova happened and you find that indeed that supernova would have happened next to the moon in exactly that place at that point in the sky it would have blown as brightly shone as brightly as the moon and the moon was in that shape that present so it's a beautiful piece of detective work that tells us that these people the thousand years ago observed a new star shining brightly in the sky two weeks Krabbe supernova explosion so when you put all that together what do you get well so we've got lots of distant galaxies we know far they are away we know how fast they're receding we find is something called the hubble law and it's basically very simple it says that the further a galaxy is away the faster its flying away from us now how are we to interpret that I mean you might naively say well does that mean we're somehow at the center of the universe and everything's flying away well no actually if you think a little bit more if you think for example about baking bread if you get a lump of dough and put raisins in it and stick it in the oven then the bread expands so all the raisins move away from every other raisin if you sat on one raisin what you would see is the hubble law exactly the hubble law you see the ones close to you moving away more slowly the ones further away moving away quicker because the bread is all stretching all of space is stretching at a constant rate so you get this fascinating law which is exactly what we observe and I wanted to give you the number because it's a very interesting number I gave a lecture I don't have any of you know The Hitchhiker's Guide to the galaxy don't even know that Douglas Adams yeah you do brilliant very good if you don't know it you should read it it's a wonderful funny hilarious book in Hitchhiker's Guide to the galaxy is a very famous number which is the answer to like to the universe and everything and it is the number 42 it's been famous for years it's a everyone who knows Douglas Adams knows the number it does actually turn out remarkably the Hubble constant can be written like this 42 miles per second for three million light years what does that mean it means that for every 3 million light years you go away from the earth then things well if you go three million light years from Earth to like just step three million light years away then on average things will be moving away 42 miles a second it's pretty slow actually there you go six million light years things will be moving away at 84 miles a second and so on so every 3 million light years step you take you add another 42 miles per second to the recession velocity of things now there's something else which is actually an exercise you can do if you like doing a bit of maths and Max I think is fun eventually not always but eventually and what you look here is you see this is the distance right in miles I've written in miles so that I could have 42 there but you could turn it 2 kilometers easily enough so that's a distance that's a distance 3 million light years you could write that down in miles or kilometers as well it's an easy thing to do you just type into your calculator you can do it kilometers kilometers cancel out so the Hubble constant is actually the unit's two double constant a 1 over seconds right because these go a distance goes away with distance you've got 1 over seconds so that implies that maybe you could flip it over right you could say well so what if that's 1 over seconds and I flip it over to 1 over the Hubble constant I get a time what's that time well that time turns out to be the age of the universe so you can do it really simply convert light-years to miles or convert miles to kilometers and light-years to kilometers cancel them out flip it over you get a number and the number is well with the most accurate modelling we've got today that one you will find that you get something that's of order 14 billion years if you do that some very simple sum to do actually this is the most accurate I think it's remarkable the most accurate determination of the age of the universe we have at the moment 13.73 plus or minus not point 1 2 billion years that's a remarkable measurement isn't it that's the age of our universe measured by simply looking at the light from the distant galaxies so I encourage you to have a go at that you can do it a piece of research you can do get noble constant work out the age of the universe so that's part of my talk it's the that's how the stuff that I said at the start how we know it we know that the universe was very hot and very dense 13.7 3 billion years ago because we've analyzed the light from the distant galaxies we know it's been expanding and cooling ever since what could we possibly say though about the processes that built the stars and the planets and the galaxies I've said nothing about that we've just measured how fast it expands well there's something else which is very interesting and actually goes back to some research that was done about just 100 metres away from this room actually across the road at the turn of the last century almost exactly 100 years ago a man called Ernest Rutherford who in a little laboratory which is still there over the road if you have time you can go and you can go and look at it after the lecture he discovered the atomic nucleus he was the first person to see that Timms built of a nucleus a small dense nucleus with electrons going around the outside just by doing experiments on the bench top that was the beginning of a journey that we've gone on ever since it's now called particle physics and what we found is that as you go back in time so you start here 13.7 three billion years after the Big Bang and sweep back in time towards the Big Bang what happens well the universe shrinks the universe gets hotter and hotter and hotter and in the footsteps of Rutherford we found it gets simpler and simpler and simpler so remarkably and we don't really know a deep reason for this other than what we've seen the