Black Hole In The Milky Way Center Revealed! Million Wonderful People Live Stream

okay hello wonderful person I think I'm life it's been a while it's been a long while I kind of forgot how to run the Stream uh let me see if this works first I'm gonna have to try to listen to myself also I'm using a completely different setup from usual setup so I'm really not used to this but if you do hear me please mention it in the comments also hello and welcome we might be we might be uh learning about some black holes today I don't actually know what's going to happen to be honest all right let me see if uh if the comments mentioned me being alive as in as in can you hear me can you hear me now uh oh okay it wasn't clear let me know if it's too loud and not clear enough actually the clarity it's due to the microphone I'm using this really cheap microphone right now because the other microphone was getting in my face and I couldn't really handle it right now okay so um first let me uh let me just quickly remove myself for one second uh by doing the following and also the following this is what we're going to be watching I mean technically they're going to be streaming this and I'm going to be borrowing their stream and we're going to talk about this and to be absolutely honest I don't have I have no idea what's going to happen I actually have no idea what they're going to be talking about but all of the hints so far suggest that um they might be showing us that image of um black hole Sagittarius A star from the center of our own Galaxy which if true would be mind-blowing but let's uh curb our enthusiasm a little bit and uh let's just wait it starts in a I think it starts in about 10 minutes um and also we're gonna try to just you know chat talk maybe you can ask questions I can answer those questions and even though um so yeah we hit one million there's one million of you wonderful people but this is not the official one million stream it's just part of it we're going to do another stream later on I do need to actually improve my setup a little bit and also a I need to figure out a few things I haven't really done this in like a year now and unfortunately it's been really difficult because of the schedule and because of some things that happened to me um but anyway long story short this is also a charity drive as you can probably see from the chat thingamajigi so any donation will go directly to save the children and I've recently talked to the people from the foundation asking them specifically to try to send all of the money erased here to the kids in Ukraine or the refugees in other countries that are suffering from the War mostly because as you might have seen from one of my posts before I'm basically directly affected by this and uh my roots are in both countries Ukraine and Russia and I feel both guilty and heartbroken and devastated and unfortunately powerless and so I figured you know my power comes from this maybe we can raise money and help them and they were very very positive about the idea of you know sending as much money as possible from this charity drive to kids in Ukraine so everything that you donate goes directly to them and yeah anywho so what else uh we're not going to talk politics though so just you know just throwing it out there no politics unless the politics involve some kind of alien species that are about to discover in the center of our galaxy no we're not going to be doing that because the telescopes participating in this particular event do not have the capability of doing that as I mentioned in a previous video all right let me um let me just put maybe this up let's do some background here so yeah if while we wait I guess if you have any questions that are not too extreme not too personal I'm totally okay answering them uh someone asked me where I currently am I'm not actually in Quebec even though I grew up in Quebec I grew up in Montreal uh I live in South Korea and I've been here for a while and uh this is basically where my family is now and yeah that's the answer to that question okay lots of different aliens and Dyson Sphere comments um uh all right thank you so much for the congratulations I mean technically congratulations goes to you for subscribing for you know keeping in touch for so long so many years some of you have been on the channel for so many years and so you know thank you so much for being part of this um and for listening to me ramble we actually did a very similar stream exactly two years ago on May 15th I think today is May 12th yeah May 15th of 2020 and this was when we did half of that 50 500 000 uh so yeah there we go uh how is South Korea it's pretty good it's hot a little bit steam steamy hot and also there's a pollution issue here but other than that it's pretty good do I suggest studying astrophysics math physics to the highest level um it really I mean it really depends on your purpose in life uh I didn't from from the beginning because I didn't really understand it when I was younger and it took me it took my brain a few years to form enough to actually start understanding physics and math and and so then I did for fun but unless you like it I really wouldn't there is not a lot of let's just say there's not a lot of career opportunities in those particular Fields unless you take them to a different direction such as you know economics or something else but it really depends it depends it depends on a lot of things cool okay let's see what else do we have um [Music] oh here we go do you speak French I do enough I actually haven't spoken French for over 15 years since I left Montreal so if you've ever spoken a language you know that you start forgetting things really quickly and here in South Korea not a lot of people speak French and also most people try to speak to me in English because they're trying to practice English so I kind of forgot a lot do I speak Korean not enough no not enough I speak enough to to order food in the restaurant but that's about it good day from Adelaide good day to you might all right cool what else do we have uh oh awesome someone is from Syria that's that's amazing how old are you two uh when will you ship your shirts to Australia huh wait I actually thought they are shipped to Australia I mean I can get them in South Korea so the shipping part is totally not up to me it's the service known as Teespring that YouTube kind of collaborates with and they've been kind enough to let a lot of YouTubers use their service so so yeah hopefully they do ship to Australia I didn't know they didn't anywho uh do I believe in aliens so this is an awesome question which I cannot answer right now because there are videos coming up in short it depends on what you mean by aliens but extraterrestrial intelligence within our galaxy very likely no no I don't think I don't think so at least not at this time uh there are reasons I have for believing so and I'll talk about them in some of the future videos but statistics are against it and probability is also against it as well um so I maybe in other galaxies far far away but it's let me let me put it this way it's all down to one question and it's all down to evolution of Intelligence on our planet it's a huge spoiler for the video that I'm making but basically if we can ever find super intelligent species in the history of our planet we'll have a better answer of whether you know aliens exist out there that are super intelligent as well we know that a lot of things on our planet evolved several times things like Vision you know uh things like limbs basically anything anything you can think of very likely evolved multiple times so far we have no evidence that's ever happening to Super intelligence such as ours right calling it super intelligence we are pretty dumb in some way but you know the intelligence is able to do complex stuff and that is not something we've seen anywhere in the history of our planet but that it's also hard to find so that is really the question we should be answering before we start looking for aliens out there cool Coca-Cola oh we have four minutes and 38 seconds left before they tell us something um I'm actually kind of curious what the picture is going to look like I'm guessing it's going to be a little bit less higher quality than the one from m87 for reasons I mentioned in the video it's because the motion around the Sagittarius a black hole is so much faster that there's just more blur but they could have figured it out they could have actually solve this uh okay cool cool next next question do you think humans will terraform Mars um not really I I I don't think we are going to be doing that for one simple reason it's just there's no point why would you terraform Mars because you know it's not going to last we might have colonies there but terraforming Mars is just ridiculously complex it's easier to terraform Venus I think we've talked about this last week Venus is way way easier in so many levels and there's so many different techniques we can use Mars is just too small uh someone is asking me to marry them unfortunately I would uh in Canada it's illegal to marry two people and I'm already married so I can't so I'm really about myself I'm very very sorry for that uh very very apologetic uh anyways despite this cheesy comment let's go on okay okay yeah so Solomon mentions animals like dolphins Ravens great apes elephants they are pretty close they are closed another video that I'm working on is actually so there's a genetic component and there's a an actual neuronal component to the differences in intelligence between humans and everything else on the planet and that is actually what makes us so unique even if we compare ourselves to dolphins Ravens a lot of really complex animals there is actually something in our neurons and the way that neurons connect in our brain that makes us absolutely like on a completely different level so as you probably know I have a three-year-old son and just watching him learn and interact blows my mind every day he's already um more intelligent than any other species on the planet except for humans more intelligent humans but he's Rich that when he was only about a year and a half he became more intelligent than your typical dog dolphin Raven he was able to solve complex tasks but he was still growing and his brain was still developing and you know after 10 years 15 years we still keep growing our brain skip developing to the point where we do actually reach these really complex um connections inside able to generate ideas that no other animal is even capable of and so very recently there was a study that discovered that animals like octopi oh no sorry it's octopuses I think that's the proper way of saying it anyway uh octopuses they they're able to form cultures simple cultures where they kind of live together collaborate compete do things that have little miniature like talents basically there's a couple of them found in Australia and and the thing is that's the highest complexity they'll ever get at least at the moment their brains are just not capable of doing more and even there they're kind of primitive in a sense humans are way way above that the human culture is just insane okay cool um next question or next comment or we have one minute 23 seconds so oh by the way when this starts I'm probably going to just you know stop talking and remove myself from from the picture uh also as you can probably hear my voice is not oh there I have allergies it's a allergy season and we're gonna listen to what they're announcing I'm actually super curious to see what they're going to be saying once in a while I'll probably come back and do a few comments follow-ups and and then we'll see what they show us now the the preview here is already hinting that it's going to be a black hole and I'm guessing that's maybe even the part of the picture but um we don't know we don't know maybe they'll show us nothing they'll say oh wait there's actually nothing there and sorry oops have a good day anyway do you think if aliens showed up they will be friendly or harvest the planet I mean I mean I don't think they'll show up I really don't think they'll show up I don't think there's a point what's the point of coming to this planet first of all and uh if they do show up and it's a big if um chances are it's going to be some kind of a scientific Mission like what we would do and it would be just super curious asking a lot of questions there's really no point of there's really no point uh suggesting that they would be hostile it's it's not a hostile species would probably not be traveling across the universe destroying everything it just doesn't really make a lot of sense oh here we go one and hmm okay I hope there's sound oh the galaxy The Milky Way uh I'm hoping oh here we go okay that was a little bit too loud um okay I'm gonna while we're watching this someone was asking me about James web telescope how far so this is from guyos Calder Smith how far uh do I think you'll be seeing and if it's going to bridge the gap between uh different models of physics to be honest in terms of distance it's going to be really really far like signif okay I'll come back to this in a second European Southern Observatory or ESO for short thank you to everyone watching us online as well today we'll be hearing from The Event Horizon telescope collaboration about their newest results so please do switch off your mobile phones to hear them I'm Barbara Ferreira I'm the media manager at ezo and since we don't have much time until the main results go live in multiple press conferences around the world I'll quickly present the format of today's event first we will hear from ezo's director General Xavier vargons and then from lead Event Horizon collaboration scientists about the main research we'll then open the fourth floor for questions from journalists only be it those here in the room or those watching remotely I will now hand over to Xavier to open the proceedings okay so I'm going to be here in the background so if you have questions to ask thank you good afternoon warm welcome to ISO to everyone it's really great pleasure to be here today hosting the members of The Event Horizon telescope collaboration as they prepare to announce their most anticipated results following the unveiling of the first image of a black hole back in 2019 today we're going to see something really new exciting extraordinary at the center of our galaxy for the first time we've been so close to it many times before ESO facilities like the very large telescope and the VLT interferometer in addition to the telescopes in the U.S have observed Stars moving around the compact invisible objects at the heart of the Milky Way and for sure the iso extremely large telescope will continue doing this in the future towards the end of the decade the movements of these stars have been tracked for decades using specially crafted instrumentations these measurements offered the best and very solid evidence so far that these Stars can only be orbiting a supermassive black hole Ronald gansell who is with us today thank you very much for joining us was awarded the Nobel Prize back in 2020 together with Andrea giz in the U.S for exactly this discovery but we are yet to see direct Visual Evidence of this compact objects with astronomers call Sagittarius A star this extraordinary results would not have been possible to achieve by one single facility or even by the national astronomical community of a single country it took eight radio observatories around the world and that Network that network has already expanded to 11 today many built funded operated and supported through International organizations across many countries around the world among those Alma and Apex in the Atacama Desert of Chile which are co-owned and cooperated by ESO as well as European facilities like the Iran 30 meter telescope in Pico villetta and the noema array in the French Alps it also involves an international team of about 300 scientists plus many others supporting them like engineers and many more people and all together it shows what we can achieve when we cooperate when we work together this is very important to remember in the times that we are living in where the world is not running in that direction unfortunately Issa was founded 60 years ago precisely to Foster International cooperation in astronomy so we can jointly tackle uh the biggest open questions in the universe and indeed a key motivation for ESO to put this telescopes in the southern hemisphere was to enable science to be done around the center of the Milky Way so this is why it's such a big pleasure today to be here hosting this event together with me I have two of the leading figures of the collaboration the EHT Project Director hope fund Lang felde Chief scientist at Jive and also professor at Leiden University and the funding chair of the EHT board and consensus director of The Box plan Institute for red astronomy in Bonn Anton will later be telling us about the European facilities involved in the EHT and now Hub will now present the main result so over to you thank you very much [Applause] thank you thank you when I entered the field of radio astronomy as a student I was told about this Enigma this mysterious radio Source Sega star at the heart of our galaxy I observed it at long wavelengths and there it appears to be blurred it's very exciting here today to show you today this best ever image of that enigma Sergio star I will do that by with my team or with the team but I would first like to remind you that the team is much bigger than fits in this audience in fact it's bigger than fits in the auditoria around the world where this press event is taking place simultaneously we are over 300 people on these papers and only very few of us get to be staged here today to share the result with you um to share the result we will be flying into the heart of the Galaxy some 27 000 light years away from us we will do that in 45 seconds that's a violation of Einstein right away but maybe that's probably the only violation of Einstein so we start out from the planes of uh of Chile Where the alma telescope is located and we're going to zoom in to Sagittarius the Archer which is high in the sky above the northern Chile and we will go and zoom in first in the optical but we have to switch to the infrared because there we can penetrate all the way into the Galaxy we leave tens of millions of stars behind and we get to the place where stars are in orbit about around the dark spot and when we switched into our radio eyes and we use a network of telescopes to resolve further and further I can present to you the image of sejastar black hole at the galactic center [Applause] that is awesome I almost forgot to turn on myself for a second that is insane okay so now I will now introduce my team hmm oh this is the first image the super massive black hole at the heart of our Milky Way galaxy Sagittarius A star for decades we have known about a compact object that is at the heart of our galaxy that is four million times more massive than our sun today right this moment we have direct evidence that this object is a black hole the black hole resides inside the dark region at the center of this image where its gravitational pull is so strong the light cannot escape and only Darkness remains we call this region the shadow of the black hole this region is surrounded by very hot gas swirling around the black hole this gas emits radio waves we observe with the Event Horizon telescope these radio waves create