If renewables like wind and solar energy are
ever going to truly make a difference in the energy game, we’ll need to solve one major
issue — energy storage. There are all kinds of proposed solutions
— from the classic lithium-ion batteries to more ambitious ideas like pumped hydro
and other mechanical batteries. But what if we could store the energy produced by wind
turbines and solar panels… in sand? One energy company in Finland has developed
the world’s first sand battery! But how will this battery impact the day-to-day lives
of people in Finland? Could this breakthrough be the energy storage solution we’ve been
looking for, or is it just another pie in the sky fantasy bound to come crumbling down? Let’s dive in. Energy storage is a bit like Goldilocks and
the three bears. There are solutions that are energy dense, but too expensive. There
are options that are cheaper, but can’t store as much power. That leaves researchers
and companies on the look out for the solution that’s juuust right. Finnish energy company Vatajankoski have made
a major breakthrough in renewable energy storage, and it just might prove to be an utter gamechanger
in the way European families heat their homes. The company calls it the world;s first “sand
battery.” At a power plant in the town of Kankaanpää, sits an enormous silo, 13 feet
(four meters) in diameter and about 22 feet (seven meters) high. But, instead of grain
or food products, this massive tower is filled to the brim with 100 metric tons of sand — that’s
the equivalent weight of about 46 Tesla Model S’s!. The sand is nothing special in and
of itself, standard, low-grade sand typically used in construction, but you might be surprised
at how much potential lives inside something so simple. See, sand has an incredibly high melting point
— above 1700°C (3090°F), which is about how hot the space shuttle gets as it re-enters
earth's atmosphere! For reference, the melting point of iron alloys and the melting
point of steel occur between 2,200-2,500 Fahrenheit (°F) / 1,205-1,370 Celsius (°C). LINK Which
means sand can take quite a bit of heat and still keep its form! But not only can sand quite literally take
the heat, it can hold onto that heat for a very long time. Sand has what’s known as
a of 0.06W/m²·°С, which increases its ability to hold heat for a prolonged time.
A 1-kilogram container of sand will cool from 104 degrees F to 68 degrees F in 5 hours,
30 minutes. Basically, sand can retain heat for extended
periods of time, that’s why beach sand can still feel hot on your bare feet even after
the sun has gone down! Why does all this matter? Well, because heat
is just one form of energy. As we’ve mentioned in past videos, energy can neither be created
or destroyed, it simply changes form. What this Finnish energy company has done
is found a way to harness power generated from renewable sources like wind and solar
and store it as heat in these sand silos! Essentially, electricity from wind and solar
is converted into heat using what’s known as resistive heating. This is a process by
which an electric current passes through a conductive material (the resistor) where the
heat is released. The greater the resistance of electricity encounters, the more heat
is created. LINK Like any other storage systems, when the renewable
sources produce more energy than required, its directed into the sand. Instead of trying
to move electrons from one electrode to theother, or power pumps to send water into a reservoir,
a sand battery uses resistive heating to increase the air temperature, which then gets transferred
into the sand via a heat exchanger. When energy prices are high, the system discharges
heat that then warms water for Vatajankoski’s district heating system. That water then gets
pumped to homes, offices, and even the town’s swimming pool! LINK The current model of the sand battery has
a capacity to store up to 100 kW of heating power in addition to 8 MWh of energy storage!
Right now, the current sand battery provides service for around 10,000 people. But, the company says this is just the initial
phase. Eventually, they plan to build batteries 20 meters across and 10 meters high! This
could increase capacityto roughly 1 GWh, or 1 million kWh. LINK So, at this point you might be asking… why
sand? And that’s a great question. PLAY VIDEO 00:02-00:04 For one thing, the process is incredibly low
cost. Right now, as of 2022, the average price of construction sand in the US is about $10
per metric tone! Compare that to , the average price of battery-grade lithium carbonate which
was estimated at 17,000 U.S. dollars per metric ton in 2021! LINK This also makes the process easily scaleable
— want more heat? Just add more sand! The battery also uses no consumables and runs
fully automated. Polar Night Energy, one of the companies behind the battery, claims the
setup costs are less than $10 per kWh. So how does this stack up to other energy
costs? According to the National Renewable Energy Laboratory’s Cost Projections for
Utility Scale Battery Storage for 2021, the low, mid, and high cost projections for a
4-hour battery system Cost $143/kWh, $198/kWh, and $248/kWh in 2030 and $87/kWh, $149/kWh,
and $248/kWh in 2050. These numbers factor in maintenance costs, lifetimes, and efficiencies. Now, some of these systems are designed to
last longer. The sand battery, in its current state, is rated to last “tens of years.”
