[narrator] I have always asked
myself a lot of questions. Always bored at school where all questions
were answered, except for the important ones. I spent the time daydreaming,
thinking about the world. Easter Island, the pyramids of Giza, Machu Picchu... Mythical places, which have all
made us dream at some point. You might ask yourself
questions, lots of questions but asking the right ones
truly is an art. A priceless art that
everyone can afford. This is how I found myself
many years later looking into
the past of our planet, far, very far back in time. And what we discovered changed
my vision of the past... forever. [mysterious music] [suspenseful music] We did a lot of reading before
investigating on-site. Many far-fetched, contradictory,
confusing things which could easily convince those who know nothing
about the subject that nothing interesting
is to be found in the ruins
of our ancient people. Yet the perfection found in these ancient constructions
defies modern reason. I decided to surround myself
with competent people who could enlighten me
and avoid any hasty deductions. As the investigation progressed uncovering new elements
along the way, I saw the look
in their eyes change... and so did mine. I had to set aside my prejudices what the French philosopher
Descartes called "wiping the slate clean". I had to remember the time when I looked
at the world differently in a more simple way. And this reassured me,
inspired me and gave me hope as new perspectives
are always brighter than what we can imagine. Let us start with one of the most well-known
ancient sites on Earth, a minuscule island lost in the
middle of the Pacific Ocean: Rapa Nui, Easter Island. The little trip, it was Rapa Iti the big trip, it was Rapa Nui. Easter Island
is a speck of earth in the middle
of the Pacific Ocean located 3,700 kilometres
away from the coast of Chile and about 4,000 kilometres
away from French Polynesia. In a period of 100 years,
the People from Rapa Nui are believed to have sculpted
about 1000 volcanic stone giants the Moai, made from stone
quarried from a crater. Once finished, these statues, inserted at the bottom
of the volcano were stood up through
a great effort by the people. Some of them
were erected on pedestals: the Ahu set at various places
on the island. Here are the main ones: Tongariki,
the largest Moai formation, Te Pito Kura,
the "navel of the World", with the largest Moai
transported from the quarry. In the Bay of Anakena where the Moai are capped
with their red Pukao, Tahai where they have restored
the white eyes of the Moai. Vinapu, the most ancient
Ahu of the island according
to archaeological studies. And Akivi, the only formation where
the Moai look to the sea and more specifically
to the equinox sun. Let's quickly review
the history of the island before getting
to the important questions. The extraordinary saga of the
Rapa Nui People starts there in the Anakena Bay where King Hotu Matua, who left Polynesia with
his bravest men, first landed. It is believed that they had
built a prosperous society and the most accepted hypothesis is that the Rapa Nui collapsed following clan wars
throughout the centuries while deforestation occurred
because of the statues. However,
in the latest archaeological discoveries, reality might
have been quite different. Epidemics introduced
by the Spanish navigators at the end of the 18th century slave raids at the end
of the 19th century almost exterminated
the population. We have to remember that the
population here was reduced to a hundred and ten
or eleven people at one point. The loss of the guardians of
the Rapa Nui culture who became forced labourers
in the Peruvian mines and the Christian
evangelization campaigns almost exterminated
the culture of these people. The Rapa Nui may have originated
from Hiva Oa about 3,600 kilometres
to the Northwest. You don't embark
on this kind of trip lightly. You must think about food
and especially water because a 30 to 50 day trip
by boat implies a certain level
of logistics. There must be enough supplies
for the trip back in case of failure. When talking about the history
of the arrival of the first known King of the first major lord maybe
- Hotu Matua we know that two pirogues landed but we don't know
how many had left. It's hard to comprehend what
such an expedition could entail. You can eat fish, but enough water needs to be
provided for such a long trip. You need to know ahead of time
how many days at sea there are before reaching land. Either Hotu Matua first sent
scouts in various directions and by chance one of them
discovered Easter Island. Or they left randomly
and out of sheer luck they discovered this speck
of land in the Pacific Ocean. Alternatively,
they might have known the position
of the island beforehand which raises the question as to how could they have
known about it? Linguists cite the resemblance of the Rapa Nui language with the original
Polynesian language the former would have in fact
evolved during migrations this confirms the Oral history
of the Rapa Nui. They claim to have
accomplished this trip straight from Hiva Oa Island. If it's true
that they all migrated from this place called Hiva the linguistic evidence
suggests that Rapa Nui left that group of people first,
and came here of course they were all speaking
the same language at that time. It's difficult to reconstruct the true story
of the Rapa Nui people as it's been terribly damaged
by multiple invasions. Recent archaeological studies go
against the accepted idea of a nation of warriors. According to the American
anthropologist Carl Lipo the obsidian blades
long considered weapons may have actually been tools
for sculpting and gardening noting their lack
of a pointed tip. There are also no traces
of fortresses on the island. And then there are movies
that show very little respect for the people of Rapa Nui. After filming on the Island, an American production
company just threw a concrete Moai that
was no longer useful out into the ocean. But let's get technical. The Giant Moai of Rano Raraku,
which measures 22 m high and weighs about 250 tons,
is often shown but we seldom see the Moai, which was sculpted
in the crater wall this complicated
their future extraction. You could think they were
not sculpted to be extracted however, since they are
not visible at ground-level why go to that much trouble? These Moai weigh
between 40 and 60 tons and are located about
15 km away from the quarry. Some of the Moai
were capped with a Pukao hats made of red volcanic tuff, extracted here,
at the site of Puna Pao 12 km from the quarry
over steep terrain. The Pukao were transported hoisted up and set on top
of the Moai's heads sometimes
at a height of 8 meters. How? Very simple, according to
this information panel. Maybe someone
has a better explanation but no one has yet thought it would be useful or important
to specify it here. In fact, no one really knows. We may have a vague hypothesis
regarding the transportation and we believe the Moai might have been erected
to protect the houses they were gazing at... Although the statues tend
to look more to the skies than to the ground. Experiments have been set up
on flat surfaces to simulate the transportation
of a 5 ton Moai however, it's impossible
to confirm that the same process would have been possible with
an 80 ton Moai, like this one. Ahu Vinapu
is different from other sites because of
its massive architecture. And it leads
to some unsettling questions being the most ancient
and still in place, it demonstrates that this way of
building was the most resilient therefore, the safest. It was the best advertisement
for this technique. True to the idea of linear
progress by Homo sapiens you would expect
the subsequent sites to be built
in a similar fashion or even better... And the problem is that actually,
all the Ahu built after this one were never as large, nor
as precise in their assemblage and all ended up collapsing. But not Ahu Vinapu. So the questions are: Amongst the builders
at Rapa Nui who followed none of them noticed that
the only viable technique was the one utilized
at Ahu Vinapu? And if they did, why not
reproduce this technique? Therefore either the secret of
this structure is a unique case, lost in history or the people of Rapa Nui had nothing to do
with its construction. There's strong similarities
in the style between Ahu Vinapu and the structures attributed
to the Incas, in Peru. Genetics analyses of the island chickens show there was contact
between both places but we don't know
in which direction. Destination Peru more specifically, Cusco,
the old Inca capital that like Rapa Nui, was called
the World's belly button. Either both tribes
see themselves as the centre of the world or maybe the Earth
has numerous belly buttons. If we set a picture of this site
and a picture of an Inca wall we would say
'that is an Inca wall'. Here, in the Andes,
it is everywhere like this so I would say it is
more appropriate on our side to believe that, indeed, they came from here,
from the Andes. The problem in Peru is that
there's very little information about the time before the arrival
of the Catholic Inquisition. It means that
you can be confused about the history of the buildings
and their techniques. There was an interruption
in the process of History. The Catholics at the time, were not interested in gaining
knowledge with regards
to the ancient techniques, they just wanted to prevail. This church was built directly
over the Inca Temple of Coricancha covering it entirely. However, the Catholic Church
was not alone in the use of this
rather high-handed method as it was practiced everywhere
by conquerors and settlers. Like here, this mosque over
the temple of Luxor in Egypt or again the Temple of Jupiter
in Baalbek in Lebanon where Romans preferred to build
on top of existing foundations. Which is understandable, as each
block weighs over 1,000 tons. Here, the church
sought to destroy the archives of these people until everyone accepted
the popular image of the barbaric
and bloodthirsty Incas engaging in human sacrifice. It's very sad to see how
the immense knowledge of these very ancient people
were discarded, knowledge that we are
just beginning to rediscover especially in
the field of medicine and in politics, as well. The priority was to give the opportunity
for everybody to fit in and because they did not succeed
at integrating all the people, at one point, they separated. From the time
the Christians arrived, the people who did not succeed
in fitting in became allies
with the Christians and this is the reason
why the empire weakened. And in the end,
it's the fall. It was important to avoid
any further rebellion. That, they had a radical option. It was to kill the leaders,
the chiefs, the sages... then it would be easier
to take control of the people. You kill the leaders, spreading confusion
among the people and the rebellion is stopped. The excuse to execute them,
to kill them was that 'it serves them right'. This method is as old
as the World itself... Well, actually, maybe not 45 centuries before
the arrival of the Europeans, life was quite different
on the Pacific coast of Peru. Civilization has been there
for a very long time. The oldest American city
to date, Caral Supe bears
witness to this. This vast city was
remarkably organized with streets, squares, housing, amphitheatres and temples
in the shape of pyramids. It dates back 5,000 years. According to
the Egyptologist dating, this gigantic mother city was contemporary
to the Pyramids of Giza. Archaeological studies
show that Caral was destroyed
about 3,800 years ago following earthquakes or other
climate-related catastrophes. The city is kind of a problem
for those who studied it as no fortresses or weapons
were ever found and so they have to admit
the incredible possibility that this city lived in peace for
over a thousand years. It seems improbable
to modern humans that people could live in peace
for vast periods of time. When they discover sites
like Caral, the main difficulty for archaeologists
is the state it's in which renders the reconstruction
of daily life challenging. We can find small blocks
of stone, joined together
by clay cement. The same technique as
we might find at a later stage at Machu Picchu or Ollantaytambo, which will later evolve
towards greater precision. They may have started to
build Caral with small stones and it would have been completed
with the refined technique as we can see on the most recent
parts of the Machu Picchu site. This would be
the normal evolution of the technique
throughout time. Discovered in 1911,
at a time where in Europe Incas were still
believed to be savages this city was unknown
to the Spanish during the time of
their occupation of Peru. It shows impressive
technical expertise, especially in
the management of water and its distribution system. Its stone assemblages are harmoniously integrated
into the environment. However, aside from
the incredible feat of bringing
the materials to the site, it doesn't present
any particular difficulty. But what surprised us
was at the heart of the site built in
a totally different style huge andesite blocks,
a very hard stone had been assembled with
precision, without any seal, stone against stone. If this stone comes
from a quarry on the other side of
the valley then you really wonder how
could they have transported these heavy blocks
on such a steep slope? And why such a different style? One must not confuse the function of certain
structures and spaces. Like, for example,
the temples and palaces, which have always been
sophisticated buildings almost perfect,
well-assembled masonry, in contrast with
the more functional structures like for example a house. You might not use
the same techniques for buildings intended
for rituals as for buildings intended for
housing, which I can understand but then why are