the glow we observe around the shadow of the black hole from our image we measure the size of the shadow of Sagittarius A star to be 52 micro Arc seconds on the sky this is about the size of a donut on the surface of the Moon as seen from Earth in reality Sagittarius A star is about as big as the orbit of mercury around the Sun but at a distance of 27 000 light years because the size of a black hole Shadow is proportional to its mass our image tells us that the mass of Sagittarius A star is 4 million times greater than that of our sun it is really incredible that this prediction from Einstein's theory of general relativity matches the mass measured by the Nobel prize-winning studies of Stellar orbits in our galactic center today's image might look familiar to some of you we were all amazed that the image of Sagittarius A star looked so similar to that of the famous black hole in the m87 galaxy an image our team revealed back in 2019 however Sagittarius A star is over 1 000 times less massive than m87 star if Sagittarius A star were the size of this donut right here tiny m87 star would be the size of the alliance Arena the Munich football stadium just a few kilometers from where we are today on top of that Sagittarius star consumes gas at a much slower rate than m87 star and these two black holes also reside in completely different environments Sagittarius A star resides at the center of our small spiral galaxy whereas a m87 star resides at the center of a giant elliptical galaxy and injects a powerful jet of plasma despite all these differences the images of these two black holes look very similar why is that this similarity reveals to us a key aspect of black holes no matter their size or the environment they live in once you arrive at the edge of a black hole gravity takes over the journey to the edge of Sagittarius star spanned Decades of Technical and scientific developments and I will pass it on to my colleague Thomas to tell you all about our adventure thank you very much thank you Sarah Imaging a distant black hole would not have been possible without a big telescope of very high magnifying power or angular resolution as we astronomers call it to achieve this astronomers combine radio telescopes located around the globe to create a super telescope which has the size of the Earth this technique is called very long baseline interferometry or short vbi while the Earth is rotating all telescopes observe the same astronomical objects for several hours at each telescope the data are recorded on hard disks and are accurately time tagged by precise atomic clocks after observations the data are shipped to processing centers where they are combined in supercomputers these supercomputers are called correlators after a number of quite complex data analysis steps this results in the high resolution image of the radio source it took more than 25 years to optimize this observing technique and make it work also in the short wavelengths one millimeter band where the angular resolution is highest it required the development of quite complex and very technically challenging techniques and data acquisitions so that the wider observing bandwidths was could be used to achieve this better sensitivity this sensitivity is really needed for the accurate Imaging of the faint Event Horizon scale structures which we are now seeing in Sagittarius A star a decade of pilot studies paved the way in Europe and in the US for the formation of the Event Horizon telescope the EHT is a vlbi network of telescopes which combines radials waves at 1.3 millimeter wavelengths this wavelength is short enough to see this rolling matter around the black hole during the Sagittarius observations in 2017 the HD combined eight telescopes since then the network has already grown to 11 nowadays the radio telescopes of the EHT are located at particularly High sides to minimize the influence on the of the atmosphere and the water vapor on the observations examples are the I mind Apex telescope in the dry Atacama Desert in Chile the Iram 30 meter telescope in the Sierra Nevada close to Granada in Spain and the nueama interformator in the franchise EHT achieves an angular resolution which is sufficient for the Imaging of such distant black holes and also sufficient for the matter surrounding these black holes to give you an idea the HT can see three million times sharper than the human eye so when you are sitting in a Munich Beer Garden for example one could see the bubbles in a glass of beer in New York Sagittarius A star was observed by the EHT in five observing runs during April 5-11 in 2017. these telescopes also included for example special places like the South Pole the telescopes recorded a total of 6 000 terabyte of data which were then shipped to the two correlator centers one being in Max Planck Institute for radio astronomy in one and the other one at MIT Haystack in Massachusetts close to Boston in the U.S the amount of processed data is really very very huge it would basically if you would print this data on A4 paper the stack paper stack would reach the Moon of course we are not going to waste such much paper after correlation the calibration and sophisticated data analysis took several years and required the development of many many new tools by the members of the EHT collaboration in this development we also honor the substantial contribution of very many young scientists who just start their careers now for the details of this amazing Imaging process I would like to refer to my colleague and the next speaker Jose Luis [Applause] thank you Thomas thank you very much yes as Michael League Thomas mentioned the the EHT is like a giant earth-sized telescope but it doesn't work like a regular telescope instead the radio telescopes of the EHT work in Paris with each pair collecting the information required to to obtain an image as the Earth rotates the separation in orientation between between telescope changes providing this extra data that we need with the eight radio telescopes of the EHT we have enough information to obtain an image making the EHT the only existing instrument Humanity has to image supermassive black holes however significantly more challenging than a medicine oh my God it was really a lot harder or line outside to the galactic center is obscured by matter which scattered radio waves coming from the region around the black hole but most importantly as shown in these computer animations the gas in these two black holes moves at the same speed nearly as fast at the speed of light but side J star is over one thousand times smaller than m87 this means that the the time that the gas takes to orbit the side J is only just few minutes while it takes days two weeks to orbit the larger m87 this means that the gas around such a was actually changing while we were observing it it was like trying to take a clear picture of a running child at night so you would imagine how difficult a how crazy it drove us for many years so we HD scientists has developed sophisticated new tools to account for this real rapid movement of guys around suggestion tens of millions of images of synthetic data created to best resemble that of such a star have been produced in supercomputers around the world to refine all algorithms like searching for the best lens in filter to get the sharpest ever image in your camera the EHT collaboration has produced thousands of images of such a star using classical methods in each detailered new algorithms for Imaging interferometric data as shown in these images each one of these images is slightly different but by operating these images together we are able to emphasize the common features finally revealing the giant Larkin at the center of our galaxy for the first time but it is important to note that not all images look alike we found that we can't this class these images into four different categories the vast majority of them are contained in three clusters with only ring images that only has some changes in the brand new distribution around the ring and only just a minor minor cluster with images that just doesn't look quite like like green images through literally years of exhaustive taste we are now confident to Heart culture the first image of the black hole in our galactic center now holds the record previously set by m87 of the most thoroughly weighted interferometric image that has ever been made a detailed analysis of the images as well as a substitute modeling of the interferometric data has revealed that all share exactly the same ring size precisely measured to be 52 microseconds in perfect agreement with the size predicted by prior's observations in theory of course we are thrilled today to show the first image of the black hole in our galaxy Center these together with the previously released of m87 image a fulfills the initial Visionary goal of the EHT but this actually only marks the beginning of an amazing area in the study of black holes the ongoing expansion of the EHT at the significant technological upgrades we will allow scientists of the year of the EHT to release even more amazing images and of course movies or black holes in the future and now to learn what this image tell us about the black hole itself I pass it on to my colleague Christian thank you [Applause] thank you Jose to interpret the image and to learn more about black holes we perform detailed models how the gas and the light behaves in a direct vicinity of black holes our models have four ingredients the black hole magnetic fields gas circulating the black hole and the light emitted by the gas which is finally collected by the telescopes of the EHT astrophysical black holes can be fully described by their mass and their rotation black holes can spin either in the same direction as the gas or in the opposite direction for the model or for the image and the source in the galactic center we know the mass estimate very good from Stars orbiting it however the spin of the black hole in the galactic center is rather unknown in our models we let Mars and matter fall towards the black hole and this matter forms a disc around it the gas in the disc is circulating the black hole and heats up while the gas is heating up it starts glowing so thus in the EHT image we see the glow of the in-falling and out falling material similar to the black hole spin we don't know exactly what is the orientation of the black hole towards the Earth and changes in the orientation lead to different image structure and different positions of the bright spot around the ring therefore our modeling needs to cover a large range of possible spins and inclinations therefore we build the largest and most detailed image library for black holes ever for this purpose we use supercomputers around the globe spending billions of CPU hours creating petabytes of data finally we have obtained millions of black hole images and we compared them not only to the EHT data but also to historical and complementary data our best bet model which is playing now shows a lot of fine details you can see these fine arcs going around the black hole however when we consider the resolution of the Event Horizon telescope as my colleagues explained These Fine features are blurred out and you will see this soon this will switch on to the Blurred image so now you see the transition to the blurring now the fine features are gone this is the resolution of the Event Horizon telescope what we found is that the black hole in the galactic center is rotating and it's seen face on the implications of our modeling with respect to theory of gravities will be explained by my colleague Maria Felicia thank you [Applause] supermassively call can be studied in ways that are not possible for other source making it a unique laboratory for exploring the sophistics of black hole and testing prediction of Einstein General activity we relax at the assumption that surgery starts with massively call is described by Einstein theory and quantify possible deviation our finding from these new measurement of suggestar provide further evidence that astrophysical supermassive black hole independent of dermas are described by solution of Einstein theory for such a star as we found for m87 the infrared sides of the black hole Shadow is consistent with the prediction of General activity within the 10 percent this consistency is in spite of the fact that sajisar and m87 are feeding on matter at dramatically different rates with such a star are creating 1 million times less matter so our conclusion indicate that Einstein theory is still holding strong and in addition of what was observed for m87 now we have the most compelling evidence to date that the supermassive compact object at center of our galaxy is a black hole and that it is in no likely described by Einstein theory we know black hole and in particular the vicinity of the winterizone are becoming an observational test bed for gravitational physics this environment offers us the unique opportunity to determine where and now Einstein theory breakdown and if it does of course will transform our understanding of gravity and the property of space and time we know very well that the idea of testing Einstein theory using our galactic center black hole is not new but the result we have shared today represent an important step forward so I'm delighted to be able to say that we have finally imaged the supermassively call at Heart of our galaxy these measurements have opened a new window onto studying black coal and they roll their Central role in our universe the years ahead of course we transform our understanding of black coal and the fundamental nature of gravity so stay tuned because the best is yet to come now I will end over to my colleague Ando Anton who will give the closing remark thank you [Applause] good afternoon this is it this is a big no it is a huge moment for everyone in the event horizon telescope collaboration it's the next level and I'm proud of everyone of our entire worldwide team they have worked so hard for this latest breakthrough you are the first to see our image of the black hole in the center of our galaxy as close As It Gets Imagine This we have combined the world's greatest radio telescopes into one earth-sized camera to be honest after doing this for 40 years I'm still astonished each time we pull this off let's shine a spotlight on the European facilities within the EHT and we begin with the Alma Observatory the Atacama large millimeter array at 5000 meters altitude in the Chilean desert this was our game changer its sensitivity because of its huge collecting area was the difference in measuring the weakest signals and the 30 meter antenna in Spain of Iran this has been our Flagship for over two decades it is essential for making the sharpest image Apex the Atacama Pathfinder experiment in Chile near Alma is a is invaluable for precisely calibrating our signals and the noema the northern extended millimeter array in the French Alps with this huge collecting area and super sensitive receivers has given a further boost to the EHT and a supercomputer our correlator is a hub for the processing of the enormous data sets that are required to then extract our images these facilities which include the three largest antennas within the EHT and the support from our funders and yes that's us the taxpayers our sustainable foundation for the continued success of the EHT and we acknowledge the support of the national funding agencies of the European research Council and of the commission now that said in its DNA and by our design the EHT is a truly Global Enterprise well over 300 scientists from over 20 countries and add to that telescope designers Builders Engineers technicians and staff their contributions are what the scientific collaboration depends on 2019 a little over a century after Albert Einstein revealed his theory of relativity and after Decades of pioneering Preparatory work we presented the first image of a supermassive black hole in the center of the Galaxy m87 Nobel prize winning measurements by Andrea guess and reinert gensel and was so happy I know that you're with us with their teams they showed that there must be such a black hole in our galaxy and we made this black hole visible for the first time and it confirms their conclusions so what about Einstein would he smile seeing all this hundreds of scientists still not having proven him wrong I rather think that he would be ecstatic seeing all the experimental possibilities we have in this field today so mission accomplished yes but there's so much more to do we now want to go on make movies we want to study magnetic fields we want to look at the Jets in galaxies and yes we want to tackle gravitation Theory again new antennas in the EHT like noema and the African millimeter telescope and ever improving technology will enable to do to do will enable us to do that and much more So today we're celebrating the first image of the supermassive black hole in our galaxy and we're talking about what it tells us and why that matters and tomorrow we'll be back at work unraveling the mysteries of black holes in the universe thank you all for being with us today and now over to your questions foreign thank you to our speakers for sharing this remarkable result with us before I open the floor for questions from journalists I'd like to remind everyone that we have extensive press material including images and videos on eso.org for those of you watching online please stay tuned because at 4 30 we have a q a panel where members of the public will be able to ask questions to EHT experts but on to questions from the media if you are a journalist here in the room please raise your hand take your mask when asking a question and speak very closely to the microphone otherwise we cannot hear you properly on the Stream do identify yourself whom you're reporting for and whom the question is for and then we will answer questions from members of the media watching remotely who have sent in plenty of questions already a little later so do we have any questions in the room from journalists or media participants all right if not we can start oh okay hi um so I'm Teresa I'm actually a PhD student here at easel and I do science Communication online through social media so thank you very much for this amazing result um I would like to ask because we've talked a lot or it's been said a lot that m87 has an active black hole whereas our black hole is maybe not accreting as much material so when we just look at the image they seem to be equally bright of course there's the distance difference but what exactly is the material we're seeing there do we have an idea about accretion rates um so what is the difference between m87 and such a in that regard so as you already heard it's the difference is the Central Mass already so the galactic center has roughly a mass of 4 million solar masses as Professor gensel showed us already and m87 has billions of solar masses the other difference that you may have noticed on my animations or from images of m87 is a powerful jet that is generated in m87 for the galactic center we see it as I showed you face on so the jet if it's existing is pointing towards us it's very dilute so we can't at the moment image it and I would refer them to my colleagues to explain you a bit what we need to finally detect it and I think these are the the three major differences it's the mass it's the jet that's existing and as all you as already you said it's a different Mass secretion rate which we have for both systems