experimentally remarkably when you go back to the first second or the first thousandth of a second or the first millionth of a second after the Big Bang you find that the universe was extremely simple indeed so our picture is that the universe has been expanding and cooling ever since it began and getting more complicated so things like you and me and stars and planets and galaxies these complicated structures that we see out there in the universe are in a sense properties of an old and cold universe right in a sense they've crystallized out but if you sweep back in time the universe well that structure melts away as the universe gets hotter and you find a very simple universe indeed a universe that we can understand to a large extent so the problem the scientific problem in the spirit of richard fineman is to do the following we want to guess about how this structure emerged and then we want to do experiments but one of the experiments back here what we really want to do is build a time machine and sweep back to the first billionth of a second after the Big Bang or before and observe what's happening in the universe we can't do that unfortunately but what we can do is recreate those conditions in a lab the conditions are very hot very dense very energetic space and this is the lab that we do that at it's called the Large Hadron Collider at CERN in Geneva 27 kilometers in circumference it's the biggest scientific experiment ever attempted the biggest scientific experiment ever built and this is in two countries most of this at the bottom of the picture is France the top of it is Switzerland that's Geneva Airport runway if ever you ever been to Geneva you would have landed on that runway there so that's an airport the experiment we built Dwarfs an airport its job is to take the nuclei of hydrogen so the simplest element single protons that make up the atomic nucleus of hydrogen and accelerate them to 99.999999% the speed of light right an immense number that means in more visualizable terms that they go around this 27 kilometer ringing 11,000 times a second and we do that with two beams of protons one we send around one way when we send around the other way and we collide them together in those collisions and by the way we can collide up to 600 million protons together every second in the Large Hadron Collider in every one of those collisions we reproduce the conditions that were present less than a billionth of a second after the universe began and we take pictures of those collisions and it wanted to show you part of one of the great cameras that we built to take these pictures this is the Atlas detector parts of which were built here in Manchester and at when it was being constructed so you can see the kind of insides of it this thing is 40 meters long than 20 meters high but it really is in essence a digital camera the collisions happen somewhere in the middle of this structure which is now full of instrumentation things that take pictures of the collisions and we look we just look and observe so what are we looking for why did we build this immense machine well as of today as of now then this is what we know of the universe so we know today that the universe is built of just these things these are the fundamental building blocks of the universe as of now as the Large Hadron Collider begins to take data and some of them may be familiar this one may be familiar this is the electron so the first subatomic particle to be discovered first fundamental wanting to be discovered the thing that goes around the atomic nucleus to make atoms these two things maybe slightly familiar they're called up and down quarks the proton is made of two up quarks and the down quark and the neutron is made of two downs in and up so those two things in blocks of atomic nucleus and that's what you need to build you and me and the earth and the stars and planets and everything we can see in the sky every galaxy that we can see we think is made of just those the up and the down quarks and the electron and this thing called the neutrino completes the set of these four and it's a kind of unusual particle in a sense you may not have heard of neutrinos actually they're intimately involved in the way that the Sun shines and in fact in the Suns in the process the Sun goes through converting I'd hydrogen into helium it produces copious quantities of these things called neutrinos so many actually they've you hold your thumbnail up now which is about a centimeter square square centimeter there is something like 60 billion neutrinos per second going through your thumbnail from the Sun and from F through every square centimeter of this room you don't feel them because they interact very weakly with normal matter but they're there and they allow the stars to shine so they're important and that's all you need to make a universe as far as we can tell just those four particles for some reason that we don't understand at all nature's it saw fit to make two carbon copies of those as it were now carbon copies you probably don't know anymore because you don't do that you scan things in but have two precise copies of those four particles these are identify khals except they're heavier so this thing is called a muon it's the same as an electron in every way except it's heavier this is a towel same as the electron the muon in every way except the heavier we have no idea why nature chose to do that they don't seem to be any use but we've discovered them so that we have reasonably good evidence that there aren't anymore so that's one of the great mysteries in physics actually why has nature chosen that pattern you only need to sit need seem to need four to build everything nature has got 12 we don't know why that's one of the mysteries but the other mystery we don't know anything about that by the way so we don't really know how to look we just hope that something will crop up someone clever or come up with some kind of theory but there