some of the walls "mixed"? This could be due to repairs but then,
the question would be why was it not repaired
identically? You can clearly see
that the big blocks are more ancient compared
to the smaller blocks. Why? Quite simply: the small blocks are set
on top of the big ones. Similarly to Easter Island the builders have assembled
complex polygonal shapes which do not seem to present
any kind of difficulty. Let's draw some comparisons
which make no sense according to archaeology as the sites we are going
to compare are separated by thousands of years
and kilometres. Here you can see an assemblage
from an angle of a wall in Machu Picchu and another one from the temple
of the Valley in Giza, Egypt. [suspenseful music] You might notice the same type
of general symmetry in the shape like here still at the temple
of the valley in Egypt and there, at
the heart of Machu Picchu at Machu Picchu. And in the temple of the Valley. You could explain
these parallels by the fact that confronted
with the same problem, human beings will all find
the same solution. Simply, you don't
randomly assemble blocks and that when needed they were cut to
create these patterns which gives us just an idea of
the level of mastery required. How's this for logic? You start by assembling extremely resistant
constructions with massive stones and then as time passes, you build less and less
resistant structures with the stones
the size of bricks... Long live progress! These stones disjointed
by one or more earthquakes allow us to
understand two things first of all, the internal wall's surfaces
fit together precisely. The face of the stone on
the left is slightly twisted and the block on the right
exactly mirrors this twist. Do you realize the difficulty
of achieving this? This complex work does not
seem to be useful in any way. If these walls are an evolution
of the techniques in Caral, a millennium earlier, then where does this style with
the enormous stones come from? Where is the logic
in all of this? It's even more obvious
at Sacsayhuaman the fortress
with its 3 enclosures overhanging the city of Cusco, the ancient capital
of the Incas. [mysterious music] Three levels, made of blocks
weighing a few dozen tons assembled with
very great precision. Over more than 400 m long. The angled stones
weigh over 200 tons and the others up to 60 tons. What is the purpose
of this fortress? Militarily speaking,
we find numerous weak points. If this was simply
a way to appear strong, they might have
gone a bit too far. [epic music] At the site, the guides
are happy to tell us that the whole site
represents the head of a puma and that this fortress
represents its teeth the rest being made of the outer
walls of the ancient Cusco. You might be able
to see this as an eye, it's a beautiful story, but how confident
can we be it is one? What we notice is that the builders must
have been able to transport hoist and assemble stones
weighing dozens of tons but when repairing the stones
that were damaged or disappeared this is
what they must have done. At Ollantaytambo, still in Peru, we find the same thing. Walls made of small stones,
classically of the Inca era. And these. Here, the first traces
of settlements date back to around 600 BCE. If these were the same builders, then they lost the know-how
along the way because for some unknown reason
they were unable to complete them
or repair them identically. The style,
the quality of the stone and the difficulty of the work
are in no way the same. As the repairs are to be found
on the upper layers of the walls it means
the stones underneath are older. The builders, here again started by
assembling gigantic stones with very great precision and to finish off
with smaller ones assembled with
less precision? At Ollantaytambo,
our eyes were drawn to black stones carved
in a certain way. Our guide said that there
was a link between this site and the site of
Tiahuanaco in Bolivia that similar techniques
have been utilized. From what was said, the sites were not dated
from the same time but then again,
this was rather unclear. We decided to head off
to Tiahuanaco through the Andes,
on the other side of the famous Titikaka Lake. [adventure music] Between 800 and 1100 Tiahuanaco administered
a very large territory. What makes the plateau
interesting is the following. A vast enclosure
made of walls and pillars an entry way leading to a door. Except none of this
is authentic. It is in fact a reconstruction based on the vision of
an archaeologist. Here is the site, pictured
before its restoration in 1892. At the site,
no one tells you anything. There's not even a sign telling you
when it was actually restored. You could believe
this was an authentic site. But curiously, this creative
archaeologist did not find it useful to look at
the site of Puma Punku located about
1 km from Tiahuanaco. Its builders are
said to be pre-Inca. Therefore, before the Incas. And they would
have built all this. [epic music] But what happened there? Why was the site destroyed? A dispute between
shamans is mentioned. If this was actually the reason, then it's probably best
not to anger a shaman or they'll smash
you like a dozen ton block. We asked Erik Gonthier,
geologist, to come with us as we wanted his advice
on the technical process. This, you can get with some
small shards of rather flat and slightly abrasive rocks and then
it's a question of time, meaning that you will need to
get in, and come out, you see. Coming and going, like this. But it's an enormous amount
of work! Erik told us that in India, stonecutters are still
using the same or almost the same methods as the one used
thousands of years ago except the use of
hardened steel, too soft so it was replaced
by carborundum or other hard-alloy tips. When using hardened steel tools the stone cutters usually
hit at most 5 or 6 times before sending them
again to the quench... Erik insisted on the fact: do not underestimate
human capabilities. Because as soon as you question
the academic version, others will assume that you
believe it was built by aliens. That's what he meant by "not underestimating
human capabilities." No, this was hand-made. Some people automatically use
the extraterrestrial solution to resolve
the "issue" of the tools. But, to tell you the truth, although we cannot explain
the methods used we don't feel that
this was something made by ancient aliens. With a copper lamella, then
you go over again and again. There are technical gestures, you cross
then start again, and so on. We advised Erik to wait a bit
before making a decision. [soft music] The next day, he will use
our roughness-measuring device a tool that measures
the surface flatness thanks to
a minuscule diamond tip maneuvered by
a computerized arm. We will try and find the spot that has been knowingly
polished by hand, acknowledging the fact that there are
natural little grooves, which are gas bubbles
that remained trapped in the andesite, which is here. The first measurements
on randomly selected stones provide
interesting results. Then, as we start
to choose the stones the numbers get more accurate. 76.516, oh my goodness! We then return to the stone
we were looking at this morning. Erik places the roughness-measuring
device over it. Look, here, amazing! We're curious to know the result as the block appears
to be particularly smooth. The graph that appears
is very flat. 31.653, wow! A variance between the highest
and the lowest points on the surface. 1 micron equals 0.001 mm and you need 1000 microns to make 1 mm. 30 microns is 0.03 mm. This surface is
10 times smoother than modern flat concrete. Already spotted by Christopher
Dunn, an aviation engineer who based
his career on precision. In a hotel room, we cleared off a table,
that had a glass table top. The glass table top was within 7 thousands of
an inch of being flat. Going out to Puma Punku
and taking that instrument, it was within half
a thousand of an inch. Surfaces deteriorate over time to give you an idea, here is the
roughness of everyday materials. They reached an absolutely
exceptional level of polishing. Nowadays, we would only get this with the use
of powerful machines including lasers and
rotating mechanical equipment of very, very high precision. Remember, he was talking
about copper and abrasion... You can be sure he is
carefully choosing his words. Another thing we observe here, is the place
where these arsenica and black basalt blocks
are coming from. The black basalt comes from
300 km away in Tiahuanaco. 300 kilometres away. Transporting rocks weighing
a few tons across the Andes and over such a distance does not seem to surprise him
that much. Nothing will ever
replace an actual visit. Although... Sometimes
from a distance we can discover certain things. You might notice
this pattern on a slab. A researcher told us this pattern was also present at
another enigmatic site in Peru. Over 700 km away
as the crow flies. Nazca... On this barren plateau, immense lines
and representations of animals have been drawn
on the ground by the people of Nazca,
dating back around 2,300 years. Except for a few stylized
representations of animals you can observe mainly
straight lines, some very long. The whole site covers
thousands of square kilometres. We often hear about
the "tracks of Nazca" and some in the past have called these "landing
strips for extraterrestrials". How could you
seriously consider that people capable of flying
across the universe might need a landing
strip drawn on the ground? This sounds as stupid
as the hypothesis stating that the patterns
were designed to ask the gods for water,
rare in this area. You might have had
better things to do rather than wasting your time
in a barren area where nothing grows. Here again, we know nothing. Although these
figures are gigantic, their creation might
have been difficult, but far from impossible. What interests us,
is the "why". We are often
shown animal drawings but the lines are
far more impressive. And both, curiously,
overlap in some places as if we're looking at two different eras
and two different styles. On one hand,
we have animal drawings and representations
of living beings though none of them
lived in this region. On the other, we find abstract
and immense geometrical lines. This is inconsistent with
the people supposed to have possessed
only primitive technology. Similarly to the H-shape
blocks of Puma Punku. From the people of Rapa Nui
to the Inca Empire, partly because of
the foreign invasions, we do not know for certain
the why and how of all these
constructions. But we can see they have usually been executed
in inaccessible areas in the desert, on top of hills
or on very steep mountainsides. Each time, there seems to be
at least two different eras and two different styles and the most ancient era
appears to have a taste for abstract
geometrical patterns. Peru is a vast
and magnificent land like its people. It is said there are
over 1,200 sites listed and you would need a lot of time
in order to see them all. Sometimes we just
trust our intuition and let ourselves be guided
by the people we meet. This is how we discovered
the next site. After a drive of
about 30 km of dirt track this site
is difficult to access. A low stone wall
covers the back wall. Another stone wall outside leads us to believe that we are
in some kind of sheepfold. Up until now,
nothing abnormal, except for the fact for some
unknown reason the other sidewall has been cut. And as we turned around we discovered that
the entry of this cave, the stones have been
entirely sculpted. Here again, the feeling that you are facing
two different eras in the building
of the structure is strong. This feeling is confirmed by these outer structures, in the same style
as the sheepfold... a latter imitation? The work is clean and
the cut-outs are beautiful but wait until
you see the next site located far,
far away from Peru. In India, in the Bihar region. [mysterious music] We find 7 caves entirely excavated
from massive granite blocks spread across 2 main sites: 4 at Barabar and 3 at Nagarjuni. Amongst them,
2 remain unfinished They are considered to be
the oldest caves in India and they may have been built
about 2,300 years ago under the reign of King Ashoka according to the scriptures carved at the entrance
of certain caves. There are many
other caves in India but these are unique
because of their precision. You can observe
a reoccurring theme that the more ancient
the structure the more modern
it looks. They were dug
into granite rocks, a material harder
than hardened steel. Here the surfaces appear
to be cement, but that's an optical illusion due to the extreme transparency
of the granite crystal when polished to the extreme. In reality they are like this everywhere. We asked the late
Jean-Louis Boistel, an experienced stonecutter
who has been working with granite for over 40
years without any modern tools. We didn't even have the time
to let him know these images have been taken with
a highly sensitive camera that allows us to film in
the dark as if in full light. In fact, with a normal
camera, this is what we got. Here they are extremely
accurate, extremely precise it means
they had powerful lights, because to work
in this type of area you would need
more than just torches. Also, with torches,
you would suffocate. To get people to work
in such an environment, they would need
to be able to breathe. The dust coming from the stone
itself is considerable in an environment like this one, especially
when you work with picks. The granite produces sand,
shards, this a problem of granulometry but, more importantly,
it produces a lot of dust silica that leads to silicosis. I would have liked to know how
they ventilated the work site to achieve something
as perfect as this. Already the production of dust,
when we are outside, covers us entirely we inhale it
if we don't wear a mask, and we drink a lot...