so maybe one of my colleagues Christian yes um another term obtain the image we need to to have measurements of uh with antinas at different separations to measure uh features are very small in features that are very large so in order to capture a possible jet in in inside J star and to actually capture the the jet that we do know exists in mh7 we need to have a measurements of telescopes with short separation to see these larger scales we lacked that that information during 2017 observations and this is why we did not see the the jet in the m87 and we have not seen any jet inside jsr we do have new antennas in the observations that followed 2017 2017 campaign and we do expect to see the jet in m87 it is still unclear how bright if there is a jet inside J star but we will be chasing chasing it of course hi thank you so much this was very exciting for me my name is Camila I am with the Brazilian podcast and I wanted to ask if the collaboration has other Targets in mind already anything like plan to to observe in the future foreign yes of course we have other Targets in mind I mean during this observing runs we not only observed m87 Sagittarius A star but we observed also a number of AGN some of which are very close by and data analysis of this is still ongoing but give you a warning since they are so distant uh we will be not able to see this beautiful Shadow like images immediately so it would require more sensitivity to really look at the very closest objects and we're at the moment serving in the sky to find these thank you I'll take questions online now because the list is piling up so this one is from Hans heckenberg from New Scientist Dutch Edition and it's addressed to Sarah what open questions that we currently have about the structure of black holes can be answered by this image and follow-up images of such a star that's a loaded question um yes so open questions that we can answer um I think Kristen's portion of the of the presentation summarized really well uh the major things we found out about Saj star which is one of the unknowns was is the black hole spinning which we have the answer to that yes it is and which what is the orientation of the black hole with respect to us which we also did not know before and now we have we're fairly confident that it is pointed more or less towards us so face on um so um these properties the this knowledge of of the you know fundamental properties of the black hole will help us study uh the astrophysics of the black hole in more detail later on and also how we interpret the images the spin and inclination have very important roles in how the image looks and how we interpret the astrophysics we can learn from it future observations of Saturday star of course are current observations from 2017 also have polarization information which we are planning to start working on like Anton said tomorrow that will tell us information about magnetic fields around the black hole and and magnetic fields can tell us about how the black hole eats gas and ejects possibly a jet or outflow so as Coastal said we still don't know if such a star has a jet some of the models seem to hint towards that direction but magnetic fields learning their configuration how they look around the Ring of sadio star will help us answer these questions very soon thank you uh okay I'll continue with the online question so we have from David Castile reporting for nature this is addressed to any of you how does the measured angular size compare with the mass of 4.15 million solar masses measured by genzel's group would like to take that one Maria Felicia was very important to have the measurement data stromatic astrometric measurement it was because what we found that our decides of our ring of the Shadow is consistent with that mass as Sarah said before now that the size is proportional to the mass and to the distance for us was important this and okay thank you all right we'll continue with the online questions so from Sanya fan cart reporting for Wolfgang magazine in Vienna also addressed to any of you what are the difficulties when observing and analyzing Sagittarius A star maybe more foreign 1000 times smaller than this and then we had to to try to find a way in which we can't um overcome these extreme changes in the emission that we are we were observing as as we were explaining before in order to capture an image of of the black hole we need to to uh to take a very long exposure in snapshot we are observing these sources for eight to ten hours and the basic principle of the the technique that we are using is that during those 10 to 8 hours your object is not changing and this is exactly what you know refuses to do so in order to that we have created these new tools that allow us to get a little bit Bluer image adding a little bit of extra noise to compensate this variability so that even though the image may be a little bit blur than the image we got from uh from m87 we do capture them the main features the the most Salient nature of of the of the black hole and this is the ring structure and all these images that we we were showing before they all shared the same ring size what we were not able to capture is what is you know the the Brian brightest emission around the ring and this is because it's changing so we are getting these different images all consistent with a ring 52 microseconds but the mission around the ring changes when we make slight changes in in our in our in the way we make the images like we change a little bit the lens so we change a little bit the filter and then the image looks a little bit different but the main image is there and all these analysis is what took us more than two years from three 300 people in the collaboration from doing the Imaging from doing the analysis and Etc first I'll continue with we have one from Philip or gorzelski from TVP naoka this is addressed to any of you again how much matter is being absorbed by the black hole in the center of the Milky Way Christian I'm not exactly sure what he means by absorbed but decoration rate yeah so actually these these black holes in the in the galactic center is secreting very very less matter they are basically this black hole is basically starving the accretion rate is extremely low and yeah the creation rate is extremely low maybe Sarah surgery for that we had to we calculated this for a fun EHT Twitter poll that we had so if you were to have the same um the same diet as Sagittarius A star scaled to your mass you would eat one grain of rice every million years no all right we have a question from Antonio Peters reporting for astronomia.com how much did the telescopes that recently joined the HD collaboration improve the results from the previous observations in terms of resolution and sensitivity will we be able to increase the apparent aperture by using space telescopes in the foreseeable future be perhaps for Thomas well first of course this image which we created now has the same configuration so the 2017 data of m87 and Sagittarius A star based on the same telescope configuration um in 2018 and and following observations we have added more telescopes now we have 11 telescopes so we fill the UV plane much better that means we can much better make a synthetic telescope and the participation of noema and also of kid Peak for example provided additional Baseline sensitivity we also expanded the recording rates and doubled the observing bandwidths so all this lets us hope that in 2020 2022 where we just observed The Source again a couple of weeks ago we will get a much better image thank you okay we have one from Dave adelian reporting for earthsky.org and I think Christian would probably be able to answer that one when the orientation of Sagittarius A star is said to be face on does that mean one of the black hole poles is directed towards Earth do we know how fast Sagittarius star processes and what is the nature of the particles ejected okay so let me start first so we found that it's face on so this is correct that one of the spin access is pointing more or less towards us the other part was about the material or the emission actually that we see and what we model is synchrotron radiation so you have particles mainly electrons guy rating magnetic fields and while they gyrate the magnetic fields they emit emission and this emission is synchrotron and this is what we actually see and there was a third part could you please repeat this so it was the processes added it was yes so precession I think what you mean is spin so what we have actually is we have some kind of best bet models so we have not found an exact model which could explain everything so we have a best bad models and best bet regions and there we could say that it's spinning and it's spinning in a in the same direction as the gas orbiting it but the precise number of the spin has to be obtained in upcoming observations thank you okay we continue with the online questions we have one from Roberto peshot reporting for uh Global in Brazil EHD observatories capture radio waves but how do black holes emit this waves and how can we build an image with it who wants to take this one a mission how it produces I already explained that's the simpleton radiation so basically you treat gas which is electrons stay great produce the emission and for the details of how we actually detect this and so on I would refer to one of my colleagues working on data processing and imaging Thomas and the most important part of course is is to is to get an image uh as we were explaining before the HTS it doesn't work like a regular telescope so we cannot build a telescope the size of the Earth obviously we cannot do this but what we do is is we have these different telescopes that act like the segments of this huge telescope and then we Collide the signal from all of them and and and created the synthesize the the virtual telescope on a computer uh once we do this and and then it is it is possible to to have it basically like the Earth's side telescope and get an image like you will get an image with uh with with your mobile phone but it is significantly more complex you have to do a you have to make the images also become super computers so it's a process which is extremely complicated but at the end you you are able to to finally obtain the images of this supermassive black holes okay thank you another question online is from Doris reporting for inverse how did you feel when you saw this new result what was the big reason that you felt excited enough with your finding to share it with the world who wants to take this one Sarah uh yeah um so I didn't my PhD research on Sagittarius A star uh trying to chase down this Jet Set is a maybe real maybe a myth and so um I was working on uh images of Sanjay star at a lower frequency than EHT so images that aren't quite a high enough frequency to be able to peer through all the gas and see the Shadow and I was trying to understand where this radio emission comes from near sadistar try to see if we could constrain the inclination of the black hole from my observations and until today I was also the record holder for the best image of such a star so when working on EHT I saw the the image of the Shadow it was a really special moment because I've been working on this source for a long time uh through my PhD and trying to understand its properties and there it was you know staring back at me and I felt you know Shivers and excitement and um you know it was revealed as part of the whole Imaging teams coming together just like for m87 we're all on a zoom call um I was in Japan with a few people at a galactic center conference which was quite funny it was midnight uh Japan time when we had the telecon and we all huddled together and the images and like Jose was leading the telecon images were revealed from all the different teams and everybody saw the spring of the same size and it was such an exciting day and very memorable to finally see this object I've been working uh on for a long time is that how did you want to end I wanted to say one thing to Sarah she's still the record yeah but now I have to share it of course this is all correct but um as a little bit older person I realized how it all started and I think it took now more than 30 years to get the image so we had this idea long ago and at that time when we started observing the first experiments at one millimeter failed horribly and we have to step back to two millimeter before we could do it at one millimeter again and I saw that over the years the techniques have improved so much that's really a very very good feeling to see now that it has worked and that we are now finally able to show that image it's great I'm also very glad that you are able to share it um okay one more question online it comes from Diego Garcia reporting for Canal surtevi this is addressed to Jose because he wants you to answer in Spanish but um someone else could answer in English as well I suppose during this process what have you discovered at a scientific level about Sagittarius A star that was not known before and then there's a second part to that question what are the biggest differences between this image and the one of the black hole in m87 uh okay thank you very much to do I I probably I should I should uh answer this in English for the whole Community uh thanks again for for your question uh yes I think the the most important thing we have learned is that uh first we have the the visual confirmation of the black hole that was predicted a long time ago as my colleague Christian had mentioned in my Felicia and now we have a constraint about how fast this black hole rotates and this is very important because we think that the the rotational black holes provides the energy that powers this huge debt that we see like in in m87 uh and the second part of the question was probably that's so there was one about the differences [Music] okay it's fine sure no it it's fine okay sorry I forgot [Music] and then we were able to test the gravity at a different regime and different scale and we were surprised also that General activity still you're holding no it's incredible and so I have the question back and it was two parts what have you discovered about Secretary of the star that was known before and the differences between the images between Amity yes well the um the the images are supremely similar I mean to us we were discussing these two black holes leaves they both live in completely different environments jet at the end the image is just mainly made out of the of the gravitational pull as Sarah was mentioning so in that sense this conference the one of the most important predictions from general relativity which is that these are the most amazing extravagant objects in the universe yet the simplest they are just just you know as simple as as I saw you know a sphere or a circle in in in you know images Thomas well uh also with regard to the published uh results from Gravity I think there's a major difference m87 is far away and it's much bigger so it varies much slower but in Sagittarius A star we really can see the variations I mean we see basically bright features moving around although we are not able really to trace their motion exactly we have published in our papers some models which explain this motion already and I think the next step would be to parametrize the motion so that one can do more signs out of it thank you okay I will continue with the online questions we have one from Alejandra Lopez reporting for El Tiempo in Colombia this is to any of you um so she asks perhaps Christian what is the orientation of the rotation of this black hole with respect to the plane of the galaxy do you have an answer to that so what we what I mentioned is we see it face on and according to our models and this bad region the rotation is in the same direction as the gas and please all my colleagues correct me it's in the in a counterclockwise current way when you look on it when you look the images it's turning counterclockwise at least in in the simulation so the simulations you see that it's turning in a counter clockwise way okay I have time for one more question I'll give priority to journalists here in the room if not I'll continue with the online questions and we have one from tushnet physics world do you have any ideas on why there is such Mass difference between such Services star and mit7 when they are both supermassive black holes who wants to take this one how am I on so that's that's most likely to do with the evolution of the galaxies in which they are found m87 is a very giant elliptical galaxy and it's probably the result of merging many galaxies with many black holes together while our galaxy has been going through much less evolution okay thank you all right I will stop now because we are um almost at the hour and I will thank our speakers um again and thank you all for the questions also for those watching remotely journalists are now welcome to approach our panelists and other experts in the room so EHT experts have a badge with an orange collar in it and then there are also other experts who are not part of the HD team but can answer questions about the research who have a badge within a green color and we have interview areas available here and up there and you can approach myself for one of my colleagues to be guided to to them for members of the public watching remotely do stay tuned because we have a YouTube q a coming up at 4 30 and then before that we will actually have a special musical performance just before this this uh q a session do go to at easeo on Twitter to find out more about it thank you all very much and thank you [Applause] okay I guess maybe sort of done I'm gonna stick around see if they have anything else announced um there are a lot of questions I tried to answer some of them those of you watching probably may not see most of them um so welcome everyone once again someone's talking here from the European in southern observatory in Munich Germany very very excited about this amazing image we just saw let me actually put her on mute for a second and I'm gonna just read the subtitle and see if she says anything important not because I don't want to hear what she says but because uh there were a lot of questions that we were asking and I actually wanted to just answer some of them so that those of you watching this afterwards might be able to hear the answers so one of the questions was in regards to let me bring up the image in regards to the image itself so this is the image that they just reviewed and it has these unusual three dots now this is a preliminary conclusion from what I've heard him say and I'm gonna have to double check this but okay normally if you were to look at a typical black hole which I'm going to try to bring up right now um let me just show you the most famous One from the um famous French astronomer who unfortunately is not as popular as he should be jean-pierrego he created created this iconic image that you're about to see right here have you seen it yes maybe this image right here was created back in like 1970 I'm gonna say four two three two I know 70s and it was made using um Punch Cards and basically this is his simulation of what a black hole should technically look like and notice how right in this area right here you have this really bright spot and this is created because well you have all of this stuff moving toward you really really fast and it creates a lot of sort of energy on this in this spot um and also there's obviously a