is something much more specific that we're looking for which I can demonstrate with an equate equation and I apologize about putting an equation up and some of you might not like equations this one though is worth looking at because it's incredibly simple in many respects this equation I'm going to put up now describes everything we know about the universe except gravity so everything from the way atomic nuclei work the way that atoms molecules stick together the way that light interacts with atoms and molecules that the radioactive decay the way stars shine at a fundamental level everything we know about the universe at the start of the 21st century is in this equation it might not look simple for you it doesn't look simple to many very often and but if you think about it it's rather amazing that you can write down a piece of mathematics that describes every phenomena we know of in the universe other than gravity in such a simple and beautiful way but there is a problem with it and I'm tempted to say can anyone see what it is but that would be unfair wouldn't it and the problem actually it's not a problem related prediction lies in these last two lines see the first two lines contain symbols which represent all the particles here so all those things are combined in these symbols are the forces of nature electromagnetism all those forces the nuclear forces that stick the nucleus together all described in the first two lines the bottom two lines contain this symbol here which is a Greek letter Phi and that really represents a particle that is not here right so in other words there's a particle in here that's predicted by our best theory of three of the four forces of nature that has not yet been discovered and it may not even exist but it's predicted to exist in the spirit of richard fineman we have to go and look for it and this is one of the key things the LHC does what is it well this thing is called a Higgs field so this thing is called the Higgs particle that you may have heard of it's a particle that predicted to exist in order for our theory to work so it's really you sit down do maths it doesn't work you find a way of fixing up the maths so it describes the things you can see and the only way you're the simplest way we found of doing that is by introducing this new thing what does it do well it gives mass to everything in the universe so if you look at your hand it's made of subatomic particles and they have mass they have substance obviously what we found that fifty years ago now is if you just write in the masses you say electrons got a mess we we weighed it back in 1897 actually let's just put it in our equations turns out that the whole thing fails it doesn't work properly at all it's unable to make predictions it's wrong you can't do it so what was found by a scientist called Peter Higgs is that you can introduce mass in a very interesting way a clever way which actually gets around all these difficulties I think so the equations work and it's really simple actually it's just simply this the universe says Peter Higgs is full of a field called the Higgs field so you might imagine this room is full of something called the Higgs field inside your body there's a Higgs field out to the most distant galaxies in the universe as a Higgs field everything has to pass through it so all the particles in you and now passing through and talking to the Higgs field the way it works is that if you think of a massless particle like light so light to stream of particles flying around the universe they don't talk to the Higgs field that means that they get no mass they stay massless they pass through the universe unimpeded but the electrons and the quarks and everything that makes up your body those things have to talk to the Higgs field they interact with it they get dragged back by in some way so they acquire mass they can't pass through the universe at the speed of light that mechanism which is quite simple it's almost like pulling something through a vat of treacle is actually our best theory of how mass appears in the universe if that's true and it sounds a bit convoluted but if it's true then we have to find these things the Higgs particles that the Large Hadron Collider if it's not true and it may not be because it's only a theory then we know that we will see the origin that the process I suppose which causes mass to enter the universe that's kind of interested in itself because we're saying you are you have substance because of this mechanism but I think the key thing to remember is that this is our theory of three of the four forces of nature so everything that happens in the universe other than gravity at a fundamental level is represented by this theory and it we need to know that mechanism in order to make more progress so that's what makes the LHC exciting and the director of CERN actually said in the press a couple of weeks ago and I think most physicists agree with him that the LHC continues operating as well as it is doing now then we should have an answer to that question within within two years I would say so by the time you're finished in your a-levels and thinking about going to do physics at University then you may be getting to university and learning about how mass enters the universe because of the discoveries at the Large Hadron Collider so in it it's an exciting time to be there I want to just mention one thing which is kind of fun before I move on to the last bit of the talk and occasionally one of the things that CERN is famous for is ludicrous stories that it might destroy Switzerland or something like that even destroy the planet you read it in all kind of bits of press it is utter drivel and it was quite surprising for most scientists because where did that come from I don't I don't know who invented the somo who's Dan Brown or something I don't know but I'm what's interesting is in the spirit of Richard Feynman again and science is not about opinions it's not