and that's when we are outside! So on the inside, if you add up
the smoke from the torches it becomes quickly unbreathable,
and unworkable. The tribological report, meaning the method of abrasion
used to produce this rock is a lot harder to achieve on this granite than
on the rocks of Puma Punku. This incredible sensation of
vitrification is rather surprising. It's absolutely incredible, it seems to be laser-made. I mean, no,
it's not laser-made... this is hand-made. But you would need thousands
and thousands of hours to obtain
a polish like this one. A perfect gloss, obtained
by a sanding of the surface which is very hard to get with a classical sanding
with a stone, and water, that we can get with an abrasive
very very fine sand. There is a shine equivalent to that obtained today
with our modern means. Yet these caves are
at least 2,300 years old. This dating relies
upon the inscription carved at
the entrance of 3 of them. However, when looking at
these inscriptions in detail we can see the work is far from being
as clean as inside the caves. In the most complex cave, the granite has literally
become flaky in some parts suggesting that these caves
may be older than we think. In this massive stone hill, 2 caves have been
carved on one side. The one on the left
is fully completed inside and the first one
according to archaeology. The one on the right
displays a curved porch. Buddhist style corresponding
to the era of King Ashoka but the inside is unfinished. The walls are polished
but the ceiling and the ground are still raw. We don't understand
why the completed cave is not the one
with the porch obviously special as
it's the only cave to have one. But why was it not completed? When looking at
the porch more closely, we can see the work
is "easy on the eye" so to speak. But as beautiful as it may look, it cannot be compared
to the work accomplished inside
the walls of the cave. You stand slightly to the side,
you can see the holes, and then the deformation here. There are no sharp edges, it's completely damaged, this is second class work here the relief goes back up, and then it goes down again,
downward there are no finished edges,
everything is round inside. So here we are facing
a much later work. We can not
associate this work with what has been done,
previously, inside the rooms. This porch is off-centre,
not vertical. It's nothing compared to the
precision and the construction of the caves. [celestial music] According to some archaeologists this uncompleted cave
could explain in detail how the other caves
could have been constructed. It's hard when
looking at this work to imagine
it might look like this. The work is very badly initiated it could not result in anything, looking at the state
it is in at this stage. Even more impossible as some cuts on the ceiling
go too deep. When you have a perfectly
polished plane, as it is the case here it is out of the question
to exceed this surface and to produce dents
lower than the surface, in which case, they would have
to do all over again. But when resuming the work here,
there is a splinter, which broke a big splinter that is gone, leaving a hole
that is just irredeemable. This cave seems to show
a failed attempt maybe done on a cave
that was discovered unfinished. A king would not take over
a cave already completed but would more likely finish
a cave with some modifications which would explain
the difference in the levels
on the ground. And maybe his men
did not succeed. Of course,
this is pure speculation. The contrast
between the polish wall and the rough ceiling seems
to confirm the idea of a re-use. We would need to further
study this room in order to comprehend fully
the chronology in the work and confirm or set aside
this hypothesis. We measured the surfaces with
the roughness-measuring device. [suspenseful music] The device
analyzes the micro flaws but otherwise, to the touch
and the naked eye, it is perfectly flat. There is an average difference
of a few microns. These surfaces are almost
as smooth as glass. The precision tolerance
varies between 2 to 5 mm The taking of measurements
with a rangefinder is difficult because
the walls are slightly tilted. What tools were used to
accomplish such an exact work. Some defects in the polishing do confirm that these caves
were hand-made which makes the need for
accuracy even more pronounced. "Handmade" could mean the use
of power tools guided by hand, instead of chisels and hammers. But why such precision? What's the point? A gap of a few centimetres would be difficult
to see with the naked eye and in full light. We were leaving Barabar with the feeling that
these caves had more to offer however, we needed
more precise equipment. From Easter Island
to India via Peru we can see two
very different styles. The work that is
the most ancient is also the largest
and most precise. It is the case
on Easter Island, at Ollantaytambo, at Machu Picchu, at Naupa Iglesia, and in Egypt. But why this need for accuracy? We were leaving Egypt
with Erik, who was becoming more and more embarrassed
by all of our discoveries. Few scientists agree to appear
in these type of documentaries afraid to look like
raving lunatics in the eyes of
their colleagues. But like us,
he wanted to understand. Neither of us
had any hypothesis. [Middle Eastern music] The granite used
to build the boxes comes from one of
the quarries in Aswan about 900 km away
from Saqqarah located 1 km away
from the Nile River from which the 22 boxes
had to be transported. Just for making this,
it is a number of years. I don't know, maybe 4,5,6 years
at least to achieve this. However, despite it
being extraordinary work, surfaces are
a little less precise than the ones
observed at Barabar. What we can tell
from the reflection, is that the polish
is absolutely amazing. On the other hand,
unlike at Barabar, we do not get this perfect
flatness of the cave. How did these 22 boxes
and their lids get moved into
such a small space? And why? Yet again the need for such accuracy for
the boxes destined to hold bulls even if these bulls were sacred? How did they work underground? How did they get enough light
to accomplish such polishing? What were their tools? How did they breathe? Have Egyptologists
looked into these questions in their publications? If this is the case,
we are keen to know the answers because these are the type of
tools shown when talking about the stone cutting techniques
of ancient Egypt. When we look into
Ancient Egypt, and we follow their civilization
over a 3,000 year period and we are told that they used
very simple tools at the beginning
of their civilization such as copper chisels,
wooden mallets, stone chisels,
stone hammers... and then you follow the progress of that civilization over
3,000 years and it ends up they still using the same tools as they started with, that doesn't make sense. Christopher Dunn offers
his opinion as an engineer. No matter what
the techniques are, the thought process stays
rigorously the same throughout the ages. Especially regarding the complex
structures of ancient Egypt. Tools had to evolve. We go from a single stone
to a stone attached to a handle. Then, little by little
the tool is perfected. However, despite
the fact that master pieces were created for
some unknown reason it might not happened that way. Particularly when you look at what they've created because the tools found
in the archaeological records are not capable
of creating the artifacts from that period. Convinced for over 20 years
that the Egyptians are indeed the creators
of these structures, Christopher Dunn has been
tracking down their tools. Clearly more advanced when
looking at their constructions, which he explains
in detail in his work. Each stone at the outer wall weighs between 200 and 400 tons. It is completely surreal. So much so that nobody
has tried to discover how they could have done this. These stones have been
covered by granite paving from Aswan, as usual. We noticed that these massive
stones all have different shapes fitting together accurately. We have never read or heard
of any serious explanation regarding
the building of this temple as if piling up stones
weighing 200 to 400 tons was just child's play. For some, the builders could
have used ramps to raise them others mention hoists... get some information
in regards to the difficulty of transporting
such heavy loads and you will understand the
enigma is far from being solved. Sites which, according to our
History, have nothing in common except for the fact that
they've been created by people who are
barely clothed... The Valley Temple is
located on the Giza plateau around a hundred meters away from the largest
of all pyramids. On the 30th parallel,
about 4,500 years ago, the Great Pyramid of Giza
would have been built if we go by the dating
of Egyptology. No text mentions
its construction, nor the construction
of the Median Pyramid also known as Khafre Pyramid,
nor the small one also known as Mykerinos Pyramid. In fact,
this is not quite right. Fragments of papyrus dated
from the end of the 4th dynasty discovered in 2013 do mention the transport of
limestone blocks from Tourah, those used for the cladding
of the Great Pyramid... but nothing else, no reference to the more
than 2,000 blocks of limestone that came from other quarries. Over 2 million limestone blocks, 230 meters on its side, 140 meters in height. Its construction remains
a mystery to this day. The site of Giza is built
over a limestone plateau originally made
of flattened hills as we can see
on the median pyramid. For the Great Pyramid, the builders
kept part of the hill, some kind of giant pivot
about 6 m high, around which it was built. First they paved about
60,000 square meters of surface minus the surface of the pivot which allowed them to save a lot
of blocks for the construction. But these paving blocks weighing on average 1 half tons,
are not all identical and have complex shapes, which makes joining them
even more complicated. This is even more complex as the ground has been carved
in order to insert these blocks. It is a giant puzzle in 3D. Once this was completed, they built
the base of the pyramid which is almost flat as noted by
the Egyptology Mark Lehner. He detected a difference
of only a few centimetres from one end
to the other which spreads
over 230 m in length. We do wonder about the means
to obtain such precision with the basic tools commonly
attributed to the Egyptians. That is, if they were indeed
the builders of this site. Then, they piled up over
2 million limestone blocks in successive rounds
up to the top. There again, we can see the height of
the rounds are not all the same and the blocks
all have different shapes meaning that they did not
place the blocks randomly. The work was done
with such precision that the edges of the pyramid
remain unbroken up to the top. Today, the blocks
of the cladding made from limestone
from Tourah are missing. Rocks may have fallen down
following a violent earthquake in the 14th century, cladding we can still see at
the top of the median pyramid. Cladding that rendered
the Great Pyramid entirely smooth
from the outside... It was oriented with stupefying
precision to True North with a variation of
only a 5 hundredth of a degree precision that would take us
thousands of years to achieve again
even with our modern equipment. The first problem was to
establish guide lines on the ground
with such precision and the second,
to raise the 2 million block while maintaining