A pretty short life cycle. But, with material costs not only incredibly cheap, but also
incredibly abundant, sand batteries do seem to be the more cost effective route. Heating and cooling sand in a “charge cycle”
each day, will do almost nothing to harm the sand, and therefore the sand of a sand battery
won’t degrade like a lithium ion battery that’s rated for between 1200-5000 cycles
depending on the chemisty. Now while the sand has no real lasting effects
charge cycle to cycle, there might be other components that won’t last so long. “Tens
of years” is a pretty vague amount of time. But, consider that a Tesla battery currently
lasts between 21 and 35 years but cost roughly $132/kWh. The truth is though, right now this sand battery
really doesn’t compare to Lithium Ion batteries for a few reasons that we’ll get to in a
minute. But, sand batteries have some other strengths
when compared to other energy production nd storage methods. Right now in Finland, the vast majority of
homes and businesses use electric heat pumps. As of 2018, roughly 70% of newly built small
homes used heat pumps. So, in many ways, Finland is already ahead of the curve in phasing out
gas and oil heaters. As we’ve talked about on this channel, heat pumps are incredibly
efficient, in many ways difficult to beat. Still, during long, grueling winter months,
Finns tend to run their heating systems more often, driving up energy usage as heaters
are working overtime to maintain safe and comfortable temperatures. According to reports, during the cold winter
days, where temperatures can drop well below freezing, peak energy consumption in Finland
reaches about 15,000 MW. But, the available domestic market-based production capacity
is roughly 10,700megawatts, which just doesn’t quite cut it. As it stands, Finland generally
imports alot of its electricity from outside countries. We’ll dive more into that in
a sec. But, suffice it to say, the gruelling winters can put a major strain on energy grids
in the EU. Much of the EU’s power is generated by Natural
Gas, which, compared to coal and oil burning plants is much cleaner — emitting 50% and
30% fewer emission respectively. But, since 2005, natural gas combustion has risen nearly
43%, totalling roughly 505 million metric tons. So while natural gas is a cleaner alternative
to some energy production methods, it’s hardly the cleanest. As the EU plans to reach carbon neutrality
by 2050, the search for cleaner production and storage methods is vital! So, while heat pumps use energy very efficiently,
they still derive most of their energy from the grid, which in Finland is mostly powered
by natural gas. The Sand Battery could provide an emissions
free means of providing heat energy that doesn’t strain the grid! Think about the statewide energy emergency
that hit Texas in 2021, where an unprecedented polar vortex cost residents statewide to lose
power, resulting in hundreds of people losing their lives. While the cause of that particular tragedy
is multifaceted, it could have potentially been resolved in Texans had an alternative
means of generating heat that didn’t require overloading the power grids. A sand battery could store excess energy and
redistribute it even if the entire grid went down. Then there’s the geopolitical element. Right
now, many countries in Europe, including Finland, get much of their gas and electricity from
Russia. As the conflict in Ukraine has proven, that kind of reliance on global superpowers
can create an imbalance of power. Ifcountries like Finland can reduce their reliance on
centralized power (in more ways than one), it could help reduce the number and severity
of conflicts like the on in Ukraine. So, to recap — we have cheaper heat powered
by renewables that doesn’t rely on grid power or carbon emitting sources? Sounds like
a win win. But,of course, we always have to look at the other side. In this case, the sand batteries greatest
shortcoming is that while it is excellent for storing and distributing heat, it’s
not so great as a means of storing electricity. Right now, the process to convert heat back
into electricity is an incredibly inefficient process. So, really, this technology would only serve
as a means of providing heat using clean renewable sources. At least for now. Other companies are exploring the potential
of sand in othe battery applications, but those are still very much in the experimental
phase.. Since it is such a cheap and abundant material with so much potential for storing
heat energy, its worth exploring other applications. But for now, even as a means of storing and
distributing heat, the sand battery holds alot of promise. But what do you think? Could a sand battery
help solve some of our energy storage needs? Where do you think this technology could be
used most? Sound off in the comments below!