about arguments from Authority you have to do experiment so you might say well what experiment could you do to work out whether colliding particles that these energies could destroy countries or machines or even planets our universe is what could you possibly do well it's interesting that Nature has been doing this experiment for the whole history of the planet this is the only graph I want to show you but it's a graph of particles called cosmic rays hitting the earth now cosmic rays are constantly hitting the earth there's subatomic particles like the protons in the LHC and they bombard the earth with energies far in excess of anything we can generate at the Large Hadron Collider in fact on this graph all these collisions here these are measured cosmic rays smashing into the atmosphere all of these have energies bigger than the LHC and this is actually a plot called the logarithmic plot so each bit goes up by a factor of 10 so those ones there have an energy well these ones have an energy 100 times those these ones a hundred times those these 100 times those so these up here particles bombarding the earth with energies many millions of times the energies we collide particles with the LHC many more of them have hit the earth in the history of the earth and will ever collide at the LHC and of course the earth is still here so this is a beautiful demonstration its interests in science in itself because we don't know where some of those very high-energy particles come from in space we don't know the mechanism that accelerates them to these immense energies but we do know because we measured them that they bombard the earth all the time of course we know the earth is still here so there's a beautiful experiment to tell us that particle physics is a safe thing to do now in the last couple of minutes I mentioned at the start there are two pillars of our understanding at the universe and one of them quantum mechanics is what I've talked about is the theory of the subatomic particles the theory of everything and I kept saying all the time other than gravity other than gravity the theory of gravity our best theory is Einstein's theory of general relativity was written down in 1915 and I wanted to just talk a couple of minutes about relativity because it's a beautiful piece of science and it's very so important at the moment because there was a beautiful experiment done about two weeks ago now the results were announced which confirmed for the first time with very very very very high precision so the highest precision conformation we've ever had that Einstein was not wrong right is his theory of gravity stood the test of the most precise experiment without ever been able to do and I wanted to just show you a little bit about the results of that experiment they were reported only two weeks ago as an experiment was actually thought of back in the 1960s so some of these scientists have been working for their whole careers 50 years and getting these results out but relativity first is a very beautiful and easy way of describing what it is here's Albert Einstein Einstein was a genius because he thought very simply often in pictures about how the world works and what fascinated him back in the early 20th centuries and in 1905 or so was a result from a Scottish physicist called James quark Clark Maxwell who predicted although he didn't know it really at the time but he predicted that light travels at same speed no matter how you look at it so it's a bit of an odd thing to predict that essentially what I'm saying is if I fly to that spot right now at the speed of light or let's say 75% the speed of light go flying towards that light the light will hit me in the face at the speed of light not twice the speed of light or 1.75 times the light but the speed of light it's very odd thing to predict but that came out of the theoretical physics of the 19th century from experiments electricity and magnetism Einstein was the first person to take that genuinely seriously and say what does it imply well what happens if I say nature does work like that so no matter how I move relative to you we all agree on the speed of light well he came up with a beautiful so-called thought experiment to work that out and I can tell you that in about a minute and it's the house of relativity he thought of this thing called a light clock so imagine that I've got a very strange kind of clock which is just two mirrors sat there like that and my pendulum is light bouncing between the mirrors so we can imagine one tick two ticks one second two seconds three seconds it works as a very accurate clock but remember that we've agreed that we all agree on what the speed of light is no matter how anyone moves around so what happens if I get this clock literally on this stage and I just walk along the stage what do you see right you see the clock ticking but because I'm moving you see something that looks more like that because I started off over there and I walked over here so the light from your perspective bounced along by that in a triangle what does that imply well if it's really true that we both agree on the speed of light we both think is the same then you see my clock run slower than I do why because the light had to travel further to make one tick than it did when it was standing still so that's a prediction it's very strange prediction says that moving clocks run slow time slows down when you move from your perspective watching me move along the stage that turns out to be right it turns out to be true and in fact the factor by which it slows down which is given by this little equation here you can work out using Pythagoras and the reason I show the equation is because you might just be able to see you know the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides you know that you might just be able to see that the squares and the square roots and things in here when you just work it out that's the answer you get that's fascinating