this precision. How did they do it? No one knows. The base of the Great Pyramid
is not a perfect square, but is slightly octagonal. This indentation is visible
in these pictures, as well as on satellite images. For unknown reasons, the small pyramid
also has this oddity but not the median pyramid. On top of managing to raise each
round of blocks of various sizes they also had to deal with this
indentation right up to the top considerably
complicating the construction. The Great Pyramid
was totally smooth up to the point that
it was made impossible to see the entryway
on the north face. How can we confirm this? Because, if this was not
the case, in the 9th century the men of the Caliph Al-Mammoun would not have dug a long tunnel
within the Great Pyramid only a few meters
below the actual entry way. This confirms that
still at the time, no entry way was visible. Either they were well informed,
or they got really lucky as the tunnel was dug on
the correct side of the Pyramid and precisely reached the junction of the ascending
and descending hallways. We notice, in this hallway, that
all the inside layers of blocks are set up together
so accurately it feels like
it could be one stone. According to
Professor André Pochan, mathematician, physician and teacher at Cairo High School
in the thirties, this indentation would
have allowed for what he called "the lightning phenomenon" precisely indicating
the equinoxes as seen in this aerial picture
by the Royal Air Force. This led him to photograph
this phenomenon on the 21st of March 1934 using infrared cameras, the height of technology
at the time, in order to show the temperature
differences on the south face, here in these 3 photographs
taken 15 seconds apart. Thanks to this indentation,
when the sun reaches the ridge at
the time of the equinox it first lights up half of
the south face for a few seconds dividing it in 2 equal parts. It then goes on to illuminate
the whole of it leading to what
Professor Pochan baptized "The lightening". For some, Pochan is mistaken
as according to them the cladding of
the Great Pyramid did not have
any indentation. To confirm this, they are looking at
the few cladding blocks still visible on the North face
of the Great Pyramid. But look again, these blocks
are not the original ones. You can see them here, photographed by
the Morton Brothers. Despite some damage, these blocks are
in excellent condition when compared to
the blocks behind them, which have not been
exposed to the air since the 14th century. Here you can see them
a century later, quite eroded. Why would these builders have considerably
complicated their work by designing indented sides
from blocks of various sizes and after that, to add cladding
blocks to fill this indentation? Should professor Pochan
be right, imagine the complexity of both the design
and the execution here. Let's move to
the internal structure considered by many to be
a complicated design in itself. It's made up of 2 hallways. The descending hallway
crosses the foundation to then plummet
into the limestone plateau oriented at 26°18 minutes. Remember this number. Leading to the unfinished
underground chamber. The ascending hallway
leads to the median chamber and then to the high chamber,
crossing the Great Gallery. It also has a gradient
of 26°18 minutes. This internal structure
defies all logic. We are moving from
a 1 m by 1 m hallway to a room 8.5 m
high over 50 m in length whose purpose, if any,
remains totally unknown. The median chamber
is entirely built of limestone. It has a Chevron ceiling and
a curiously off-centre niche. And finally, the High Chamber. This chamber is made
exclusively of granite. It's the only place in
the pyramid where they are found granite from Aswan located 900 km away from Giza. These slabs weigh
between 12 and 70 tons. They were extracted here, may have been transported up
the Nile River and raised 40 m
on the Giza Plateau and then another 50 m
in the pyramid to be precisely configured
to guarantee this perfect horizontal
and vertical line. Just this, in itself,
defies all reason. They needed to build
the Kings Chamber at the same time as constructing
the pyramid itself. Why? The sarcophagus,
for example, is too big to fit through the tunnel. Therefore it needed
to be placed inside prior to erecting
the sidewalls. But let's talk about Egyptology
and what that has to teach us. They would have had to have
employed about 15,000 men over a 20 year period
to build the Great Pyramid. We know nothing of the tools and we can at best speculate
about the methods. We don't know anything
about the complex management of the building site. What did they eat?
Where did they sleep? How did they heal
them if necessary since the workers lacked gloves
or any kind of footwear? This great endeavour
was reportedly undertaken to deliver a cenotaph
for King Kheops when he died meaning it was
utilized during a ceremony allowing the soul of the King
to rise towards the heavens. Once the ritual
was accomplished, the pyramid would
be hermetically sealed and the mummy would
be transported elsewhere. There is no inscription
anywhere, no gigantic statue,
no signature... To this day, the only thing left
from this megalomaniac king is a 7 cm statue and the very questionable
testimony of Herodotus written more
than 2,000 years later. For a long time, this was the only basis
for the pyramid theory. No matter what 20,
or even 30 years to build the Great Pyramid appears
to be totally impossible. For example, here is the entry
to the Temple of Karnak that measures
about 110 m in length, 40 m in height
and 15 m in width. It would have taken
17 years to build 10 years for the foundation and 7 years for
the rest of the building. And it would have been erected a lot later than
the Great Pyramid. But let's go back to Puma Punku as I haven't told
you everything about this site. It was during an interview that
one of the members of our team had the idea to measure
the H-shaped blocks. The gap is exactly 22 cm. On another block,
it is 21.9 cm or 1mm difference. Scientifically, I would need
a number of measurements to be sure we are
more or less right. 21.9 cm on a third one, again, 1 mm difference. In the middle of the site
are 2 H-shape blocks in excellent condition. On the back of the blocks,
you can see a pattern in the shape of a cross. We decided to go and measure. So? 30 cm. And the other? Exactly one meter! I am not making
any mathematical calculations. I am just observing the averages
of these measurements. They are extremely close, leading us to believe they
worked here with some mechanical device. But it seems that... at first glance
we could say it was hand-made but there is such a precision that it is literally
troublesome. We have 60 cm,
we also found a 1-meter block, we are facing an extremely
accurate decimal system. This means we are not dealing
with randomness, we could even say that the blocks
have been prefabricated, meaning that a template
was used, and all the blocks
were built from it. The H-shape blocks
are 1 meter high, the crosses are 30 cm in width, this gap here, 22 cm. We are in the metric system. Now, the meter,
this is extraordinary. Exactly one meter, this can't be
coincidental, this is a fact. And although this unit
logically cannot exist because we would need to wait
for Napoleon to define the true meter, mathematically
and scientifically. Here, I just don't know
what to say. I told you Erik
was a brave man... The meter in a pre-Inca site, is not very easy to integrate
into the accepted chronology. But why is this so amazing? Because, first of all, the meter is based on
the measurements of the Earth so we cannot define it without having measured
the Earth itself. And secondly,
because the Earth was measured and the meter
created in 1795... So unless you strongly
believe in coincidences, logically, we shouldn't
find it used before this date. And it's even
more curious to find it on blocks with such
a modern looking design. This must have been popular because it was
identically reproduced, at an altitude of 4,000 meters in the middle of nowhere...
measured in meters. We measured 3 H-shape blocks as the others were either
too deteriorated or unreachable. They were more
readily available in 1892 when they were also measured
using the metric system. So here is the problem because the meter is connected
to the measurement of the Earth if pre-Inca people
built this site, they either did
it by chance, they could measure the Earth or this knowledge
was given to them. Whether it was
deliberate or not, this meter is found elsewhere. Let's go back to Egypt. This inscription
would have been carved at the entrance of
the Plato Academy and it might as well
have been carved at the entrance of
the Great Pyramid. Egyptians were
taking measurements in cubits and the original dimensions
of the Great Pyramid, including its cladding are 440 cubits at the base
and 280 cubits in height. In 1859,
the Englishman, John Taylor noticed that
this dimension here, divided by this one,
would give "Pi". Egyptologists certify
that the Egyptians only had a very basic knowledge
of mathematics and they did not know about Pi,
nor about the Golden Ratio. The High Chamber, however,
is built on a double square which leads us to
the Golden Ratio geometry. Math isn't everyone's
strong point but stay with us. First of all, let's quickly
introduce the Golden Ratio for those of you
who do not know. The Italian, Leonardo Pisano publicized in the 13th century,
the Fibonacci sequence where each number divided
by the previous one results in a number that progressively
approaches 1.618. It is a number and more precisely a ratio between 2 numbers
that is endless just like Pi with amazing
mathematical properties. But no need
to remember all that, all you need to understand
is the logic. Since it's a ratio system,
we can use its variations even its square root,
which is equal to 1.272. It has been called
the "divine proportion" because we can observe it statistically on average,
just about everywhere around us. It's in the angles of minerals, in plants through the geometry
of their leaves, the distribution of their seeds,
amongst animal and man and art just like Da Vinci showed us. Building when using
the geometry of the Golden Ratio means attempting
to imitate nature. But put these numbers
to one side, we'll come back to them. In order to take measurements, you need to reference: the meter
or the yard, for example. In Egypt, they use the cubit,
which they say varied in size. But in the Great Pyramid, its value can be obtained
with great certainty since the High Chamber is made with precisely
assembled granite. Value obtained through the
measurements of this room varies between 0.5235 and 0.5236 or 52 cm 3 mm and 5 or
6 tenths of a millimetre. It is the Royal Cubit,
used in the Great Pyramid. But then, although these builders
didn't know about the "meter", their cubit by some miracle
is connected to it. It can be obtained
easily through geometry. This dimension is 1.
No unit, just 1. The length of the circle
is this dimension times Pi. So here we have Pi. We divide
the circle into 6 parts. Each part equals 0.5236. And what we have left
equals 2.618, which is
the Golden Ratio squared. These 3 numbers are connected
by this circle which has a diameter of 1. We went to talk to a man who's been working with ancient
measurements for decades. The famous
cubit measuring 52.36, if I multiply it by 6,
I find 3.1416 so I have a direct link
to calculations, to geometry. The foot, is 32.36.