lot of blue shifting going on here and then this part is full sort of moving away from us so there's this motion that we're observing and so you expect to have this one spot that's bright and maybe other spots that are dark and not as visible however if we were to look at what we have now received from EHD it looks entirely different right it has three spots and it's I mean it kind of resembles uh some sort of like a pancake like structure um they call it donut and and it creates questions right like What's Happening Here well right now my guess is based on what they've announced is that it's basically a combination it's it's a statistical um addition of thousands of different simulations they created from the data they received from the telescopes and it's an averaging process that created this image so basically by averaging every image and you know certain images would have spot here certain images might have a brighter spot here if there's something coming from that side and it sort of creates a Christian disk effects that are making it more bright it's not necessarily due to the motion of the Christian disk itself it's really it seems to be due to the um effects from basically the activity around the black hole at Swiss that's what I got from the explanation they have so far I'm gonna have to look it up again and I'm gonna have to do some research and present this in the final video that I'm going to be making but um that is kind of what those spots I think are and very unusual very strange not what I expected to be honest I really thought it's going to be like the luminesce uh iconic image right here and instead we got this I wanted this we got this and not this well I don't know why well actually I do know why because it's really oh yeah so one more question someone's asking you know why do we see so much blur what is this a potato picture and uh you know people said they're Nokia phones used to used to take better pictures than this true very true however in their defense it's really far away it's like 26 000 light years away from us and um I mean it's it's a size of a little a little donut on the moon and you're taking a picture of a donut on the moon um by using a telescope and in this case it's not even that many telescopes it's like what's eight I think around the planet and so there's a limited amount of data they're getting and they have to work with the data to create these images so that kind of hopefully explains some stuff um let's see if there are any important questions anyone has anything that was not clear I'm going to come back to the stuff they're explaining and talking about in a second but okay I don't see anything here well one more thing I was going to show you um so the in one of the images I think they showed or at least I wanted them to show is this this is super iconic and super important and I'm going to remove myself this is one of the most iconic images or videos that took like two decades to produce and this literally shows us or proved that there is a black hole in the center this is the images of stars moving around something invisible in the center of the Galaxy and that is how they realize there's some kind of a maybe black hole there and eventually this region became known as Sagittarius A star with the star being you know the anomaly and so it's not like a star star it's not a star like our sun it's just a star an asterisk and so therefore that is important and eventually as scientists observe more and more they started to discover more stuff they started to see motion of different Stars start measuring einsteining effects around this region and realized that well it cannot be anything else but a relatively massive black hole that's approximately 4.3 million masses of the Sun which is approximately thousand times less massive than the one in the m87 Galaxy that one is like 6 billion I think if I remember correctly Coolio okay let's see if there are any important questions uh anything I missed anything I missed why why don't we use space telescopes to take the images so remember the telescope they used let me show you what it's sort of resembles and those of you who are asking those questions really should be should be watching that video from a few days ago I've explained all of this I sound like a grumpy teacher that expects his students to do homework before they come to the stream I'm kidding I'm kidding I'm totally gonna answer it all right so here we go this is HD okay here we go uh I can't make it smaller come on here we go this is HD how many do we have one two three four five six seven eight nine ten eleven twelve thirteen thirteen telescopes those are radio telescopes located around the planet and together they kind of create this earth-sized um aperture radio telescope which is basically like you know thousands millions no Millions I guess it's millions millions of times bigger than James 12 telescope in terms of size of the aperture um and that is really incomparable to anything else we have so this is an earth-sized telescope taking a picture of something really really far away none of the space telescopes can even come close to this like this not even remotely like you cannot even possibly see anything there um any image that Hubble will take will probably or not have a James Webb will take uh we'll probably look something like this and maybe they'll have some Stars here and there but even that is going to be pretty challenging like it's just going to be impossible um okay so someone oh a recent question I missed what the scientists said about black hole facing us are the posts facing us or is it oriented differently million dollar question so so this is why I guess science communication exists because as a scientist your job is to do science it's not really to explain things and sometimes they don't explain things well I'm gonna have to read their actual report to to answer this concretely at the moment [Music] um I'm going to say that their preliminary Discovery is that it seems to be pointed toward us and it seems that the accretion disk is sort of the you know it's sort of around it's not directly at us it's not really like you know face on but it's kind of like at an angle toward us that is not at all what any of us thought or believed for one very important reason from recent discoveries which maybe I'll be able to find here um Sagittarius A star uh uh Jets I guess what was it called I forgot what what the actual paper was called this is from just a few months ago too when when the site is actually oh here we go is that the image now if you're the scientist watching this and you're upset that I'm using your image without telling people who you are I'm really sorry I usually put all sorts of um references in the videos but not this time this time I just I just can't I'm sorry I can't here we go okay uh very recently there was a discovery that you know they there's a proposed jet that they observed that's coming from Sagittarius star and it seems to be pointed you know perpendicular it seems to be pointed like that what 90 degrees ish uh this was discovered not so long ago right the image is not very good here and also This was um you know this was pretty groundbreaking and they saw the actual signs of eruption from just a few thousand years ago now you know so there's one possibility here is that well maybe in those few thousand years the black hole actually you know shifted not the black hole but maybe the acushion just shifted and maybe now it's sort of in that other direction slightly toward us if so that is you know that's crazy why how I guess there's some kind of a procession going on um something that I I personally don't understand how you could do that but I'm sure there will be explanations or maybe and this is just a big maybe someone made a mistake somewhere maybe the announcements or the announcer or the answer during the session was incorrect maybe we made an assumption based on just misinterpretation I don't know to be honest I really don't know I'm kind of curious to to find out um so yeah yeah we're gonna we're gonna find out soon enough I'm gonna do some research on this at the moment it does look like um according to this image it looks like it's sort of kind of maybe kind of pointed a little bit toward us but not directly at us which is cool which is really really cool uh cool next story next question um let's see what else do we have could we use another object as a lens to get a high resolution so yeah there are definitely propositions to use other objects as a lens like for example there was a recent paper from just a few days ago someone proposed it was proposed before by many different people but using our sun as a kind of a gravitational lensing device uh Sun as a telescope uh and you can maybe then bend the light coming around the Sun and uh let me see if I can find it you can bend the light around the sun and it could allow us to see things like clean all planets and that would be really cool right here we go this is the image I'm looking for and then once again image enhanced here we go so you know you could technically use our sun as a gravitational lens and put a telescope here and then see planets or C black holes or see other stuff however here's the big however in order for us to make this work this has to be approximately 160 astronomical units away from the Sun uh or no wait sorry I think it's more I think it's like 600 that you I yeah I think it's 600 of you basically it was supposed to be like four times as far away as the Voyager probes are right now which would take us approximately using modern technology 100 years maybe 150 years to get there and so in theory we could do that but it's just not at the moment it's not practical it's just not something we can do next comment concern question I'm sorry my voice is slowly down on me I'm also in the middle of an allergy season here I've been seizing like sneezing and coughing a lot uh so yeah uh is it possible that black hole is just an exotic material and um it's the mass imbalance that causes the shifts absolutely possible at the moment um all of the previous predictions about this being exotic material have sort of been disproven based on the observations from other studies with that show that 99 this is very likely to be a black hole nothing else simply based on the observations of um uh oh that was a cool picture uh this oh it's not this this observation of how stars and specifically uh wait what is this that's not the right paper oh I missed the image where did I put it here um these Stars so these Stars known as s stars um stars orbiting around the central black hole their motion can actually tell us exactly what this whatever in the middle is made from um based on the actual orbital parameters so if it is exotic material it's going to actually do certain things differently and there was a preposition that maybe it was like a type of a dark matter or a type of an exotic material that's just you know we're imagining in some of the theories and turns out that it's not it's 99 very likely to be a black hole because most of the mass seems to be concentrated in this tiny spot and the scientists were able to see this through the observations um of the star motion uh and so unless it's something really weird in the tiny spot that's not you know black hole material which still would make it a black loggers because if you put anything in such a tiny space it will still become a black hole in theory would Jupiter have height of gravity to use it for lensing yes it would but it would not be as powerful as the sun and so it wouldn't really produce as big of a picture and um I'm not sure if anyone ever done calculations around Jupiter but people have done calculations about around our planet Earth and you can in theory please a telescope on the moon and then use Earth's um well technically the diffraction from the atmosphere so you know how the light sort of gets diffracted a little bit in the atmosphere which could then be sort of focused on the moon and collected on the moon on a near Side of the Moon by the telescopes placed there allowing us to see certain objects but it would only be in that sort of region between the Moon and Earth on the in that plane of orbit and so we would be very limited to what we can actually see uh same with dripper you have to move you would have to move a lot of things all right cool I need a I need a sip of something my throat cool all right so where are we now oh actually I've totally forgot about the stream what are they up to oh it's finished hold on what does it say uh okay so I guess they're done are they done maybe well we're not done yet I still have some time um I guess I it's 11 pm here right now so I have an hour I I'm gonna I'm gonna stay up a little bit late today I have to wake up early tomorrow because I have to take my son to uh kindergarten and he does not go to kindergarten unless Dada comes that's the life all right so next question why not design a weaker cheaper Space Telescope and send like 10 of them to orbit L2 to have a massive telescope I mean those are really great suggestions and people have thought of them the question the answer is really money money is really really the biggest limitation here is the biggest Space Telescope planned right now that I know of is Lisa and Lisa is going to be maybe launched in the next next like 20 uh 14 years 15 years 2037. it's going to be uh hopefully if it ever comes to be it's going to be a space um gravitational wave detector and that's the one that's been actively planned right now that's going to be the biggest possible space detector we have everything else is just it's really expensive I mean it took what 10 billion dollars to launch James Webb Telescope multiplied by the number of launches plus minus you know all of the preparation all of the things you have to work out so it's hard it's it's a lot of money and you know where is that money going to come from how are you going to justify it it always comes down to that oh thank you for the donation to the save the children Mr Anonymous or Mrs Anonymous or Miss Anonymous someone anonymous um awesome do you think the future people in the future will laugh at us because we understand the universe wrong I don't think they will laugh but just like we sort of think of you know people 100 years ago I mean we don't laugh at them right like we don't laugh at the fact that someone was thinking that for example in terms of the Galaxy being everything like sorry uh up to about 1920s everyone believed that we just live in the Galaxy that the Universe was just a Galaxy nobody knew that the university even existed um every single Galaxy that scientists were observing and I'm talking about uh let me get the image here let me get the video at least I'm talking about these things every single Galactic object that we've ever seen people thought these were just different nebula you know where planets form starts from and so on and it took um years of uh debates and years of discussions and people like Kabul who became iconic after this to finally prove that well those nebulated you see there actually each of them is individual galaxies and you know we know now that we scientists were wrong before and it's not something we're laughing at but it's something that we learn from I think so I don't think everyone's going to be laughing at this uh will they use James Webb to look at this black hole I don't think so because first of all I don't think it's going to be producing a lot of infrared radiation and in terms of visual observations it's not going to be that much better than what we already have from other telescopes so um yeah I don't I don't think I mean they might just for some other studies but not nothing that we would be super interested in I don't think there's going to be anything coming out of James Webb looking at this that we're going to be learning anything about it's not going to be that big of a deal uh cool cool um why not include space telescopes to make images of Sagittarius A even better so this was one of the previous propositions that we could make a space telescope and put in Norbit and increase the aperture of James Webb that's actually still planned for the future at the moment there are I don't think there are any radio telescopes in operation around any orbits that can actually do that you needed to have a radio telescope remember these are radio observations so what you're seeing here this is regulate it's not x-rays it's not a gamma rays it's not anything powerful this is just radio observations or I guess is are there any microwaves microwave observations I could be corrected later on for now I'm going to say it's radio because these are radio telescopes um okay next question are they going to be pointing James Webb at known spots of gravitational lensing um well James swap is going to be discovering a lot of gravitational lines but actually the telescope that I'm super excited about also video will probably come in next week about this is the uh I'm going to mispronounce it the Chinese Hubble the one that's going to be orbiting in the same orbit as the Chinese space station um and a challenge space station and that one is going to have such an incredible field of view and such an incredible resolution uh that it's it's going to be perfect for studying gravitational engine effects it's actually one of its main purposes but we'll talk more about this in that video next week it is a really really cool telescope though in the sense that it's going to be able to capture approximately 40 of the night skies using same resolution as Hubble so Hubble by itself only captured like I think it's like point one percent of the entire night skies even though we have these beautiful pictures from Hubble like the uh deep fields images and so on it only captured a tiny fraction of everything but the Chinese space telescope in theory if it's operational if everything goes well in a few years we'll be able to produce something that's incredibly large in size and in comparison mostly because it has the lenses that are approximately 300 times um more wide in field wide field lenses uh compared to Hubble so kudos for that you know it's it's a huge achievement if they can pull it off um okay next and yeah I'm super excited about James Webb and the first images we see uh I did I release the video about this already I think I did uh the gems web is about to start its first scientific missions there are 13 missions that it's going to be doing and the whole point of those missions is to collect data super quick and release it as quick so we're going to be getting a lot of data in I guess a few months possibly well hopefully end of summer and so they're going to be some really cool pictures was the receiver involved in this project no I think carissibo was not at all actually was it that's a great question how do I not know this let me check I don't think it was uh I mean it was already sort of malfunctioning by the time HD started and I'm sure someone in chat knows no I guess yeah it wasn't involved for sure so here we have one more time let me bring that this picture all of the telescopes that were participating in this and the biggest one is Alma and the one that is the most difficult to get data from is the one in Antarctica apparently due to the remoteness of this telescope uh it takes like months to get to collect all of the data because they have to physically bring the hard drives via airplane and there are not on other flights