because that equation is built into the satellite navigation system so when you get into your car and you set a satellite navigation and off you go then the satellite navigation system works basically by measuring time differences between clocks on satellites and clocks on the ground the satellites are moving relative to the ground and they're high up so gravity's a bit weaker turns out that that means time passes at a different rate how much well Einstein predicted 100 years ago that it would shift by 36,000 nanoseconds per day a nanosecond is a thousand millionth of a second as I sound like very much 36,000 nanoseconds but light travels 30 centimeters in a nanosecond so that means that the satellite navigation system would drift by 36,000 lots of 30 centimeters in its position measurement it's about 10 kilometers so the satellite navigation position would change by 10 kilometers a day if you didn't take account of that which Einstein works out in 1905 by thinking about a light clock with two mirrors beautiful bit of physics and it found its application a century later in satellite navigation what's that got to do with gravity in these measurements well Einstein went on from thinking about moving clocks to thinking about what happens to time and space in the presence of heavy things like planets and stars and he found how his theoretical prediction was that not only does movement bend space and time but heavy things like planets and stars bend space and time as well and he made predictions about what that means it actually means that when you're traveling through space near a planet you feel like you feel a force because you're moving through bent and curved space and time that force is gravity it's a beautifully elegant theory in fact I even wrote that down that's Einstein's theory of general relativity the whole theory of gravity the best theory of gravity we have in one line actually oh this here just tells you how the mass of a planet or a star is distributed and this thing here tells you how space and time curve that's it that's all there is to it and then where the picture is that as things move through this curved space they Bend because they're going through a curved space and that's what we feel as the force of gravity about two weeks ago a fascinating little experiment was completed a thing called gravity probe B it was a spacecraft that orbited around the earth and just measured the curvature of space and time and it did it in a very simple way using little spinning tops called gyroscopes just carried them around the earth Einstein's prediction was that as they went round the earth that gyroscopes would move a bit and they would move a bit because space and time are curved so they wouldn't quite come back to pointing in the same direction every time they went around that movement that little shift was the amount that if you look at the planet Pluto it's like the planet now it's so small you've been demoted if you look at Pluto from the surface of the earth and you look at the disk the angle the angular distance from the top on the bottom so measure the angle looking at the North Pole of Pluto down to the South Pole of Pluto then that's the amount of shift in these little gyroscopes Einstein predicted it in 1915 it was measured two weeks ago and the prediction was in exact accord with the measurement as far as we could tell so Einstein's theory has been tested utterly beautifully and precisely just in the last few weeks and it was in complete accord with its predictions from 1915 beautiful bit of physics so to finish those are the two pillars of our understanding of the universe that we have at the moment we have Einstein's theory very odd theory that space and time are bent by stars and planets and motion slows clocks down it works it's technology it's used in the satellite navigation system and we have quantum mechanics which describes everything else but we're testing it again at the Large Hadron Collider so we've developed this picture of the universe expanding and cooling over 13.7 billion years structure emerging that eventually turned into things like stars and planets and indeed people is there any way that we can go back further than that yeah experimentally I said that we could get back to about a billionth of a second after the universe began with a Large Hadron Collider well it's a finish I just want to show you one picture the last picture I want to show you which is this one which actually you saw you might have seen in this in this in these pictures I've been showing it's this picture here it's a picture of the very early universe which was taken by a satellite called W map it's actually a picture of the universe as it was about 300,000 years after the Big Bang and that's the point at which the universe had expanded and cooled enough for it to become transparent to light so before that time before about 300 thousand years the universe was in some ways like a giant star it was very hot very dense light couldn't travel through it but at that point the universe had expanded and cooled enough that atoms could form and light could travel through it that light has been traveling around the universe 13.7 bill well thirty point four billion years or so and we can capture it and measure it and this is a picture of that light so this is the picture of the most ancient light you can ever see in the universe captured by satellite called W map and it's actually a picture of the different temperature variations in that light so essentially what you see and what was known for many decades was when you looked out into the night sky you saw it glowing with a particular temperature which was the I suppose the the echo of the Big Bang in a sense the universe was once very hot it's been cooling down it still got a temperature to this day but it's very cold but what was found just a few years ago was that if you look at it very closely then you see that it's not all quite the same