So, if I divide this by 2 it equals 16.18. I have 1.618
and the Golden Ratio appears. If I want to measure
this circle, I will need
a measuring unit. Let's take the Yard. So this dimension equals 1 yard, and this one here, 0.5236 yards. It does not correspond
to anything in particular. But if we choose the meter, then this dimension
equals 0.5236 meters which is the value of the Royal
Cubit of the Great Pyramid. This can only be sheer luck as the meter was adopted in 1795 after the Earth was measured. Now let's take the measurements
of the Great Pyramid in meters. Thanks to his proportion, if we divide this by that whichever measuring unit
we choose to use, the result will be Pi. If we choose the meter, this dimension divided
by this one equals Pi but this dimension minus
this one equals Pi x 100 which only works
with the meter. Same dimensions,
a division and a subtraction. In regard to the King's Chamber out of all the choices of shape, they chose by chance
a double square using geometry they were
not supposed to know about: the geometry
of the Golden Ratio. To build it, out of all
possible choices in dimension, the builders chose
10 by 20 cubits. This dimension here
is Pi x 10 meters. This is only possible
in meters. This dimension here +
2m618 equals this dimension + 2m618 equals this dimension + 2m618 equals this dimension. It can only happen because the
room measures 10 by 20 cubits. If it had been
9 x 18 or 11 x 22, we would have the Golden Ratio
and Pi in proportion but not in meters. All of this makes no sense, the meter was set in 1795. Something's not right. Need a break? In a book on the Golden Ratio, we learn in the Middle Ages, the builders of the Churches
and Cathedrals also use the cubit, which belongs to a measuring
system called the Quine. Everyone knew in the Middle Ages that one foot
contained 12 inches and 1 inch, contained 12 lines. On the back,
we have the measure of the Span and then the measure
of the Palm, and after that, the Hand which will give the 'Quine'. This sequence of 5 units
was organized, for centuries all the way up
to the Renaissance, in a 'golden' way. Which means in its proportion
with the Golden Ratio, we see how it's arranged
around a pentagon. By studying
ancient units of measurement, and especially ancient buildings I realized that, of course we have
variable systems of measurement depending on the regions,
and the era but the one we find
across various regions is this cubit here,
measuring 52.36. Amongst all these different
cubits in the Middle Ages, one in particular: the Royal
Cubit, carries the same value as the cubit of
the Great Pyramid. But where does
this medieval cubit come from? It is the same
as the one used in Ile-de-France in Picardy,
and in this central region. As power expanded it began
to dominate the territory little by little. And within the French Crown, we would have royal master
builders traveling everywhere. It means that this cubit
was sanctioned by royalty more than 3,500 years after the
building of the Great Pyramid who just by chance, run into
the same unit of measurement. If I subtract 32.36 from 52.36,
it is an observation. I find this span,
small like this, that represents when I read it today, 20 cm. Exactly 20 cm. Which is surprising, since the span was widely
established prior to the meter. By the way, how was
the meter established? It was in 1795, in relation to the meridional
circumference of our planet the circle that goes round
the Earth, via the poles. It was decided at this circle
would be divided into 40 million parts
or 40 million meters which then gave us the length of
the meter as we know it today. But instead of 40 million, if the circle had been divided
into 50 million parts the meter would have been
shortened by about 20 cm. But why was it divided
into 40 million parts? Why not 36 million? Which would have been logical since we divide a circle
into 360 degrees. Turns out this choice of
40 million has surprising consequences. But, before we discuss that, let's talk with Frenchman
Quentin Leplat who wanted
to statistically verify the presence of the meter. The dimensions
of the front doors' widths consisted
of whole numbers in meters or doors of 1 meter in width on monuments
from the 12th century and with such frequency, that I decided
it could not be just by chance. Because it can happen, on a very large number
of buildings we may find standard units
of measurement also in castles,
like the castle of Chambord, where it is extremely obvious. The doors, in fact, to go
from one tower to the other, are 1 meter wide, or 90 cm wide. It is very troubling,
since it is very accurate the difference is 1.00,
according to the laser. In a church in Saint Nectaire,
in my region I saw a fresco
embedded into a wall. This little fresco
was 1 meter wide. Below it, the stone also
embedded, was 1 cubit wide. Obviously, some will say that these medieval builders were not
thinking in "meters" but "spans" and that we should
not read 1m, but 5 spans. Maybe, when we put all
these facts back in order we realize what History
is usually asking us to believe. The fact that the builders
of the Great Pyramid may have, by chance
and without knowing it, discovered a value of
a cubic connected with Pi, the Golden Ratio
and later, the meter. But in the Middle Ages, medieval builders accidentally
may have implemented the same royal cubit as the
builders of the Great Pyramid. Centuries later, by chance someone decided to divide
the circumference of the Earth into 40 million parts which would have given, still by
chance, a meter equal to 5 spans and a royal cubit
equal to Pi divided by 6. And when we chose the meter,
nobody realized that 5 spans equalled precisely 1 meter by chance. I don't know about you,
but for us, it's not adding up. Would it not be more rational to say that the person
who decided to divide the circumference of the earth
into 40 million parts actually knew what he was doing? And that, as surprising
as it may sound, it was a discrete and
multi-millennial transmission of information? Because what we also see,
is that the choice to divide the circumference of
the Earth into 40 million parts means that
the diameter of our planet almost equals the square root
of the Golden Ratio. In any case, based on facts,
the Royal Cubit, Pi, the Golden Ratio and the Meter
are all connected. You can check this for yourself
and believe what you want but be careful because what we
believe, influences what we see. At this site, which is
at least 4,500 years old, you can find
these alabaster bowls. And this second one,
it's a bit different. We are told these bowls
were used during sacrifices, to collect the blood
of the victims. They look more
like filling holes rather than evacuation holes since they were raised... But what for? Don't you think these objects look like they have
a more technical function rather than simply a religious
or ritualistic one? The schist disk with a diameter of about
60 cm, was discovered in 1937 in the tomb of Prince Sabu who
lived more than 5,000 years ago. We can tell this object
was special to him, because he decided
to be buried with it. However, 80 years
after its discovery we still have no idea
what its use may have been. So it was just put
in the category of "religious
or decorative objects" when we put all the artifacts
we don't understand. Looking at the precision of
this shape, we feel there's more to it. Its central hub seems like
it was intended to rotate but there was no proof
it had a technical function. On the other hand, there is absolutely no doubt about the function of
this next object. At least 2,000 years later it represents the mechanical
genius of mankind. In the fifties, a physician rediscovered
this misunderstood fragment coming from a shipwreck of
a boat that sank about 100 B.C. Convinced of its importance, he spent the rest
of his life studying it but he died 20 years before technology
could confirm his intuition when the object was
internally scanned in detail. The Antikythera mechanism was discovered
in the stock of objects coming from
the Antikythera shipwreck. This ship was sailing
to Rome around 60 BC and wrecked in front of
the small island of Antikythera between Crete and Peloponese. Derek de Solla Price,
specialist in gear mechanisms arrived in Athens in the 50s, and went
to the Archeology museum to see
the Antikythera mechanism. In the 50s and 60s, we could only see
its outer parts. It was not before the 70s that Derek Price
got the opportunity to work with a nuclear scientist from the Centre
for Nuclear Studies in Athens, a scientist who proceeded
to X-ray the fragments of the Antikythera mechanism. And there, what they found on
the main fragment was a massive surprise. 30 gearwheels, and the gears
are very visible on the X-ray. This could represent
the sky at any given time or be used to determine a date from the specific rotation
of the planets. With just one button,
you could reproduce all the movements of the visible
planets, the sun and the moon. The device is a miniature
and mechanical representation of the cosmos. What we now call
the solar system. It's a continuous mechanism and it carries no less than
300 gears and toothed parts. To design it, the inventors needed to know that the Earth was a sphere and that the stars rotated
around the sun. Spherical astronomy,
at the time of Antikythera, had been established
for a while. Since at least Euclide,
who set the basis for geometry. Autolycos established the basis
of spherical astronomy. They knew precisely the cycles
of each of the planets including the issue
of the offset between the lunar
and solar calendars identified by the Greek Meton. Over the course of 19 years,
or 19 solar years there are very precisely
235 lunar months. A calculation that would have
been fine-tuned, a century later by Calippe de Cyzique. If we take 4 times
the Meton cycle, which is 4x19,
which equals 76 and then we remove one day, we then have a concordance
of both the lunar cycle and the solar cycle
that is much more precise. And it's funny,
as all these numbers, the 19, the 235 and the 76 are all noted on the machine,
on the inscriptions. On the Swiss
Mathias Buttet's initiative, the Hublot Society
decided to reproduce it. But the first time Matthias
heard about it, he thought it was a joke. In 250 BCE, we were capable of doing this, and you had gears like this,
like that. And then, right away
I said it was not possible. And what's next, there were
aliens too, and they came and they gave knowledge to men,
then they left? I thought it was a huge joke,
then I got angry. So I went there, saying I needed to learn
a bit more about it. Then it was obvious, it was possible, it existed,
it was there in front of me. The level of Maths
required is amazing as Antykithera mechanism
involves complex movements. The person
who designed the machine had a long history
of performing calculations, that is a certainty. Because in order to represent
all these complex phenomena in such a simple way but yet very difficult
to design and implement clearly this was not a dry run. The orbit of the moon
around the Earth is not circular but elliptic, which gives it
a variable speed from the Earth. This is complicated
to reproduce, as the gears generate
constant circular movements. The wheels gear up
one inside the other. They turn over a satellite, but we also know how to do that,
they are planetary gears. But while they turn,
they will drift away so they take more time
to get to the other gears, so it slows down. Then as it moves closer,
it goes faster. So they manage
to get these gears to breathe while working, they move away
then they move closer. And what does it actually do? It changes the gears ratio. They created something
that is absolutely incredible in its simplicity and at the same time
it's genius, and our own civilization
missed it entirely. You have to appreciate
the mastery of this engineering. There are gears inside that
show extraordinary technique, and creativity. The research and development,
meaning the design of the object relies on the knowledge
we have to begin with. Because if we are learning
while working on it, it can take forever,
it can take an entire lifetime. What they won't dare to say
in front of the camera in fear of upsetting
some archaeologists is the level of mathematics required to design
such a mechanism. It's far beyond what is usually attributed
to the ancient Greeks. Otherwise, they would have
needed thousands of prototypes to reach such a precise result. But how to go from a design
to a mechanical implementation? This is still a mystery
nowadays. Yes, because, in practice, it is way more complicated
than it looks. Take the main wheel it has 223 teeth. How do you easily break down
a circle into 223 equal parts? The Antikythera mechanism
is not a unique object It's unique for us since it's the only one
that has reached us today, thanks to the shipwreck. But we are certain that
there would have been dozens. Now, with
the knowledge of this device some Greek scriptures
sound different. A book came to us,
copied by the scribes from an astronomer who lived
roughly at the same time as the supposed implementation of the Antikythera mechanism.
Geminos. When you read this text, you feel like
you are reading a description of the Antikythera mechanism. If you needed proof
that tools or machines did not survive
the test of time, this was only 2,000 years ago. Egypt is 5,000 years ago. Imagine what other technology
could be lost? It was saved because it sank.