from that region so every time it collects data they have to take these hard drives bring them to I guess it was MIT this time I think now bring it to MIT where they do all of the analysis combine all of the data do the algorithm stuff and and so on okay cool cool cool um [Music] what else what else am I missing did you get a new microphone no actually I'm using super old cheap microphone because my other microphone doesn't seem to connect well to the setup right now I'm using Windows normally I'm I'm either on the Linux or on Mac uh for recording and on Windows I just couldn't figure it out and I didn't have enough time that the stream was about to start like an hour before I started preparing and I totally forgot about the microphones issue that I used to have so I'm using this really old microphone and also plus my voices slowly dying due to allergies and other stuff um it appears to be How likely is it the black hole just appears to be face on but actually isn't the likelihood likelihood of objects being faced onto US severe and likewise pointed out with Messi 26. I actually agree with that I don't think the black hole is face on I think because of the statistical processing that they use when they combine thousands of images maybe through the averaging it's sort of started to appear face on but I think in reality what we're actually seeing here and this is just a gas right now I still need to confirm this somehow later on where's my picture uh I think what we're seeing here oh I lost my black hole picture again anyway we are looking at a bunch of um black hole sides that are average to look like this and I was actually thinking about what if it's a due to the procession of the black hole which totally would make sense in some sense uh let me let me let me use a video here let me use a video that I use all the time my favorite video so imagine for a second you're right here right this black hole uh is has an accretion disk and um it produces a lot of energy but most of the energy if you were to look at it from a single angle uh would look like this ish right where's the luminesce iconic image let me just open it up in Google um by the way uh oh m87 you can kind of see the very similar features here um Jean-Pierre Lumina is actually it's he's an iconic French astronomer I'm really shocked that he does not have as much um presence online as as for example other astronomers uh Neil deGrasse Tyson I'm looking at you because he is just on a completely different level uh oh I closed it no but anyway what I was trying to say is that he needs more recognition he has his own blog as well so is this part right here right now what I think might actually happen here and this is a big if and I still need to do some research on it since we know our black hole is much smaller and less massive than m87 there's a chance that it does actually have a bit of emotion a bit of precession it moves around it sort of shifts around a little bit and we're talking about observations from several years right so there's a chance that maybe this part um moves around and maybe it's just we've seen it from different angles because of the procession but that's also maybe not what's happening here at all so I'm just guessing and I think because of this the statistical combination of these images created this so basically once again this is not an actual image in a sense that you know we're looking at something and we're capturing photons and we're creating this pixel by pixel that's not what's Happening Here the way they collect the data is the data was collected and then they use the algorithm knowing what we know about black holes and how they spin to try to match it with the most likely image they think it might represent and they created I think they mentioned like several thousand images or was it a million and so they created a bunch of them and they all were slightly different not exactly the same but slightly different but then they just combined them into one and when you combine all of them into one you get this and so that would have those three spots making it look like a kind of a mixture of a donut and a UFO uh so there you have it cool and uh yeah and it's still a very impressive image I mean just the fact that they are able to use that limited data to create this is still very impressive and you have to remember even our cameras in in our phones for example they do very they do something very similar digital cameras they don't necessarily necessarily capture pixels directly they they still use processing that's why you have you know computer processes in the cameras they use processing for certain things and they do recreate images as they think they might look but in most cases they do recreate them quite accurately in this case this was a more statistical Recreation than anything um very cool very cool very cool thank you for the congratulations and really the congratulations goes to you for uh being a wonderful person okay uh this is wrong someone said this is wrong which part I mean it could be wrong I don't know I'm just guessing but this is wrong which part um okay how do you explain the magnetic waves they found in the image if it's combined from different angles uh magnetic waves what's a magnetic wave I mean it's those are the radio emissions from the accretion disk and he they did well so the different angle part that's just my take on it and I'm sure it's maybe not but we don't know I mean I don't know we'll know soon I'll have to read the ACT they haven't released anything yet so I'll have to read the the reports there's probably going to be a very long read they mentioned there's like 600 people working on this so the actual science stuff is going to be very very long um but yeah honestly just a guess it's just a guess and the the fact that it's you know the procession of a black hole is a phenomenon we know exists but usually around smaller black holes so black holes do actually you know move around but for a black for a large black hole like Iris it's not something we can expect uh but you never know hey Brazil I love Brazil too I visited Brazil when I was like seven I think and it was awesome uh how do we know it's just one supermassive black hole well it's actually based on the observations from many different papers it's um one of the recent observations was the fact that the Stars near this whatever in the middle they orbit in such a way that it cannot really be anything except for a tiny spot with a lot of mass um made the image tell us uh the image may tell us about City theories and its surrounding area well this image unfortunately is very limited in what it presents us with it only has radio frequencies from the accusing disk so it doesn't really tell us anything about the region around the black hole uh but yeah but yeah so we I don't think maybe there is more information we don't have from this report from the visual report they showed us but at the moment there doesn't seem to be anything extra from this like for example for um for m87 um it took them at least a year longer to create the image that is like this which has these lines on it these lines are the um uh this is created by magnetism around the black hole and so these are the polarized light coming uh the polarized radio light coming from the black hole and that two scientists showed that this was an extremely magnetic region with tons of different interactions tons of very very powerful fields and also gave hints that it's most likely that the magnetic magnetism of this black hole is the main Force driving everything not so much gravity to this in a sense that gravity plays a role but not as big of a role in creating for example the astrophysical Jets this seems to be all magnetism and so this image was iconic and proving that to some extent but that took a year to produce and so we might get more data but right now we don't really have enough would a moon white telescope provide a better image um ignoring if it ignores the atmosphere well in this case the atmosphere was not a big deal because the radio waves they actually go through our atmosphere they don't get interrupted by anything and so you can still see as clearly from planet Earth as you would on the moon so in that sense it would be nice to have another one on the moon but just having it on the moon would not make it better cool cool story uh next question can the gravity of stars around the black hole distort the image of the Christian disk uh not really not the stars that we have around this black hole so it starts we're talking about here these ones they're not massive enough uh if one of them was passing in front of Sagittarius star it would actually create the gravitational lensing effect that we could use to study stuff but none of them are there are no stars in that region uh okay could this be fake images no no not at all too much money went into this and the people doing this they have absolutely no reason to fake this because uh well they would have made something better let's put it that way the image they created was the best they could do and this right here kind of is a pretty clear sign that it's not a fake and also the previous image from m87 they did they actually did release the techniques the methods they used and it becomes pretty clear how they did it and so very clear that none of this was fake it's it's all real but it is based on these limited observations by each individual telescope so I guess to maybe explain this a little bit better where's my image again a is it this no is it this no is it this yeah so okay so imagine you know a typical telescope right it has a whole sphere or another sphere an actual Circle here we only have 13 points 13 pixels of this really big telescope right so it's like it's like having this really big telescope that you bought on Amazon and yet only certain points work and so you're trying so hard to look at this distant object and you're trying to capture everything but it's just really difficult right it's it's you know you have to collect so much data for a year and you have to use this algorithm to try to create things simply because there's just not enough pixels on your telescope and so that's kind of what they're dealing with here okay cool uh do we need to be scared of jets hitting the Earth no not these Jets at all and also I'm still doubtful that it's actually pointing toward us uh mostly because there's really no other evidence the Jets we've detected previously were almost 90 degrees away from planet Earth perpendicular so nothing to be scared of uh and yet I'm actually surprised there are no telescopes in Asia but that's also because uh in general also there is there are telescopes in China but the um Korean in Japanese telescopes which usually collaborate with a lot of different organizations they're first of all there are no powerful telescopes in the region it's kind of difficult to build stuff here and and for countries like Japan and Korea because of the uh ubiquity of cell phones and a lot of other radio technology there are practically no spots here that are radio quiet you want to have a spot where there's no radio emissions because otherwise you're going to get a lot of interference in Korea you know there's telecommunication everywhere in Japan as well even in China but China does have a few spots where they were able to build uh the iconic fast telescope the biggest radio telescope we have so so yeah um oh thank you Cameron for help for reminding me to keep my head up I'll try I'm trying my best it's it's been a tough couple of months but I'm trying my best um cool oh I think I missed the question where was it uh is there any idea of the Christian disk density is wildly variant that's a great question nobody really knows right now because we have not seen the Christian disco Milky Way uh black hole yet um and based on the data from this release hopefully there will be some ideas but at the moment not really I think I mean based on the images from before right we we barely see anything here like there's literally it's just a black hole there's nothing there there are some emissions x-rays once in a while but nothing um there was another video I was going to show you from here somewhere Maybe let's see if I can find this okay so here's here's one image from NASA from a few years ago that I might want to add here this image shows us that Sagittarius A star uh once in a while it beats flares and these flares are usually because of the material that comes really close to it and so it's quite likely and actually there's a big chance that what we're seeing here are some of these flares just from different regions that's another explanation but yeah and also one more picture I was going to show you our video is of uh something that happened a few years ago as well is this an imagery oh that's an image oops I was looking for this here we go that's from like 2017. um so there was this uh relatively large cloud of gas that passed close to the black hole and this was observed by various telescopes and there was a huge Mission huge flare and it most likely broke the object it could have been a star but it could have been something else and and so that was all observed but obviously this is a recreation using computer simulation but these emissions were observed and today there's a strong belief that there are certain objects around the black hole that seem to occasionally turn into these gas clouds but then recombine into these star-like objects and they're known as G objects so there's also something else to uh think about it and ruminate we still don't understand the region very well another casual Observer thank you for subscribing and for becoming a member and also thank you for the donation whoever donated anonymously um so someone mentioned uh they seem to be very confident that Sagittarius A is facing us were they mistaken my guess is that as a scientist sometimes it's very difficult to communicate on the spot they're better at writing things by you know analyzing them and they're better at written explanations and so by being on a spot they might have I would say exaggerate things a little bit I don't think it's certain yet I don't think it's confirmed and I think it's a speculation as in um it seems to be pointed kind of toward us but it's also maybe based on the Recreations from thousands of images but it's definitely not like face on with a jet writers because that just doesn't make sense uh someone's told me to go to sleep I still have 20 minutes I still have 20 minutes uh and then I'm going to go to bed maybe in 25. could these telescopes be used to visualize Jupiters or super Jupiters with a strong radio emission in theory yes in practice it will be even more difficult because these objects move even faster than the material around Sagittarius A star and so if you have a planet that's moving like um you know several times per year for example you're not going to see much you're going to see just a blur of radio waves so it doesn't really explain much have I ever considered cooperating with Frazier King I I did four years ago I believe this was my first stream ever we did a stream together and I do actually uh I talk to him a lot he's a great guy unfortunately for me it's because of our time zone differences and also because for me streaming is sort of still a new thing um and he's a professional streamer it's still hard but I definitely want to start streaming more and collaborate with several other science communicators I mean Fraser has been doing this for like over two decades he's like the uh the boss of the entire field and I mean the guy has an asteroid name after him you already you're in a league of your own if you have an asteroid named after you uh so so there's that um okay any other questions uh okay so can the magnetic field surround you in the black hole really be so strong that it propels matter away despite its massive gravity well that's kind of what's been suggested in the last few years um the oh actually one of the answers did come from HD and also this I explained that in that video from from a few days ago uh let me let me find this I'm gonna find this oh wait uh oh here here we go uh HD released another image I think exactly a year ago from what was the Galaxy called uh it wasn't oh yes in Taurus a our neighbor right am I right I think so let me see yeah yeah for sure uh let me try to zoom in and then do this and then I do this okay and here we go oops wrong button here we go uh so that's The Centaurus a Galaxy the uh largest radio object next to us if you were to see this in real life you would actually see this I kind of mentioned this in the video where I was surprised myself how big it is because I actually thought it was a little bit smaller than this and and so if you zoom in really really close to the center you'll see that there is an astrophysical jet which looks like a corkscrew it it's not straight it has these like wavy formations with actual signs of polarity or polarization um apologies that is a sign that all of this is very likely caused by extremely powerful magnetic fields because it's kind of impossible to explain it any other way and also there are no other explanations for how astrophysical just can form so basically by twisting these magnetic lines to the extreme it creates the conditions where the material around the accusing disk which kind of looks like this this stuff gets sort of Twisted and folded and then sort of flies into both directions now the details are still not clear as a matter of fact this is one of the bigger Mysteries out there but that's how most scientists do they believe all of this works so the gravity itself is powerful enough but not powerful enough to hold the material uh when it comes to these very powerful magnetic fields and So eventually the the Jets are created with the material sometimes moving at super ridiculously fast speeds very close to speed of light and and face actually pointed a little bit toward us so kind of like from m87 if you look at m87's jet um it is more or less toward us and not really directly at us but I think there's like maybe five degrees or so it looks like this so so that is almost directly at us and because of this and because of how fast this is moving if you were to measure speed here by measuring individual particles it will appear to move at approximately six times the speed of light and there is a really cool explanation in regards to this because it's a visual illusion kind of not an illusion but it's a it's a it's a kind of a visual phenomenon it's known to the scientists uh referred to as superluminal motion and there's a video somewhere on the channel about this I think if you look up faster than light on the channel you'll find the video it's basically about the how the Jets when they're in a certain angle toward us either angle toward us they'll create this illusion where things are moving a little bit faster than speed of light and sometimes up to 20 times faster so it's it's a crazy crazy situation and okay thank you so much for congratulating uh me with a million subscribers although that's I should be congratulating you guys because you're all wonderful for staying for so long um but also uh if you're new and if you haven't if you haven't seen the picture yet if you missed the image here it is this is the image of the iconic m87 in the middle of our own Galaxy and the image that's going to live in infamy as the coolest image and we've released in the last few years all right