temperature so there are red bits and yellow bits of green bits and blue bits these are all different temperatures very very tiny variations in temperature very hard to measure but they've been measured what we think those are are the seeds of the galaxies so we think that the beginnings of the formation of galaxies which led to the formation of stars planets and us are encoded in that light the little dense ones the little bits that are slightly higher temperature we're actually and well actually those anyway a different temperature have actually seeded the galaxies but there's something very interesting about this which is what I want to finish on I think the point is that we also have theories that tell us how those little fluctuations formed and their theories about how the universe behaved a million million million million million millionths of a second after it began so-called quantum fluctuations in the very early universe so we now have theories that can take this data and they can we can think about events that may have happened a million million million million million millionths of a second after the Big Bang extrapolate them forward and some of those theories fit this data very well so I think the most remarkable thing for me about science at the turn of the 21st century is that we've not only been able to use it for technological purposes as rod said to be we can build iPhones we can build satellite navigation system we have medical science which has transformed our lives our life expectancy is now not twenty or thirty years but 80 years on 90 years it's remarkable achievements but actually we've also been able to tell the story of the origin and evolution of the universe to some extent yeah we are very very sure that we know what happened from about a millionth of a second after the Big Bang onwards we have a very powerful picture of that there are things that we don't know but we have a quite a strong story about had that happened but we also have hints that we understand what may have happened a million million million million million millionths of a second after the universe began and I think to finish that's a tremendous achievement I showed this picture at the start I like it a lot it's a picture taken by Apollo 17 in 1972 on its way to the moon it was a picture that was taken and it's one of the few pictures it was taken with Antarctica very visible just because of where the moon was when Apollo 17 was on its journey to the moon the earth was tilted and the really beautiful thing I think is that it's a picture of Africa so this is the continent of Africa dominating the image one of the few pictures of Earth where Africa is dominant and I think it's remarkable because if you think about it this is the Rift Valley so this is the cradle of humanity this is where humans came from only began our species began its journey towards homo sapiens the the previous versions of our species they were where the oldest footprints have been found over here in Tanzania there are only just over three million years old so in only three million years we've gone from the first hominid footprints the first upright footprints our ancestors left in the sands of Tanzania to the moon and beyond and to be able to tell a story of the origin and evolution of the universe how have we done that well it's by the scientific method so it's a beautiful powerful thing it tells powerful stories it's not only useful it's I think well it's there it's it's part of being human to wonder about origins evolutions and our fate so with that I will say thank you I hope many of you want to carry on that journey by the way there are a vast number of unanswered questions that we have yet to answer I'm sure some of you will play a part in answering those questions but for now thank you very much I've got em I've actually got I've got a list of some questions here so I wasn't what what we've proposed to do is I would ask your names on this list I think they were kind of selected at random or something then you could perhaps ask the question if you can remember it last time I did this and most people couldn't remember what question they'd asked but I'm hoping you'll be able to remember so the first one was from Jacob woodland from Ripley's and Thomas Church of England Academy so a Jacob if you remember your question which is a very good question how can the universe expand if there is nothing outside of it will they expand forever that's it so it's a brilliant or two questions house and both brilliant questions that the first the answer the first bit what is they're expanding into is that our current theory of space and time is that the space and time itself is the thing that's stretching so if you think you're not really think of the Big Bang that happened in a box and then it's expanding out like it happened in the middle of this room and it's expanding because it's the space itself that was created at the Big Bang and it's the space that's stretching so I know that's very difficult to picture but that's the current best theory we have of what happened so it's it's not that everything's expanding into something it's that the box itself is the thing that's stretching so there's nothing outside it in that sense the second question about will it expand forever we think it will no and it's from measurements like the measurement of the Hubble constant so it's from measurements of how fast are things moving away from each other and it turns out and this is one of the great mysteries that I could have referred to at the end of the talk but someone in this room may solve we don't know how to solve it at the moment it turns out that everything is accelerating in its expansion so literally as you look at the more distant galaxies they're not you might expect that because gravity is an attractive force everything got blown about at the Big Bang and then it was all trying to attracts itself to everything else and so if it's