That is the paradox Had it stayed on land, it would have been melted,
recycled to do something else. That was the rule
for all metallic objects that were no longer useful. And the device would still work,
had it not remained under water. How could a major chapter in
the history of human engineering have been lost from our records? That the device was lost
is one thing; but the very idea of
its existence was lost... What's even more surprising
is that this discovery was almost entirely overlooked
by archaeology. If you ask
a 'classical' archaeologist what the relationship of
the elders was to technology at best they would possibly
mention architecture. We can't miss the Acropolis,
obviously. For the elders, theory prevailed and tangible
work was for the slaves. That's the typical discourse, which has continued
since the Romans. The Antikythera mechanism
questions this discourse and forces us to re-read, and also to re-write
a number of things. A stone's throw
from the Acropolis yet again, we find
the same type of wall. What a surprise! If the Antykithera mechanism makes us reconsider
the evolution of human science and technology, then one site
completely disrupts the chronology of
the timeline of human history. The site of Gobekli Tepe
was discovered in the 90s by shepherds in Turkey. The site of Gobekli Tepe is certainly the most archaic
temple that we know of today. Klaus Schmidt, the German Archeologist,
came to the site and started excavating in 1995 up until 2014. He brought out of the ground
6 extraordinary vast enclosures which are absolutely unique
in the world. At the heart of the enclosures, there are central pillars. These are 2 large
anthropomorphous pillars, called twin pillars, surrounded by an outer wall, divided, at regular intervals
by other smaller pillars. The large pillars
are about 2.50 meters high, and weight about 16 tons. And this is where
the problem starts... Humanity, at that time,
did not even know how to create a pottery vase. They were really very archaic. They were
the last hunter-gatherers, prior even
to any sedentary life. And they managed
to raise pillars, which weigh 16 tons. That requires coordination
at all levels of all workers, it also requires
a main contractor, specialized workers... And we have to remember that,
over 12 000 years ago there were only nomadic
hunter-gatherers, with no specialty and not even the same language
to communicate. According to History, this is before
recognized civilization. This doesn't seem
to fit the narrative. What is surprising
is the refinement of all these engravings carved in the round in relief that we may have found
everywhere. A refinement that we never
could have imagined existed at that time during Neolithic. This calls into question all of what we thought
we knew about Natufian and Neolithic after that. We've been trying for months to interview one
of the best researchers in the world
in this subject. The author of
"Fingerprints of the Gods'", Graham Hancock
arrived just in time. He was going to give us
the keys we were missing. Here we have
a giant megalithic site, much larger than
Stonehenge, for example which is 11500 years old which appears suddenly
in a community that, apparently,
are entirely hunter-gatherers. Where did they learn
the skills to do this? We don't see them practicing the oldest material
at gobekli tepe is the best. Did they wake up one
morning with some sort of magical inspiration that enabled them
to quarry and cut stone to put up the world's first perfectly north-south
aligned building which requires astronomy? What was the true
purpose of the site? It is a ritualistic temple, there must have been sacrifices surely there were archaic
rituals at that time. But I also think it is
an astronomical observatory. One of the pillars raises
the issue of agriculture. At the top,
you can see baskets. Behind, we
can see stacks of wheat, things like that, interwoven. It seems certain that this temple
was there prior to agriculture. Yet we already have
these first baskets, this first perspective
of agriculture. And that is something that,
chronologically, does not fit. In the academic timeline, nomadic people would
settle in one place and then they would specialize their skills and be
able to build temples. But, here, it all
happened in reverse. There must have been something, some event that led
to a sedentary life and to the development
of human intelligence. Agriculture appears suddenly, at the same moment
that Gobekli Tepe appears. Actually, when I spoke
to the late Klaus Schmidt, he found that Gobekli Tepe had functioned as a centre
of innovation in that area that it was a place
that people were drawn to and were taught skills and this raises a question
in my mind: who taught them the skills? Because what I think we're
looking at Gobekli Tepe, the sudden emergence
of megalithic architecture, the sudden emergence of evolved
agricultural knowledge, it looks to me like
a transfer of technology. It looks to me like people
came to that area who already knew how to
make megalithic architecture, who already knew agriculture, and who knew how to mobilise
and organise work forces. And they put that infrastructure
into place there and they passed on
their skills in megalithic construction
and in agriculture to the local hunter-gatherers
that they had settled amongst. So who were these people? You can see on the pillars pattern similar to others
around the world. I don't know how much we should
make up these connections But it's interesting to note, for example, the Gobekli Tepe megaliths
are tall pillars sometimes weighing
as much as 20 tons with a kind
of shape of a letter T and the top of the pillar, the T-shape
at the top of the pillar represents a human head. We can say this for sure, because many of the pillars
have arms carved into the side and the hands meet
in front of the belly. The positioning of the hands
of the Gobekli Tepe figures is just identical to the positioning of the hands
on the Easter Island statues. On this belt
is cut the letter - a sign that we would recognize
as the letter H. And oddly enough, that exact
same H-shape, as you know, appears in the H blocks,
at Tihuanaco. There are certain
creatures and animals which are cut on
the Gobekli Tepe megaliths which are reproduced exactly
in structures in Peru. And I went into this
in some depth in my book "Magicians of the Gods". You can see handbags
on one of the pillars. This is also what got
Graham Hancock's attention, since there are similar types
of handbags in the images of the Mesopotamian God Oannes who is said to
have brought civilization to this part of the world. A motif that we can
also find in Central-America is the hand of god, who will
later be called Quetzalcoatl, also a transmitter
of civilization. What we are often seeing in these similarities is what
we would expect to see if one culture
on one side of the world and another culture
on the other side of the world had both received a legacy from
the same third party culture. How else can we explain
these parallels? And what about
the sudden appearance of this temple and agriculture 12,000 years ago? We have no precedent
prior to this site. It feels like
they reached perfection all at once At the beginning, we thought that sedentary life
had brought Man to spirituality. That is, to build temples,
then cities. Here, we realized one thing, and we have to go backwards and think of spirituality
leading to sedentary life. So for archaeologists,
this is disturbing. We made a mistake
in our thinking. It's interesting
that Gobekli Tepe means "the hill of the navel". Another one. As Klaus Schmidt discovered, this navel has been
deliberately buried. This allowed for it
to be precisely dated 11,600 years ago, with a margin of error
of about 150 years. But why go to the effort
of building this site, for it later to be buried? Did it need to be preserved? We could think of it as
a message, left for posterity. We've noticed the date 9,600 BCE corresponds to the abrupt end of
a time with the Younger Dryas. As the Earth was getting warmer and was progressively coming out
of the last Ice Age, the temperature
brutally fell by 7°. This Younger Dryas episode has for a long time been
mysterious to geologists. We know it happened, but they've
not known why it happened. About 1,300 years later, the temperature suddenly
climbed up again by 10°. There was
a second episode of cataclysm, a second episode of
global flooding. Geologists call it
Meltwater Pulse 1b. According to several
scientific studies these two events might have been
due to the comet impacts hitting the Earth twice 1,300 years apart, creating cataclysms our
ancestors would have witnessed. Every account
that I'm aware of, that exists of
a former human civilization that was brought low
by a cataclysm. There are no exceptions. If large debris
did hit our planet, you can understand how
people might have assumed they were being punished
by a divine power. This "impact hypothesis"
is nowadays considered a serious possibility
by science. In the layer of the earth
corresponding to the beginning of the Younger Dryas period, we find massive quantities
of platinum associated with Nano-diamonds
and carbon spherules. Minerals melted at
a temperature of 2,000° and vast quantities of ash,
the result of global fires... This points to the confirmation
of the "impact hypothesis". We can constrain it to the period between
12,800 and 11,600 years ago. Again, as stated
by Graham Hancock, we do have records. As Plato wrote, Solon was told that Atlantis sank 9,000 years
prior to his visit in Egypt in 600 BCE
or 11,600 years ago... which coincides with the end
of the Younger Dryas period. We must not take
all legends literally but we must not
dismiss them all either. Let's talk about
the legendary city of Kumari Kandam of the Tamil
people, in Southern India. This very evolved civilization, may have occupied a vast
extension of land with massive libraries
and universities. However 11,600 years ago, the date of the end
of the Younger Dryas, Kumari Kandam disappeared
totally during a cataclysm. Sea level has risen 120 meters. More than 27 million square
kilometres of land, which is roughly Europe
and China added together was above water during the last ice age
and is underwater now. I would suggest
that the civilization we're dealing with
was a maritime seafaring civilization that did occupy
the very best lands that were available
in the ice age world. And those very best lands,
actually as is the case today, were the costal lands,
lands close to the sea. Those were the lands
that were flooded by rising sea levels
at the end of the ice age. Local fishermen
had been complaining for a long time
about underwater structures which their nets
were getting caught on, but nobody believed them. They told this
to Graham Hancock, who decided to go
and dove with them. We went out and dived
at Mahabalipuram with the local fishermen in 2002,
and lo and behold everything that
they'd said was true. There is an underwater city
there and, what's more, it extends more than five
kilometres from the shore, down to depths of
more than 30 meters. But during the 2004 tsunami when the ocean withdrew,
the bay was exposed for about 30 minutes. And many people saw the ruins. Since then,
the site is being studied. But then not investigating
in a satisfactory manner, they're still working
in intertidal zone down to a depth of 5 meters. They should be out 5 kilometres
from shore at 30 meters looking at what's
lying down there, because it has the potential
to rewrite history... Because we know
from sea level studies that that area
has been underwater for about 11,500 years exactly as is given
in the Kumari Kandam story. With time
stories are often embellished, changed or disappear
all together. Is this the reason why
Egyptian priests engraved the history of Egypt
on the temple walls? As my friend
John Anthony West puts it, the Ancient Egyptians
are telling us very clearly that their civilization
was not a development, it was a legacy. It was a legacy
from the first time, and the first time
I associate with the arrival
of the survivors of a lost civilization in Egypt
around 12,800 years ago. And that story,
as a matter of fact, is told in full detail
in the Edfu building text. The priests of that time,
around 330 BC had inherited the archives
of the earlier temples. Amongst those archives, written on animal skins,
and falling into pieces was the story of the time when the gods came to Egypt after the destruction of
their former homeland, which was an island! They came to Egypt and they brought
the gifts of civilization, and the priests decided to copy those crumbling,
ruined and ancient texts and make them permanent
on the walls of the Edfu temple. This is the story
that was told to Solon when he went to Egypt to learn,
it was later relayed to Plato. For some, it's only a story,
but it's important not to forget how seriously respected
Solon was, a member of
the 7 wisemen council. Because his work contradicts
the timeline of history nowadays, Plato is accused of