uh okay so Google let's see what else am I missing we will be able to see the Galax uh the Andromeda black hole I mean in theory yes uh it will be fun to see it I don't think it's planned though I'm not sure what HD is planning next because their original plan from five years ago six years ago was to produce an image of these two black clothes the first one was supposed to be Sagittarius A star and that's what we all thought is going to happen in 2019 turns out it wasn't it was m87 and so now we have this one so now I think maybe they'll start working on something else they're very secretive about this I'm actually I mean it's kind of smart because it creates so much buzz and hype but they're very secretive they don't tell anyone anything when they send us the email basically you know everyone who subscribes to for example European Southern Observatory website gets their notification or if you're pressed for example you get uh emails once in a while and they're like hey hey you don't tell anyone but you should come to our stream it might really it might be something about the black hole that we've been trying to create for a while so it's very very secretive but they kind of gave hints about what it's going to be um so yeah and cool so some newcomers are asking about the three dots in the image uh should be discussed later the Assumption I have right now is that it's basically due to the fact that this was created using thousands of images and certain images had flares here and there and there and there and overall it sort of created the appearance of three dots but yeah uh people are asking me if I'm okay I mean emotionally but physically I I am in the middle of allergy season right now so my throat is killing me my nose is killing me and uh so yeah the voice is not where it should be I had to use a lot of uh cough drops to record a video recently but I'm doing okay I'm doing okay cool next question next color uh what I think I missed something um is Andromeda is black or visible to us great question um it's visible to some extent there was a recent discovery of some kind of unusual shape around Andromeda which they finally realized was basically a dust cloud but it should be just as visible as the one around m87 so in theory they could make a image but oh but the thing about Andromeda is that it's also farther away so when it comes to the sizes of black holes um when looking from planet Earth the biggest one would be m87 because of this sheer mass and size the second biggest would be Sagittarius it starts I think it's about half the size if you were to look at it from this distance and Andromeda because it's two and a half million light years away from us uh it's not that much more massive than the one in the middle of our own Galaxy so it would only be I think maybe about a tenth of us I'm just guessing here but like a tenth of a size so it would be more difficult to produce the image um so yeah is the jet pointing at us no not probably not it's unlikely very unlikely uh yeah it's not pointed at us but they are suggesting that the black hole is sort of facing a little bit toward us so yeah um okay oh yeah so yeah it's true that uh John mentioned that researchers at dhg said it would be very difficult for us to see more black holes from Earth we need more telescopes and I think that's exactly what they mentioned a few years ago that at the moment these are the only two black holes we can in theory produce images from and um it would be impossible to do with anything else just because of the distances and you know the speeds involved around those black holes and just the sheer amount of data they'll have to process so yeah uh okay and okay have I reached the level of wonderful I'm not wonderful I'm saying you're wonderful every video I've been saying that you're wonderful not me I'm not I'm still trying uh okay A lot of people are obviously unhappy was the picture the quality yeah it's not not your Samsung Galaxy s22 quality yeah you can use some work but you know it's far it's 26 000 light years away try to try to use your smartphone to take a picture of anything that far so yeah um so it's definitely they'll definitely improve the image once they collect more data this is the preliminary image that they have um do I think we can image the collusion of black holes um well I mean gravitational waves are doing that all the time so yes but in terms of the actual images there is probably not much to see because the degradation waves very very rarely produce anything visual unless there are Christian disks interacting and in that sense it has been seen through x-rays for example there were several x-rays detected from one of the collisions but in terms of radio waves there's not much to see there I I don't think they're going to be visible and yeah it's actually really crazy that they use 6 000 terabytes of data to create this 6 000 terabytes that's that's a lot that's a lot of hard race and I definitely agree that you know this was brilliant work as someone else mentioned that that this is just incredible I yeah the quality of the image is not there yet but remember this is just the first step and just like with m87 they're going to be collecting more and more data they're going to be producing better images more more discoveries coming from this region um how many hours does it go into one video well for for regular videos that I make it takes me about five hours I think but I spread them across across you know a few few days time so I visually just record everything at once and then just edit everything at once and prepare everything in at once but it does take a lot um why would we not expect Jets to be perpendicular to the galactic plane I think that is actually exactly what's expected because that's what's been found by several previous studies and so I right now as a lot of other people are I'm very surprised that uh they mentioned that it seems to be face on and I I'm kind of waiting for an explanation to What's Happening Here and yeah so at the moment I cannot say I cannot say with certainty what exactly they mean by this but the Jets definitively have been discovered to be pointed sort of perpendicularly this way uh so that that's something that came from a recent study um so yeah okay yeah yeah okay uh cool thank you for all the congratulations and all of the good comments nice comments of the love and support uh how big is Sagittarius even Horizon uh is it black horse Horizon Event Horizon is oh I knew that I knew that by heart long time ago I even made a video about it and I forgot it's not that big it's it's really not that big I think it's a little bit bigger than our sun I think in terms of size it's just a little bit over I can look it up why am I guessing but yeah it's just a little bit bigger than our sun um which doesn't make it that big to be honest but also that's just the Event Horizon on top of that it also has the black hole shadow where basically the life kind of get uh the light gets stuck and cannot escape and that's a little bit farther away uh but it doesn't go beyond like a million kilometers in radius I think I don't remember but not not very big not small not big uh compared to other galaxies is actually on the smaller size there are there's a Galaxy that was discovered very very close to us at the dwarf Galaxy a very very small dwarf Galaxy um I think it was called Marine eight no ah the names I always forget the names and it's barely even visible it's very very dim but the black hole inside that tiny Galaxy was half the mass of our own black hole which suggests that well there are a lot of smaller galaxies that have really huge black holes which our galaxy does not so there we go hopefully that answers the question okay someone mentioned that the volume wise it's 17 times the diameter of the sun thank you hopefully that's correct radius is 13.6 million kilometers that kind of makes sense okay uh yeah yeah so a little bit back in the Sun thank you for the donations for the uh save the children Foundation all of the money goes to them I spoke to them recently uh they definitely are putting a lot of money into the conflict zones and specifically in Ukraine and countries like Poland where they're helping refugees and it's all going to help the kids um cool thank you thank you for all of the comments uh is the relation to is there a relationship between a Galaxy size and a black hole size does the Galaxy need a black hole uh the answer is no and no uh so there does not seem to be a relationship between the Galaxy size and the black hole size some galaxies seem to have huge ones some of them have really small ones and no some galaxies do not have any black holes the Galaxy that I usually refer to that does not have one that I always am trying to promote in videos and so on but a lot of people don't seem to care about this mostly because it's a very obscure Galaxy is this one this is the nearby galaxy known as triangular Messier 33. it's actually almost right next to Andromeda it's basically the andromeda's neighbor nobody wants to talk about this galaxy for some reason or another even though it's really cool and it does not have a black hole in the middle or doesn't seem to have one if it if there is one it's really small it's just practically invisible it has to be under like a few thousand matches of the Sun uh so this is one example where black hole is not required and there you have it uh next thank you very much thank you Ricky Morrow for a nice comment thank you for wishing me a good week same to you um what about planet nine and Anunnaki Anunnaki that's isn't that I forgot what it was it was a famous character by that name I don't know exactly what you're refer to here though planet nine um still a big hypothesis I don't I don't think we're getting any closer to finding it and uh more and more studies seem to suggest otherwise and I'm sort of leaning toward that as well that it might be just a anomaly of some sort in terms of data or something might have happened to our solar system a while ago that shifted certain objects I don't know I don't know nobody knows they've explored a huge amount of nice guys already nothing has been found so far uh have I made a video about black hole cosmology theory is a specific Theory not really but in regards to black hole formation and so on there are quite a lot of videos about this under the playlist called black holes a lot of some of the First videos were actually all about different theories nowadays I'm mostly focused on specific research because I just want to know what people discovered in the last few years just to kind of get a clear picture on what's going on with the universe uh do you think Feathering in galaxies is an effect caused by black holes so just to clarify this for those of you that don't know a lot of galaxies seem to have these feathers oh that's not what I was looking for uh these are actual feathers okay let me let me find one there was a paper not so long ago that actually found a feather inside their own Galaxy ah it's not here uh anyway so Galactic feathers let me see if I can find one here they actually look pretty cool and and the thing is nobody really knows how they're made but they seem to be a result of some kind of a uh gravitational instability or possibly also once again some kind of a magnetic interaction here's a famous Galaxy with a lot of feathers in it oops here we go uh this is a galaxy known as uh oh I forgot I knew that it is let me look it up it is a Galaxy known as ngc2775 no no name of any kind 67 million light years away from us and it has these like features all everywhere that are kind of look like feathers inside the galactic arm now these are also known as the flocculent spiral arms and honestly at the moment there is there's really more speculation than any actual concrete answers about what forms them but our galaxy seems to have them and so we might actually get an answer about how they form uh it does seem to uh relate to some kind of instability with the galactic arms than any than the actual black holes so yeah I don't know sorry Tyler if that doesn't answer your question uh uh okay Coolio what do I think about proximity do you think it has a form of life on it uh proximity is the most interesting exoplanet we have so far and it's the planet that most scientists are super interested about or in one of those uh however it's still around an extremely extremely active Red Dwarf star and one of the most active so-called um flare Stars Proxima Centauri is a flare story basically it flares up once in a while with such a tremendous power that in theory it can actually strip a planet of its atmosphere in just a few thousand years and that is a huge problem for that planet so there's a bit of a sort of I guess uh kind of a conflict of theories on the one side we have scientists that think there are maybe ways for the planet to survive and be habitable long term but on a much larger side we have the star that seems to be just so powerful and so insanely energetic that it's it's basically not a good sign for anything trying to survive there oh on the other hand you know on the dark side of the planet uh or on the far side so the planet is most likely um tidally locked it's always sort of facing the same way toward the start the dark side which is permanently dark and also away from the Star has a chance of maybe having something because it's not affected by a lot of radiation so maybe I mean it's it's the most interesting Planet though definitely the most interesting exoplanet uh okay Mark was asking from the picture it looks like the black hole is tilted yeah so they did mention it seems to be sort of almost face on toward us I'm definitely going to look this up and come back and talk about this in a future video that is a mystery right now what exactly is happening with our own black hole is a mystery um but I would love to know the answer to that as well stay tuned subscribe and so on and so forth thank you for joining Santiago and bye bye as well okay what do I have uh do they plan on looking at Sagittarius with James Webb not really because James Webb is much smaller in terms of size of the mirror and it's an infrared telescope um there is very unlikely to be a lot of infrared radiation coming from this region and in terms of the visual Spectrum we've already had so many pictures from that region they're not particularly interesting so yeah very likely no but maybe but probably no okay uh is talking radiation captured by the Event Horizon telescope while observing the Black Hole uh so no because one well Hawking radiation has never been detected by anything it's still very very speculative it's only been detected via so-called analog black holes basically when you create a black hole using for example sound waves you create a kind of a structure where you have sound waves kind of acting like a light and then you have a black hole that sort of absorbs the sound in that sense in those conditions scientists have been able to discover the analog Hawking radiation and confirm that exists the real ones have never been found and so we don't really know if it's you know what it happens there if it's sort of absorbed or if it's emitted or if it's interacts with anything what it does it's very very theoretical so so yeah what does a shadow of a black hole mean um oh okay so I think I may be able to find an image that explains this better than I can and I think it's from NASA uh it's basically the region after the Event Horizon where a lot of whites doesn't really Escape anymore it's it's sort of okay oh here we go I think it's this let me see if this this is the one I'm looking for uh yeah here we go so it's this so the Event Horizon is like somewhere right here ish and then there's still a region past that where the light can in Theory actually orbit inside this and or doesn't have to be light it can be a very fast moving particle but for the most part the light sort of gets stuck here and then we also have the photon ring where um in theory well this is where it actually says it here let me just read out loud it's a ring of light composed of multiple distorted images of the disk and the light making up these images has orbited the black hole Two Three or even more times before escaping to us and they become thinner and fainter the closer to the black hole they get so this is the light that came from or didn't come from but almost came into the shadow shadow of the black hole but ended up orbiting a little bit and then escaping So in theory this this is actually the most interesting part here because this literally shows us the entire universe around the black hole and if you could somehow capture this and then reconstruct this using I guess some kind of a algorithm you could see three-dimensional image of the universe around you and in essence this is basically the region that scientists are most fascinated about uh with I keep confusing propositions uh that's that's what you get for living in a country where they don't speak English for so long you start forgetting the language and so anyway so yeah that's the region that's right after the Shadow and that's the region that's a lot more interesting hopefully that explains it over there okay next question do you have a favorite theoretical object hmm that's actually a great question I used to have so many what would be the most favorite now right now I think I'm really fascinated with magnetars because they're they seem to have uncovered so many more Mysteries than solve problems like for example a lot of the stuff we're seeing from around the universe you know fast radio bursts a lot of different magnetic effects a lot of different uh gamma ray emissions a lot of them seem to be coming from magnetizers and nobody can explain why and and so they are definitely the most fascinating objects also some of the posters that tend to create very extreme environments so yeah okay okay uh scientists or scientists no matter what yeah I agree with that uh [Music] what if Mars was size of Earth well that would be a big Mars right I don't know I mean I used to make a lot of what if videos but then I started making a lot of mistakes in them mostly because I you know you have to really think think a lot of things through when you're making those videos because you know we change a size of a planet right but then what about the composition there's a composition change as well Mars has very different compositions so it's not really going to turn into Earth and so yeah there are a lot of things you have to think through and uh yeah and so in that sense I don't know did we ever image a photo ring no no never I don't think we have uh it will be very very difficult but there are definitely signs of photon Rings uh out there oh wait maybe we have uh I'm thinking of the study that tried to simulate it I don't think they actually so they had proofs of photo yeah okay I'm wrong sorry there was a paper a paper from about a year ago where they managed to capture light that seems to have come from photo ring because it was exactly the same emissions of exactly the same photons but they came at different times suggesting that they must have traveled around the black hole a few times so that was basically a detection of the floating ring around the massive black hole so yeah yeah we have sorry uh oh okay someone else is asking if they showed anything and those of you who are just joining us in for the first time ever ah here we go be absolutely uh okay Curb Your Enthusiasm