slowing down right and that's where everybody thought I've really just thought well the universe must be it started up in a Big Bang and it must be slowing down but actually it turns out it's accelerating now that implies that it will be around forever and it will continue to expand forever but the mechanism that causes the acceleration is not understood at all we call it dark energy so it's got name it turns out something like 70% of the energy in the universe is taken up in this accelerating expansion but we don't know what it is at all so it's a great question and maybe you can answer it in a few years I hope right and without all that Eve Simpson from replacing Thomas Church we know that's another one from same school Eve it has just been announced that antimatter has been held for a short time will this help the scientists at CERN to understand it is there a connection between antimatter and dark matter so that's a that you may have seen in the India it's a good question again thank you in the papers this week that CERN have managed to capture atoms of antimatter hydrogen now antimatter I should say gets made all the time gets made in these cosmic ray collisions that I mentioned we've been using it for years in particle physics experiments but we've never been able to build atoms of it so get an antiproton and put an anti electron in orbit around the proton and for any length of time so the great advance is that we've worked hard to do that and that's interesting because once you've got hydrogen atoms hydrogen atom is the best understood probably the best understood system in the universe we understand how hard you atoms work with extremely high precision because they're very very simple so by building anti hydrogen atoms we can look in detail at the way the differences in behaviour if there are any differences between matter and antimatter and that's an enormous question because we don't know whether they behave in precisely the same way or whether there are tiny differences we think there may be tiny differences because we need to explain why there isn't really very much antimatter in the universe today when it was probably made well it must have been made in equal amounts of the Big Bang so that's a big question could it be dark matter so dark matter I mentioned dark energy to you the other great question which is a bit more perhaps a bit easier to see that we might get an answer to is that another 25 26 percent of the universe is made up of something called dark matter and it's not the particles that I showed on that picture so actually the stuff that I said here it is is everything that's in the universe I was quite careful to say everything we can see in the universe and there's a lot of stuff we can't see and we don't know what it is and it's something like 96% of the universe so that's kind of a bit embarrassing in a complete theory of the universe some of it we think is in the form of dark matter we don't think we're very sure actually there isn't antimatter because you'd see it bumping into matter and giving out lots of energy and light and we don't see that so we think it might be something else it must be something else and we think there are certain kinds of particles we think we might find at the Large Hadron Collider which are very strong candidates for that so it's not dark matter but it's interesting because we want to see if there are differences in behavior between antimatter and matter so so what about Alex from ously sports college Alex Engram I can't read the other videos really Alex good how many planets do you think well yes we discovered how many planets that's a that's a very fascinating question now because until about what 10 or so years ago we hadn't discovered any planets orbiting distant stars other than the ones in the solar system so because we just couldn't see them but as of today we've discovered well over 500 planets and we've got missions up there now that are looking they're discovering that 500 might be out of date they're discovering 10 20 30 50 a week just that everywhere we look there are planets around distant stars so we we now I think have very good evidence that probably solar systems well almost certainly solar systems are very common so many if not most if not all of the stars you look at out there in the sky probably have planetary systems and actually a few months ago a result was announced where we'd found a planet that could of course the big ones are the easiest to see so you tend to find planets that look a bit like Jupiter and Saturn the big gas giants but actually recently we found an earth like planet which is so so rocky planets a bit bigger than the earth but it's in the zone around the star where you could have liquid water on the surface so it's a planet that's roughly the same composition as Earth probably about the same temperature as Earth so it's potentially the planet that could sustain oceans and water and life and we're beginning to see those everywhere we look in the sky now so I suspect all those what was it thirty thousand million million million stars and the observable universe probably a good fraction of those have many planets orbiting around them so it's exciting time I've got four questions left I've got time for a couple more yeah right and what about a sue will is a teacher question question from echo how do you say vite by Carl high school virtual over right you can't read there soon ah so she's be a bit shocked as teachers we sort tend to find that physics is the area of science that students struggle to engage with immediately and so I was just wondering what it was that grabbed you when inspired you to actually follow physics on as a career rather than what the other sciences is it yeah I mean I wonder what inspires them because I know all you and you guys here presumably here because you at least find physics science interesting and what really inspired me was astronomy and it was particularly it