inventing the story or being senile. However, a similar story
was written on the walls of Edfu temple. Kumari Kadam or
the Antykithera mechanism reminds us to remain prudent. Only one or two generations
are enough to wipe out the memory
of a whole population. How many other objects or text could have been lost
in the same way? We knew that 13,000 years ago, our planet was subject
to major climate shift. The ice caps melted
in the northern territories. A mass extinction occurred. The level of the oceans
rose by over a 100 meters. And the cold came back
and prevailed for 1,300 years. However we cannot explain
the brutal cause of it all. We also know that our ancestors
lived through this event that led to migrations
of entire populations but we thought they were still
only hunter-gatherers... Gobekli Tepe reveals
this was not the case. From there,
it's only a small step to imagine the level of
development of civilization is greater than what we thought. We should not expect the
remnants of that civilization to be the same
as our own. They're going
to be very different and may even be
unrecognizable. As we have built
all over the planet, mined and drilled underground
in many places, our civilization has left
remnants everywhere. But what if civilization
evolved differently? The legends describe all ancient
sites having some divine origin we personally can't imagine
they were built literally by the hand of a god. Unless that god was small enough to walk through the hallway
of the Great Pyramid. Another way to explain how ancient sites
share common features is the fact they are simply
connected by Homo sapiens having settled everywhere
on the planet and just happened to find
the same solutions to the same problems. But how do you explain the fact that humankind
started with precisely constructed massive stones, to end up
with small blocks and cement. But another connection defies
this hypothesis, both in time and History. In 1965,
the French Francis Mazière talked about a connection between Easter Island,
Peru and Egypt, stating that all three
are located, according to him, on some sort of
"magnetic equator" of the Earth. In 1997 an American Jim Alison
baptized it "the great circle". A global circle
that was not possible to see until we had
mapped the entire earth. [mysterious music] Let's go from Easter Island taking a 30° orientation and draw a line
about 100 km wide. The strip passes through
Nazca in Peru and Machu Picchu, Ollantaytambo, Sacsayhuaman, Cusco and Naupa Iglesia. It crosses the Atlantic to go over the sacred caves
at Tassili N'Ajjer in Algeria, then through the Oasis of Siwa, by the Giza Pyramids in Egypt, over Petra in Jordan, Ur in Iraq, Persepolis in Iran, Mohenjo Daro in Pakistan, Khajuraho in India, Pyay in Burma, Sukhotai in Thailand, Angkor Vat
and Preah Vihear in Cambodia, all highly likely to
be connected a long time ago. And then over to the little
known islands of Aneityum, in New Caledonia. In the circle, we are not looking
at the date of construction as some are spread out in
time over thousands of years, we are rather looking
at their locations, most of them being built and rebuilt over
the ruins of ancient temples. Let's first look
at the distance ratio between some
of these sites. Let's look at
the Earth from above. The red circle that surrounds
it is our great circle. The distance between
Angkor Vat and Nazca equals the distance between
Mohenjo Daro and Rapa Nui. Angkor Vat to Mohenjo Daro
equals Mohenjo Daro to Giza and also Nazca to Rapa Nui. At this stage of
the investigation, no one is surprised to see the Golden Ratio
showing up again. The distance between Angkor Vat
and Giza times the Golden Ratio equals Giza to Nazca. And Giza to Nazca
times the Golden ratio equals the distance
between Nazca and Angkor Wat. Using the metric system, in the same way we did
with the Great Pyramid let's measure the distance
between Easter Island and Giza. 10,000 times the Golden Ratio or a quarter of the way
round the Earth times the Golden Ratio. This is where Jim Allison stops, as like many other researchers they measured distance
in miles and not in meters. Up until 2012,
Google Earth gave the figure a 16,179 km between both sites. Today it's 16,168 km. The reason: the method
of calculation has changed. So depending on the method used,
the result can change. Seriously, even with
the difference of about 20 km to find an island position
on this tilted equator is nothing short
of a miracle. Once we checked
the distance on-site with the "Maps" application
for smartphones and taking the GPS coordinates
of the Great Pyramid in Giza as the starting point, we were able to validate a new
discovery by Jim Allison... The point indicating precisely
the 16,180 km is located at the centre of the triangle, created by 3 remarkable points
of this island: the two highest summits, Terevaka and Poike and the centre of
the crater of Rano Kao. And this triangle
is even more unique. It is the portion of
a golden Pentagon, connected to the Golden Ratio. How is this possible? It's quite obvious
that the volcanoes are natural. How can you explain the distance
between the sites being anything
but deliberate? The answer is clear. The builders of Giza
had to position the site according to Easter Island which
they must have known about, same as the metric system. A private geologist
who is not seeking recognition, shared with us
his surprising observations. First,
he found the Easter Island was located on
a hot point of the Earth. Hot points,
a geological phenomena that stay fixed to a point
while the crust is moving. Then he realized that
the alignment of the sites on this great circle are located on what we call "points of discontinuity
of the crust." Which means, simply said,
it's a point of weakness. In the case of an earthquake,
this is where it would break. There are obviously other points
of discontinuity on the crust but the important fact is that
each site of this great circle is located precisely
over a discontinuity point. This geologist could not explain why they would have built
temples at places where they were most at risk
of collapsing, when only a few kilometres away it would have been
much more stable... When the discontinuity
point is at sea, then the site must be built
as close as possible to land. Which is the case for Nazca, where the ocean
and the Andes did not leave the much choice
for its location. Why are these discontinuity
points so important? The placement of sites
around the world at specific longitude distances
from one another. And those longitude distances are all part of the ancient
system of numbers that we find in myths and
traditions all around the world. And that system of numbers
are generated by the precessional wobble
of the Earth's axis. It's a number system
based on the number 72, and there's an astonishing
number of ancient monuments around the world that are precisely separated
from one another in terms of degrees of longitude
by that number system. These sites are located
on the Great Circle but not just any circle. The North Pole of this
great circle is in Canada and in the north west
of British Columbia. This happens to be the place where the magnetic pole
oscillates. The poles shown on a compass
are the same ones that enable
life on earth. It also generates
a magnetic field that filters solar radiation enabling life and allowing
us to produce electricity. Is this the reason
Francis Mazière spoke of
a "magnetic equator" referring to
ancient esoteric tradition? Like any group of humans, the world of esoterism is not
free from dangerous ideologies but this isn't a reason
to discard all information especially when it could
resonate with modern science. Englishman William Gilbert, in 1600 discovered
the Earth's magnetic field and maybe it now allows us
to better understand the building
of these ancient sites. Ian S. Stewart, from
the University of Plymouth wondered why the ancient Greeks
decided to build temples precisely on spots
subject to seismic activity. Journalists jokingly wondered whether Greeks worshiped
some sort of Earthquake cult because of course,
Everything has to be religious. But for Stuart, reasons could be both spiritual
and perhaps medical since he realized
that these sites have pristine water sources... We don't believe any of this has much to do
with some ritualistic cult, at least not in
the way we think of them. After asking an expert
in civil engineering, a polygon of structure stands a better chance
against earthquakes than our modern walls
made of the same size bricks. So on earthquake-prone sites, the Ancients built
earthquake-proof structures. Exactly like the hill
of the Nymphs, in Athens. And on Easter Island,
the site of Te Pito Kura, this egg-shaped
stone is magnetic. A lot of stones are magnetic, you can check with a compass. But how would you know
about this without a compass? Is it yet again
another coincidence that sacred stone
is magnetic and set on a discontinuity
point of the Earth's crust and on a hot point? It's the same thing at Giza, where the Great Pyramid
is located over a remarkable point
of the Earth's crust where they built
the Kings Chamber with granite that they had to get
from painstakingly far away. Of course, you can't keep
thinking the only reason for this structure's existence was to be the biggest tomb
in the world. You can keep thinking
that if you want. What can we learn
from all of this? That these sites are built in the most
earthquake-sensitive areas in regard to the geological
activity of our planet. That they belong to the Great
Circle, our Magnetic Equator which might be related to the
magnetic activity of our planet. That we carefully
place specific stones in particular
locations on Earth. The separation
in degrees of longitude between Giza
and Angkor is 72. Which is yet another way we can
talk about the proportions between these sites
on the Great Circle. And after discovering the Golden
Ratio and the metric system we can go into degrees. Unless this is yet another fluke we run into whole numbers when measuring degrees
between Giza and Angkor Vat. [epic music] Nothing in common
at first glance, right? But are you sure
you saw everything? Take this, for example... We're not looking
at a random positioning of the blocks, this is clear. In regard to this vertical seal the one opposite to
it almost mirrors it. You have to admit
it's rather surprising. The polygonal shape of stones... The shape
of the paving stones... A specific system
to anchor these stones... Symmetrical similarities... I don't know the reason,
but it is surprising The stones are
not particularly large and their work closely
resembles European cathedrals. If Angkor Wat,
Ta Prohm and Bayon really date back
to the Middle Ages, they do seem to be inspired
by the same styles found in Egypt,
Peru and Easter Island. The question is more
about their location, as these temples
were built on the ruins of ancient complexes and
spread out almost 250 square km. Even the name "Angkor" has a meaning in
the Ancient Egyptian language. Angkor means
"Life to the Horus". Archaeologists say it's all
a coincidence but I wonder if something deeper is
going on, some deeper game. They all share this common DNA, this common legacy that goes
right back to the beginning. Graham Hancock and John Grigsby
demonstrated in 1998 that the whole of the site
was also positioned according to the stars on the constellation
of the dragon. This is another common factor with all the archaeological
sites of our past to reflect a specific position
of the skies at a given time. Gobekli Tepe encodes the winter
solstice 12,800 years ago, Giza encodes
the equinox 12,800 years ago. The three pyramids on
the ground, the great sphinx, the constellation of Leo
the constellation of Orion, the Milky Way,
they're all part of the picture. Mr Laveau and Vermard were also
interested in the connection between the site of Giza
and the Orion constellation, same as Robert Bauval. The Orion constellation
is 7 stars, 4 frame stars
and the 3 stars on the belt, thus the 3 stars we find
in the shape of the Pyramids. You need to include Sirius,
the star dedicated to Isis, Orion to Osiris
and Sirius to Isis. That allows us
to make the connection with Egyptian mythology. These stars have particular
movements over time. From the Earth, we have a lower point for Orion,
meaning that at a certain time Orion will be at the lowest
point in the sky and 13 000 years later,
it will be much higher. For the next 13 000 years,
it will move downwards. And what is really fabulous
is that, in 10 500 BCE at the moment where
Orion was at its lowest, we had a perfect right angle. For no more than 20 minutes, we would have seen
Orion and Sirius Even though Sirius has
what we call 'proper motion', meaning that it shifts
away from Orion during the cycle of precession. 10,500 BCE or 12,500 years ago, a time aligning very closely with the beginning of
the Younger Dryas period. Graham Hancock mentioned an
astronomical cycle of the Earth called procession
of the equinoxes. What is the reason why we often refer to equinoxes
and constellations? As explained by