first of all but be absolutely surprised and shocked by this this is the image of the Sagittarius A star black hole in the middle of our own Galaxy and yes I know that you're about to say it looks like a potato picture and that's because of the uh difficulty of taking these photos pictures images uh okay can we make a Dyson Sphere around Proxima Centauri uh why why would you want to do that it's so much work why Dyson Sphere I think we should start with the you know geothermal energy that's that's what that's where it's at start digging creating a lot of geothermal energy that starts producing free energy for everyone um okay Cora is asking a clarification about when you said black hole is not required what did you mean in a certain in a typical Galaxy black hole could originally have been there um it could have been sort of the center of the original uh center of the black hole basically the the core of the black uh sorry not the black Galaxy core of the Galaxy but in theory they can actually get kicked out through a collusion process for example and in other theories you can also technically create a kind of a formation that resembles a core of a galaxy without a use of a black hole so there are some galaxies out there where the black hole is absolutely not required the Galaxy can exist without a central black hole which we know many of or several there are several galaxies that don't have any black holes uh but most galaxies seem to have them so in that sense scientists I think believe that they must have all had it and some of them just lost it maybe so yeah will humans still be around in 5 000 years uh yeah yeah very likely I don't know what sort of civilization we're going to have but there is no reason to believe that humans are going to go extinct even if conditions worsen dramatically uh not only do we have an extremely resilient species but generally speaking you need to have another species cause the extinction of us in order for us to happen and that just doesn't exist right now so yeah unlikely unlike we were going we're going to be around for sure yeah I use a different mic for this stream I know so my voice is just destroyed by the amount of pollen in the air I have really bad allergies um to uh certain types of um what do they call it basically a kind of a saddle tree that grows in in South Korea and my voice just goes sideways when it happens I do need to get a better microphone though thank you for the donation to the save the children highly appreciate it uh thank you Raven Looney uh okay so here we go what did I miss can a black hole eat that dark matter I mean this is a very hypothetical question because we don't really know what dark matter is to be honest and the more studies we have the more likely we seem to be discovering that it seems to be something that we just don't understand at all it could be just an effect of something else uh so far it does not seem to be a particle but even though that used to be a prevalent Theory nobody knows what dark matter is we only see the effects that's the thing we only see that you know something is causing galaxies to sort of stick together something is causing a lot of gravitational lending effects in certain regions but what is it nobody knows um okay do we know oh I missed it where is it do we know black hole Jets fall black hole Jets follow or are related to its axis of spin so so generally speaking that's what's believed today that if you have the equation just experience this way that's how you might most likely have your magnetic lines I have a very sort of simple simulation of this here hopefully you can see this here we go so the magnetic lines of a black hole might sort of resemble this and so the equation discs uh sorry the astrophysical Jets come back come back come back video where did you go the astrophysical Jets in theory should be pointing this way so that's kind of kind of what the scientists think happens but that that's only from the last few years I mean that's just very theoretical nobody really knows what's going on and I don't know what's going on even more what academic background do you have mostly in education to be honest I've always wanted to be a teacher and I kind of got the solutions disillusioned with a typical School environment um I'm still teaching just not full time and my problem was really with the fact that most schools today completely refuse to change their curriculum or their approach to teaching students and when I was teaching math I was a math teacher for about eight years I was just just filled with so much um I don't want to say apathy it's more of a sadness I guess it's just teaching students for the test you know teaching them how to pass the test as opposed to teaching them the beauty of math and trying to explain how things work and trying to explain the concepts and that's how to some extent this channel was born I started with math videos and eventually I just kind of went into other directions that I really enjoy talking about so most of it is just self-taught uh academically I'm actually I'm a horrible student and I've never really done well at school uh but I like teaching uh what university did I go to uh I graduated from McGill University in Montreal a long time ago and that's actually the University where I met someone who kind of gave me a spark of interest in astrophysics there was this Iranian professor professor hachatola Valley he was one of the guys who actually was originally trying to argue against the uh um what was it called The Martian meteorite where they thought they found life alh 884001 so he was one of the few not few but I guess one of the major researchers that was trying to argue that um you know that meteorite from Mars that Bill Clinton mentioned this thing here he said this is not live guys this is not life I can prove it and so for many years he was trying to find evidence of other stuff and that was actually I remember one of my uh earlier part-time jobs in his lab was basically grinding rocks for like a few days trying to figure out how all of this works and trying to grind meteorites and find particles in them and trying to see if we can find or not find something that looks like life and I had no idea what I was doing but it was so much fun because he was mostly a very positive person he inspired me to you know keep looking by myself ignore professors teachers just keep looking you know focus on what you want to learn about and just do your best to find the answers and that was that was a good attitude although he was not it's a perfect you know he used to get really mad at me when I would screw up and he would just have these anger issues once in a while but I love the guy it was great I think he's retired now though he's pretty old uh okay so those of you who are just coming in who missed the big announcement here you go three two one this is it the Sagittarius A star black hole image released by Evan Horizon telescope just a few uh hours yeah a few hours ago a couple hours ago so people are asking me if I'm Ukrainian or Russian so my family is from both countries and uh I'm not going to get into politics but I feel like I've lost a huge part of my Russian family now because it's just impossible to communicate on the same level and whereas for my Ukrainian family they're just living in such misery it's it's really sad I mean I've tried to help the best I could but and I'm talking about a quite extended family I I my mom immigrated to Canada when I was really young so I don't have much connection to either countries but I try to connect to them you know I try to connect culturally but it's difficult it's because you know if you're a child growing up in French Canada where there are a lot of immigrants to begin with you kind of have a different mentality and you know you have more open mind to some extent whereas a lot of people in Eastern Europe for example they'll they'll have a slightly different approach to life so it was very difficult to communicate with a lot of the uh people I tried to reach out to in the last couple months I'm gonna try to take it easy and maybe just let the time heal the wounds at least from for my family because you know the Ukrainian side and the Russian side they are just they there's so much hatred going on right now it's very very sad um okay uh okay so someone is mentioning that I have talent for teaching so so this is the thing I don't actually believe Talent exists it's not a thing you have skills right right your skills that you develop if you ever watch my first few videos they're horrible like I would never want to watch them because they're just I have no idea what I'm doing um with time though you realize you know how to maybe explain things how to not explain things and more importantly you realize what people don't understand and that's the question you should be asking yourself when you're teaching you know what do your students your whoever you're talking to your audience even if you're a presenter not understand do they not understand this concept or are they going to be able to understand everything I'm saying and so it's very very important uh okay cool cool story cool story all right let's see if there are any science questions please stick with the science questions no politics or anything uh anything significant about the black hole other than being in the center of the Milky Way well I mean so here's the thing when you no the answer is no but when you think about it we've only really confirmed this to be a thing only two decades ago like so let me go back to that image from before not this not that uh here we go this is the so these this these are actual images taken by actual telescopes over a period of approximately just under 20 years and this is the you know motion of different Stars around something invisible in the middle um I believe Andrea Getz who won the Nobel Prize in 2020 for this was one of the main investigators creating this and and so you know the fact that we confirmed the existence of the black hole and now we have a picture of it or no we have this of it uh it's a huge deal in terms of achievements and so this is how it starts now they'll be collecting more data they'll be trying to figure out what they got wrong if they got anything wrong they'll be trying to figure out if there is a lot of polarization around the black hole if there's a lot of different types of activity that m87 doesn't have all together all of the stuff is going to create a kind of a more whole more whole more wholesome understanding of what we think black holes are especially Central black holes and more importantly it's going to create um well hopefully a new generation of people just wanting to go and explore this by themselves like maybe someone watching this right now is going to go like oh wow this is actually pretty cool like why don't I just go and study this and become the next Stephen Hawking so there's a bit of everything in there so it is cool it's not anything super groundbreaking in terms of scientific discoveries it's more groundbreaking in terms of um I guess science communication it's an absolutely groundbreaking science communication discovery so yeah it's it's cool I I love it I mean even though the quality is kind of as bad as I expected it to be it's cool uh and yes some of you who are late to the live stream yes this is the image of the black hole the new image that was just released so so yeah how big is the Andromeda galaxy Central black hole supposed to be uh I don't remember the exact number but it's a little bit more massive than the one in the middle of City just a little bit bigger nothing much uh so they're they're kind of similar in that sense oh I love you too all of you okay so what else do we have um okay looking for more science questions next up Ton six one eight yeah so the town six one eight you might know about this one it's one of the biggest black holes we've discovered it is though really really far away it will be practically impossible to take a picture of that so uh yeah what is the biggest Discovery confirmation we will get with James Webb Telescope I think well this year I think the biggest one is just going to be the sheer number of galaxies we're going to be seeing coming from like you know billions of light years away from us but in terms of confirmation um hmm I'm not sure I have to think about it it's not a question that I can answer right away definitely some confirmations in regards to exoplanets especially their atmosphere it's going to be able to analyze certain atmospheres very well and so discovering certain molecules and even that Proxima B we discussed not so long ago would be a big deal discovering you know what sort of stuff is in the atmosphere of that planet that's probably going to be one of the bigger discoveries in the next few years uh so some someone is asking that question about the three bright objects here those are not Stars those are very likely flaring Okay so one I'm not sure two I think it's the flares from different emissions around the accretion disk that were created when they combine all of the images together so this is not just one single image this is a kind of a statistical representation of thousands of different images together because it was very difficult to take a picture of this black hole just this one time um and so they combined various Recreations and created a kind of a average overall average of everything and it looks like this and it has these three bright parts which I believe are just flares or maybe no no it's probably not a I don't think it's some I don't think it's related to um Einstein's ideas yeah it has it has to be some kind of a flaring from the black hole Yeah from decoration disc I don't know well come back and I'll let you know in a few days when I when I read their papers they haven't released anything yet or if they have I haven't read it yet it was all just announced two hours ago so and unfortunately here's the thing I'm surprised nobody asked the question during the um during the stream that they were doing and and so we don't know nobody else um yeah so with m87 we did see that one bright spot but remember m87 the stuff around it moves much much slower so it's much easier to capture the more accurate image with Sagittarius A uh the problem is that stuff moves like hundreds thousands of times faster so it's just basically a lot blurrier what do I think about Trappist system um I'm actually making I've just finished making a video that mentions it briefly but it's an interesting system but it's very likely not habitable very likely the reasons you'll learn about in the video but it's related to the age of the planets in the system they're just too old are there any ongoing projects that will allow us to image other regions of the Milky Way hidden from us because of the location like Sagittarius ASR I mean I can't really think of any specific project but there are several surveys that are constantly ongoing including the Gaia telescope for example that are actively looking at various regions and and then using the data some scientists will be able to recreate certain regions we cannot see otherwise but I can't think of any specific project that's looking for anything specific it's it's it always usually comes you know as some kind of a paper that where someone collected data or someone used the data that was really collected years ago and then they would actually find something hidden somewhere it's very very rare that you'll have like an actual project looking at a you know dark region or somewhere unknown uh okay yeah so someone mentioned that maybe it's maybe these spots are Doppler effects Doppler boosting and that's what I thought initially but it's just hard to explain the Doppler boosting effect on the top part how would you explain that unless oh unless oh yes the disc is actually not a disc if it's a ripple maybe it's a ripple disc oh that reminds me of the another video I just made uh so there was a black hole recently discovered uh uh that actually has a very strange disk uh I'm just gonna see if I can find a picture of it or a illustration of the black hole so there's a strange black hole that has a disk that inclined it's it's an inclined black hole with a disc that's about 40 degrees inclination to the Jets now nobody knows why it's recently it was just discovered like a what two three weeks ago maybe a month ago and maybe that's what's happening Maybe but also maybe not a lot of speculations on my part don't take anything of this seriously yet because I'll we'll have to read the papers my apologies okay oh my voice okay what else do we have uh can reposit space-time move celestial bodies I'm not sure what that question means I'm sorry immigrant gradational waves can the gravitational waves move celestial bodies yeah in in theory they can but it is uh uh well yeah it's not not to the point where they would be like surfing the gravitational wave although that's kind of possible too but yeah I'm sorry I'm not sure what the question is but yeah in theory gravitational waves if they're close to a physical object could move that object away from from a certain location I mean that's kind of what if you look at ligo the detector of gravitational waves that's kind of how it works because the degradation waves that come to us from you know millions billions of light years away they actually move the space time you don't feel it but they move it they sort of shift around and by Shifting the space-time by Contracting our planet just a little bit we can see this by using these very powerful lasers so maybe that answers the question maybe I don't know what else did I miss Ken Webb show us UI scooty um in theory yes but as you might have learned from the video from a few months ago UI scooty is no longer the biggest star so it doesn't really matter anymore there was a miscalculation in terms of distances so it's actually way way smaller than anyone thought and it's not even though I can top 10 anymore or maybe it is no I don't think it is so by your interior it could uh us cookies used to be one of the biggest sellers ever or actually was a record holder at some point uh uh okay okay so people are asking about Dark Matter questions in terms of dark matter it's hard to answer those questions mostly because we have no clear idea what it is we don't know if it's inside black horse if it's there if it exists we know that there are effects that we refer to as dark matter but there it could be not actual physical matter nobody knows what it is it hasn't been discovered it could be just misreportation misinterpretation of gravitational formula as proposed by the Mond Theory but also maybe not but all ideas we have right now about dark matter is simply based on observations from around the universe so it's just it's just an effect it's not an actual physical matter at least not yet not nobody found it uh okay can galaxies form without a black hole so these simulations that the scientists ran before did not require black holes for to form galaxies but going back to my previous comment they did require hypothetical dark matter as a matter of fact matter upon uh let me use the video that I use sometimes this is from the iconic English response illustrious project such a difficult name to pronounce when you're tired and and the thing about this project is that it's been able to recreate a lot of stuff we see around the universe using super computers and one of the things that we create kind of sort of looks