when I was growing up when I was about 12 I think actually there was a series on the BBC by an astronomer Carl Sagan called cosmos which and first of all I would say that the book and the DVDs we can get the DVDs now they're absolutely superb although this thing is is essentially thirty years old it's it's one of if not the best science series I've ever seen there was thirteen of them and you can get them on DVD you can buy the book Sagan was a powerful communicator and what I think captured my imagination most was that he presented Sciences I hope I try to present it not as kind of a rather dry thing that you you know you have a Angela man you sit there and when you do some maths and there you go and then you go and do something more interesting Sciences I've tried to say is the exploration of the universe it is the process of explore in our universe so all those wonderful things that we talking about planets around other stars you know we we're getting to the point now where we're looking for habitable planets around other stars we can do that because of the telescope technology because we can build telescopes go to space technology and the story of our origins and evolution all those things science so I think for me understanding that was the key that it's not it's not about sums and maps it is about doing maths because that's the language of science but it's really about the wider picture is about exploring the universe and then Carl Sagan to this day is the best person I think in terms of expressing that I've ever heard so by cosmos I would say I'll borrow it I'll get your teachers to buy it for you just a couple more questions what about em a benissa a beer from the Darby high school berry and what would you like to have discovered in the next 10 years what would I like to discover discover in the next 10 years I think I mean one of the things I didn't mention so obviously the Higgs particle all this these are on the menu we talked about dark matter and dark energy they be wonderful that one of the massive questions in theoretical physics is why gravity is such a weak force I didn't really mention that but there are four forces of nature three of them which electromagnetism and the strong and weak nuclear forces so they're the forces that stick particles together to make atoms and molecules and those forces are all roughly the same strength give or take a bit but gravity is a million million million million million million times weaker than the other three forces which you can kind of picture because you think about this laser pointer I've got here I can pick it up off the ground even though the earth is trying to pull it down so I can resist and you can resist the force of a planet so the gravitational pull of the earth is tiny compared to the courses that Stickles together right there I can just lift that up so we don't have an explanation for that it's obviously genuinely fundamental that it could just be that's the way it is but it seems odd that three of the four forces are all pretty much the same we can describe them in the same framework but gravity is is as I mentioned their best theory of it which works is is a theory from 1915 and it works with incredible precision so so there's probably something very interesting about gravity and I'd love to see an answer to that but it's about it one more question because I think we ran out of time and it's another one from the unless someone has a random question oh it does anyone have a random quote yeah yeah you had your first hand your random question I didn't say that anyway yeah it's a very good question and because so the I think what science does is you you observe the universe and the things you can explain you explain and the things you can't explain as Fineman I said at the start you try to devise an experiment to look at the theory to try and make progress so that for me is what science is so at the moment and we don't have an answer to a question such as a simple question why did the universe begin right why wait there's no answer to we don't have an answer to that at the moment so I personally am NOT one of those people that sees some enormous conflict between and to put it in your words religion and science right there's a conflict the conflicts arise if you say things like and I think the earth is 6,000 years old right well so that we have I was going to say strong extremely strong evidence we know how old the earth is very precisely from measurements we can make on it the four and a half billion years or so and when we know that we know all the universes rather accurately and but I don't think that that's in any way precludes any kind of faith or religious belief about the way that it's perfectly jitan it so I think there's some structure in place that allows all this wonderful stuff to happen and so I think anyone who says as the conflict is really misunderstanding both is my view right I think that's probably time Prince som thank you again a real pleasure thank you I'm sure you really enjoyed that I won't try and sum up myself but what we were following and what people were saying on Twitter actually about this lecture because people have been talking about it all around the world and as I said you're really lucky to see it yourself and we did have some technical problems so apologies to people watching on the live webcast there were some problems to begin with and first of all they said professor Cox you're in slow-mo haha he sound like Darth Vader and really good Barry White impression but I did get sorted out fortunately I'm just one of the other things somebody said what an extraordinary lecture no notes where were the Brian Cox's of this world when I was at school and somebody else tweeted I've never seen an audience so quiet Cox rocks um and them and to finish Brian Cox as a legend if only my physics teacher was this sexy so I'm on that note I'm can we all put our hands together a game of Professor Brian Cox