like this where is this thing uh yeah here we go can I can I show you this maybe uh okay okay uh why is it so small anyway so these this is the so-called Cosmic web and it's believed that this Cosmic web he is basically everywhere it's actually been proven many many times it's been seen by many different telescopes inside this Cosmic web is a higher density of matter galaxies stars and hypothetical dark matter which most likely served as a kind of a um Foundation slash building block of the web itself and so you don't need black holes but you seem to require higher concentration of dark matter to form this formation that seemed to be everywhere in the universe and as someone else asks a few I guess like an hour ago about Buddhist void there was a question about you know what do I think about Buddhist void well not much because if you if you look here you'll see that there are voids everywhere Buddha's void is just one of them so the the voids between the web itself maybe it's a little bit easier to see if I show you this video actually also from the iconic illustrious project okay here we go so so this is during the early formation of the universe you'll have galaxies and then you have these voids everywhere and so these voids are kind of sort of formed um oh here this is even better one kind of sort of formed so these large voids kind of sort of formed by having a little bit less dense stuff in there compared to you know uh actual Cosmic web and so in conclusion where was I going with that Dark Matter could be real but we don't know what it is it might have formed Cosmic web maybe Cosmic web is real it has been seen several times and very recently um I haven't talked about this yet I'm not sure if I will but the very powerful radio telescope in Canada and in BC the telescope known as chyme or chime I don't know how to pronounce it it's c-h-i-m-e uh that telescope recently was able to identify potentially a part of a cosmic web a few billion wide years away from us by looking at Radio emissions of hydrogen coming from the region so so yeah it's very likely there and so in that sense let's play some music before I finish the stream I have I'm going to take 10 more minutes before I finish this um in the new image how wide is the ring in White Years oh that's a great question oh I wish someone asked that during the Stream so this is I don't think it's in light years to be honest it would have to be most likely as um in astronomical units is pro I would say it's sore system sized but this is a huge guess I would really have to look at this they did present data during the Spring but it wasn't very clear in terms of size um and I'm gonna have to come back to you I'm gonna be making a video about this where we're going to be answering these questions but but yeah I would have to say it's not even close to the light here it's probably way smaller smaller than that okay next color uh what kind of music do you like I mean I like a lot of stuff but usually especially nowadays I just listen to stuff you hear in the background right now just something calm something that um makes things a little bit easier on the ear uh would an incline disc around the center suggest a recent merger that actually yes yes that's actually maybe one of the reasons why um it would have an inclined disk or it could be some kind of a strange astrophysical effect we don't understand yet but particularly effect related to um maybe the spin of the black hole but yeah there's a high chance that collusion or a interaction with a large black hole could have caused that cool and next what else do we have yeah okay um can a black hole disappear sometime after long term I mean in theory black holes are supposed to disappear according to Stephen Hawking that's what we refer to as Hawking radiation but it's you know it's extremely uh theoretical at the moment and nobody really knows if they really do because it cannot be tested right now so so there all right let's take a gonna take three more questions and then I'm gonna have to go to bed soon mostly because at around 8 30 a.m my son is going to be waking me up and asking me to take him to his favorite kindergarten and I'm gonna be super tired and I'm going to have to stay awake oh if I stay like there is so yeah during the stream they said the shadow is as big as Mercury's orbit around the sun oh they did oh I missed that part huh okay so so if this is as big as mercury then the disc itself is going to be maybe just a little bit past orbit of Venus maybe close to orbit of Earth okay interesting I I missed that part I totally missed that thank you uh who uh who mentioned that someone just mentioned that I missed that uh Eduardo thank you all right could aliens be involved somehow no not really not really um some people are telling me good night and some people are telling me no sleep is James Webb too sensitive to look at black holes um no no it's not sense it's not that it's too sensitive it's just not the same frequency also there is you know if you look at this again there's no infrared stuff coming here all of this is radio waves so you're probably not going to see much uh most of the um light uh not light I guess it is light most of the stuff we see from typical black holes which I'm going to illustrate because I have so many videos saved from so many years so all of the stuff you see here all of this it's either visual right Optical a lot of UV light a lot of x-rays sometimes occasionally gamma rays but not that much infrared a little bit but not not enough to to be able to well I guess maybe some infrared at the outskirts but not enough to to make a difference but quite a lot of radio light because of the magnetic fields so so yeah yeah okay uh what do you mean by black coefficientness yeah I should have clarified this so yeah black hole is in theory a sphere but as you see from the image the accretion disk has sights right so if this is its side then this would be face or maybe this is the face or I guess a butt but so facing means that way but they're suggesting that maybe it's almost entirely efficientness and I am disagreeing because I don't really see the evidence from other studies but I want to read their conclusion I actually want to see why they think so uh it would be really interesting to see if they found something incredible in regards to this maybe maybe it is actually spinning around for all we know or maybe I don't know it'd be interesting uh is the black hole causing the rotation of the Galaxy no no not at all black cool has very very little influence on the Galaxy very very little what would happen if those accretion disks were not there I mean those equation desks are mostly there because there is stuff around the black hole usually stars that are stuck there if they were not there it would just be like the majority of black holes out there that we can't see it would just be invisible is there you know there are probably black holes like only a few light years away from us we can't okay not feel like I would say a few dozen light years away from us but we cannot see them because there is they're still far they're and they're not absorbing anything so um we can't see them would it not look uh the same from every side not necessarily so uh oh the spacing space engine will leave the chat oh I was going to use face engine to illustrate this uh space engine uh is the team behind 3 sanding the app I use a lot in that app you can actually can I open this right now maybe I can open it might I hope it doesn't crash my thing and yes I do need sleep so I am going to bed very soon you can't stop me I guess you could but don't uh let me just show you this because this is so important to illustrate if I can open it without crashing the stream sometimes it crashes stuff not the space engine but just my computer here we go here we go I wonder if you can actually see everything I see all right let's go to the theater is a star simulation remember this is a simulation based on what we know about the black hole and here if we uh wait oh okay I might as well just go manually okay okay here it is oh wait slow down okay so there is that black hole right hopefully it's not too bright let's dim it a little bit okay now it might look like this right well that's what we thought at least but the image seems to suggest once again let's dim it a little bit the image they released seems to suggest that oh it's like maybe this is that that way like sort of this way at least or maybe even this way but not exactly like that it's sort of like here so it does look different because you you actually despite the effects from astrophysical um from another physical just but the accretion disk you're still going to see the disc itself the disc doesn't orbit everywhere it's not a sphere um it's still it's more disc shaped and so so here this is what they're suggesting but the thing is previous studies from just a few months ago did find signs of jets that are pointed this way from just a few thousand years ago so what's happening nobody knows it's a mystery it's a mystery that only science can solve and we'll probably know soon but I don't know maybe there's a maybe there was a miscommunication somewhere I would that's what I would love to find out uh okay someone is saying don't buy space engine yes you should buy space engines for one simple reason it supports the team that's been actually doing this for years absolutely for free and I do highly suggest or recommend uh supporting them because they've done a great job for science communication space engine is actually created by um well there's at least a few astronomers and astrophysicists working behind it from what I remember but yeah it is over money it's only 30 bucks come on but yeah I'm totally not part of the team or anything like that I've just been supporting them for a long time several years oh okay so I can hear my computer is struggling with this and also my stream is slowing down because of this I'm gonna have to close this it's usually because of the graphics card that it starts lagging quite a lot and everything including the video started lagging uh did they show the Breakthrough yet so in case you missed it here you go this is the image that they've been talking about for the past couple of hours maybe not as impressive as some people expected but very impressive for what they were working with and what they had to create using the data that they had is there evidence to suggest Blacklist can wobble like magnetar as well I mean um yeah like that black white I just showed you previously which I did I already closed it that had the inclined accretion disk uh the only or one of the more reasonable explanations is that there's some kind of a wobble going on because of something so yeah maybe maybe but also no specific proof just yet okay okay cool uh tone 618 is probably not going to be imaged anytime soon because it's just way way too far it's just ridiculously far away so yeah okay uh and maybe a couple of a couple more questions and then I go getting super super tired what are the bright areas in the picture uh so yeah as I mentioned before currently we don't really know but I think it's the flares from the Christian disk and because the image was combined with other images it just looks that way and okay okay cool thank you very much for all the support I love you too um any con common degradation always hit in our system uh any quotation waves here in our system right now um well you can actually check that usually all of this data is publicly available and up to date on the what is it called oh Jesus uh Grace is it called Grace yes Grace where is Grace this is Grace Grace is a database by uh oh no that's not it that's not the right Grace oh okay I forgot what it is I forgot the website uh so anyway it's a report that shows all of the gradation we've detected as of I guess recently but at the moment I don't think there was anything major report so so yeah what algorithm did they use for data processing I have no idea they do they did report their algorithm in the previous uh m87 detection so I'm guessing something similar but from what I remember it was ridiculously complex I I mean I sometimes think I'm good at math and and programming because I've done it for many years and I looked at it opened the actual report and I decided to just close it and go to bed because it was way way above my pay rate I it's just ridiculous I mean if I had spent maybe a few days studying it I would probably figure it out but at the at that moment um it was not as crucial okay cool and maybe one last comment question or concern uh okay I'm trying to find something else okay cool cool oh yeah well I should be showing you image more than anything else so this is this is the image that was being shown and um thank you so much for everything really um are there any radio frequency emissions from the black hole so so this is all radio frequency all everything you see here was created in video frequencies this was made with radio telescopes there's no other frequencies here there's no uh this is not Optical light this is not what the actual black hole looks like in Optical light this is what it looks like in radio waves to some extent and so therefore that is maybe all I'm going to say today and also maybe you should be subscribing if you still haven't and maybe also you know that donation box somewhere right there oh it used to be there oh did I remove it oh so yeah the money donated goes to the uh save the children foundation and a lot of the stuff is actually going to be going to kids of conflict and specifically Ukraine but also different other countries supporting refugees and supporting kids around the planet uh I've I've been personally discussing this with them and they they do a tremendous job they actually are probably some of the better charity uh Charities I've worked with in the past and I'm so glad we've raised so much money I'm super super grateful to everyone who everyone who donated through patreon through PayPal through um the channel membership pretty much uh with some exception of maybe a few dollars that I use for uh I think I I bought a subscription to one of the video channels like a video providing things that I use like the you know the videos that you always see this this stuff all of this I have to pay for so that was the only money I used from everything that has been donated in the last few months and I'm honestly I just feel guilty about a lot of things that happened in the last few months and also feel extremely saddened uh especially as a parent who lost a child I felt very saddened by what many parents go through right now and so that's why this particular Drive exists and that's why I've been doing this for a couple of months now I'm probably going to be finishing it officially in maybe I would say a few weeks from now uh but I'm going to be putting a huge chunk of donations into that big chunk uh that I've collected from other people as well from personal donations from my friends and family and from a few people I know and and So eventually we're hoping to raise maybe 200 000 and all of this will go to help those kids uh but even if you can donate just you being here and you know the fact that this is being watched and the YouTube is going to be promoting this hopefully through the fact that YouTube is going to be paying me for this video at some point I hope uh unless they tag it as conflict video uh this is also going to them as well it's it's just you know it's it's a time when I I feel like it's very difficult for me to think about anything else except for uh what's going on in Europe and also what's going on with my own family to be honest my extended family but on that note I don't want to end this on the set note I am very very grateful for all the support over the years and and I'm still cannot believe that there are a million people that want to watch you know this stuff um but hopefully I keep going and keep making this and keep doing this and in some of the future videos once my son grows up a little bit and starts talking a little bit better he's maybe going to comment join the stream and maybe ask some other questions and talk to you people a few people sounds horrible to you wonderful people you wonderful wonderful individuals all over the world anyway so thank you so much I'm super tired now I'm starting to ramble and my tone is not in the same condition as it used to be and also because of the basically because of the allergy I've been suffering from for the past few weeks uh tomorrow I think I'm probably going to skip the video mostly because well a lot of people will probably be watching re-watching the stream and on Saturday we're going to be talking about uh something else I don't think I'll be able to make a video about Sagittarius A star just yet because I I really want to look for all the data they've collected and read all the papers they have or at least try to skim through them to some extent and they're going to be super long and just you know see what we can find about those answers like you know what what are those spots what is going on here is it really facing us and if not what's happening so so those are really good questions and nobody really knows um the answers to yet because during the Q a session uh unfortunately the answers were not very clear and I feel like a lot of people were maybe not happy with the answers and it's not because they didn't know it's because you know science communication is difficult so give them a break on that note you know uh stay wonderful most importantly stay positive don't don't do anything bad portable the world is really full of that so we don't need more of that and uh enjoy you know learning about science enjoy learn about the universe because there's just so much incredible stuff to to discover so why wouldn't you right why would you do anything bad even there's so much great stuff out there and so on that note I will hopefully see you very soon and as I mentioned before the streams I've been trying to make this a regular thing but something always comes up so I'm going to try I really need to try because I promised so many subscribers and um especially YouTube subscribers that I'm going to start doing this regularly we're going to hopefully have another stream very very soon I'm hopefully going to get rid of this microphone and get a better one and everything hopefully will get better soon and so on and so forth on that note anything else I need to mention no stay wonderful I will see you very soon uh and as always bye-bye okay anything else anything important I'm trying to see if there are any super important questions I missed thank you for the donations anyone who I missed um and I love you so much okay bye-bye really I need to go my son is going to be very very persistent waking me up tomorrow and I'm going to be super super tired and therefore

Channel: Anton Petrov

Views: 338,868

Keywords: #eso, #blackhole, black hole, eso, sgra*, sagittarius a*, #sgra*, anton petrov, science, physics, astrophysics, astronomy, universe, whatdamath, what da math, space engine, space, galactic collision, Radio Galaxy, black holes, m87, messier 87, m87 black hole, black hole image, eht, event horizon telescope, m 87 black hole, m 87, event horizon telescope black hole, first ever black hole, m87 spin, astrophysical jet, m87 update, powehi, m87 magnetic field, polarized light, polarization

Id: hd6q8B7D8qE

Length: 184min 15sec (11055 seconds)

Published: Thu May 12 2022