Mathieu Laveau regarding Giza, these constellations, once transferred to the ground
would work as time stamps. But what is it,
the procession of the equinoxes? From the Earth,
stars are not fixed in time, the sky looks like it's moving
by a whole 1° every 72 years and you will need almost
26,000 years for a whole cycle. One turn of the Celestial Wheel. It's called a Zodiac. We connect the stars
together, to create shapes which then allows us to easily
identify these periods in the sky. This is a gigantic astronomical
clock that never goes wrong. Plato wrote the tour of the Zodiac last
precisely 25,920 years. Modern science establishes
it at 25,760 years. That Plato managed to get such
a close estimate 2500 years ago is an enigma that does
not seem to interest anyone. Let's give him credit
and use 25,920 years which represents a "big year",
divided into 12 months or eras each lasting about 2,160 years. When talking about
the modern era, it's probably in relation
to the era of Pisces which started
about 2,000 years ago. Each of the precessional eras is carefully represented
at the ancient sites. There's no doubt the Ancients
paid attention to this. During the age of Taurus,
the bull was the primary icon in Ancient Egypt
and in Ancient Mesopotamia. As we shift into
the age of Aries, suddenly rams become
the primary icon. Just look at that column of
ram-headed sphinxes at Karnak, for example as we shift again into the age
of Pisces, suddenly, it's the fish. The early Christians
used the fish as their symbol. So ancient cultures were aware of this and these broad
changes in the heavens do seem to be accompanied
by broad changes on Earth. According to ancient myths
and beliefs of various people. Earth fits into four cycles. The most famous
being that of the Mayan Suns or that of
the 4 ages of the Earth and as per the doctrine
of Hermeticism, the science of Hermes which despite bearing
the name of a Greek God, actually dates back
to ancient Egypt. So it's a question of cycles
or periods of time. Throughout History, the end
of Time has often been mentioned but more in reference
to the end of "a" time: the end of
a precessional era. Was this what the French writer
André Malraux was referring to
when saying "The 21st century shall be
spiritual, or won't be at all?" But what is the importance of
the procession of the equinoxes. We don't know,
but for them, it was important. They were convinced
that the planets, the gods often
representing these planets had an influence
on the destiny of humankind. The idea of the planet-gods
is evident in Ancient Greece where the Antykithera Mechanism,
could have a new purpose. But if Aries and Taurus
are correctly marking the corresponding
astronomical eras what is to be said
about the Sphinx in Giza connected to the Lion? The previous era of the Lion started
about 13,000 years ago... just before the beginning
of the Younger Dryas period... We were wondering about
the meaning of all this and the results
came back from Barabar. We decided to go back,
this time with a 3D scanner a sound level meter
for acoustic studies and a laser level to measure
the caves precisely. [strange music] The images you are about to see
are the result of the 3D scans done by our laser
with a rotating beam, and for all the surfaces. They are the equivalent
of an MRI scan. The lasers determine
millions of points allowing us to display
the exact shapes recorded with a precision
close to the millimetre. We collected
tri-dimensional images, which we will show
you in the raw format. No touch ups. Let's start with
the two unfinished caves. [eerie music] Then on
to the complicated caves. We can see the logical
evolution of the shapes. The first one is
a trapeze-shaped cave with a curved ceiling with an entry way at the end. The second one is trapeze-shaped
with a curved ceiling and an entry way at the side. The third one is entirely curved the entry way at the end and
the back wall is also curved. The fourth one is trapeze-shaped
with a curved ceiling entryway at the side and curved
at each of its extremities. The fifth one is more complex trapeze-shape
to the curve ceiling a conical dome, cut at one end. This was accomplished
in granite at least 2,300 years
ago in India. These caves are the oldest
of their kind and for some
unknown reason all those built in
the centuries that followed never managed to get the same
level of precision and finish. Using a material
harder than reinforced steel complex shapes were built
with a degree of precision ranging from 2 to 8 mm over
a length exceeding 13 meters, this is more than "good enough
for the eye" kind of work. These caves are
almost vertically symmetrical a real accomplishment considering the tools
at the time. Let's put to one side the questions about the tools
that constructed the caves and let's discuss about
the geometry of the shapes. Vapiyaka, Karan Chopar, Gopika
and the Sudama room all contain
trapezoidal sections. The vertical walls
are in fact tilted with a constant angle
of less than 3°. In the rooms
with trapezoidal sections, the ceilings are shaped into
roughly half cylinders whose central axis height varies
from one cave to the other. In Vapiyaka, the axes
is located approximately 13 cm above the floor. In Karan Chopar, it's approximately
1m20 above the floor. In Sudama,
the axis is located approximately 1m13
above the floor. But in Gopika,
it's more complicated since the axis is located
approximately 47 cm under the floor. Building an arc whose access
is located under the floor greatly complicates the taking of measurements
during its construction, a requirement to verify
correct curvature. Meaning you wouldn't choose
to make a ceiling like this unless someone specifically
asked you to. And everything has been
made with a glass finish. The builders wouldn't aim for
such precision without a reason. It must have been
a necessary part of the architectural
specifications. Studying them, we can deduce
the incredible skills needed for their construction which would have required
at least one engineer and several
highly skilled laborers. With respect to
the Ashoka builders, the finish results here appeared to be too advanced
when compared to the knowledge and the technical means
available during the period. OK, but why construct
such peculiar rooms? Something surprising
about the caves is the sound and the way it reverberates, due to the slight inclination
of the walls. It leads to a suppression
of echo in favour of
acoustic resonance. This can't be a coincidence. But if so, where did
they learn to do it? Where is the evidence
of the process? Once again, like with
the Antikythera mechanism it's necessary to experiment,
to conceive prototypes. Caves of such precision are not created without
first becoming an expert. Yet no prototype
is found anywhere other than these two
incomplete caves. And the work performed
in the following centuries in India
would never equal or even come close
to the level of work here. These spaces behave
like resonance chambers. Tests conducted
in the Sudama cave show that when you stand
in the centre of the dome certain frequencies
make precise body parts vibrate. Data analysis using a sonometer gives incredible results
for three of the caves. Measurements in the last two
are not sufficient at the moment and will need
further completion. Let us start with Karan Chopar. The cave resonates
at a frequency of 200Hz as well as at multiples
of this frequency 400Hz, 800Hz,
1,000Hz and 1,200Hz. Gopika resonates at 200Hz, 400Hz 800Hz and 1,200Hz. And Vadathika resonates
at 200Hz and 1,000Hz. Do you realize what this means? Those who conceived
and built these caves made them with
specific shapes and dimensions to resonate
at different frequencies. Can we call this a coincidence? Precise sound calculations 2,300 years ago... How did they calculate
those dimensions? At this point, we have no idea but we will continue
to investigate. In regards to Sudama, the circular diameter
on the ground of the chamber measured 6m, to the mm. On this complex shape
of a dome they placed half
a sphere about 3m in radius with a 5cm difference,
this time. The centre is at 1m above
the ground, give or take 1cm... The length of the room is 6m, as
is the diameter of the ceiling. We can't say for sure, but it's starting to look like
they use the meter. 6m in diameter means
18.8496m in perimeter. Divided by 6,
the arc equals Pi in meters... What if I told you
these granite caves are also located over
a discontinuity point of the Earth's crust? It's up to each of you to conclude what you want when
looking at these masterpieces. With the help of chisels
and good will builders might have accomplished
this random miracle or maybe we're looking
at an example of a science totally unknown to us. We believe historians
are mistaken about the true function
of these ancient sites. If you spent so much energy
maneuvering, such massive stones and fitting them so precisely, if you position them
into sections on the magnetic equator
on discontinuity points, if you build them with
such specific rocks, utilizing such special numbers, if you meticulously align
these structures with the stars then there's obviously
more to it. We still have a lot to learn
from Barabar and Giza. Before placing the last and
necessary piece of this puzzle, we will recap what we found. Enigmatic sites built
with similar techniques everywhere on the planet implying a transmission
of knowledge. Absence of archives
or explanations about the means
and techniques utilized. A particular care
in the choice of rocks. Unfinished elements. An advanced design, accompanied
by precise construction contradicting
the knowledge and means supposedly used at the time. Astronomical orientation
of major sites in reference to the cycle
of procession of the equinoxes. An archaeological site
pushing back the timeline of human civilization. An archaeological site implying
the use of sound frequencies for reasons still unknown. Presence of
the Golden Ratio and geometry when it was not supposed
to have been known. A connection between
the cubit of the Great Pyramid, the Royal Quine and the meter implying they knew
the dimensions of the Earth before its measurement in 1795. The positioning of ancient
sites within the great circle connected to the Golden Ratio, the degrees
and the metric system. The location of sites at the intersection
of points of discontinuity of the Earth's crust
and the magnetic equator. Scriptures,
myths, sacred texts recording one or more
advanced civilizations vanishing in a cataclysm. Looking at all of
these facts we presented, instead of chance, we choose
a more rational explanation. The existence of
an advanced civilization in the forgotten past who would have disappeared following the cataclysms
of the Younger Dryas. We have wondered
how the survivors might have attempted
to pass on their knowledge not knowing whether
it could be understood by other civilizations
after it. When looking at
this beautiful work, the thought suddenly
struck us. It's either evidence of
genius builders or this is all in
our imagination. In the "apocalypse
according to St John", the prophetic text
ending the New Testament, he mentions the end
of a particular era. You can read this rather
enigmatic sentence: "The first beast
was like a lion, and the second beast
like a calf, and the third beast
had the face of a man and the fourth beast
was like a flying eagle." On the card of
the Marseille Tarot, the arcane 21,
called "The World", you can find 3 animals, as well as the man,
represented by an angel. We are told about the
astronomical constellations Taurus, Lion, Scorpio,
that used to be an Eagle, and Aquarius,
formerly an angel. Aldebaran, Regulus, Antares and Fomalhaut. Printed on a double
square on the Tarot card. A double square opening
to the Golden Ratio geometry. Contrary to popular belief,
"Apocalypse" in Greek does not mean
"the end of the world" but "disclosure of knowledge". A religious scripture,
a card game, structures... multiple communication mediums, conveying the same
invisible knowledge to those who don't know
how to read it but will keep playing it
and telling stories, as humans have always done. In the animal kingdom, playing is the most natural way
for babies to learn. This is something
we have in common, but humans have one
step better: storytelling. The process in
which we encode information for the next generation
to learn. Playing games
and telling stories could have been the best way to
discreetly transfer knowledge throughout the ages. Because humans have
the disturbing habit to always rewrite the past. But they will always let
people play and tell tales... even through the church, with its tetramorph, supposedly
representing the 4 Gospels Matthew, Mark, Luke and John,
we used without realizing this. Otherwise, why would they invert
the Lion and the Taurus? It may have been before our
eyes, everywhere, all this time. Different ways
to encode information, for thousands of years almost impossible to understand before reaching a certain level
of enlightenment. It's an extraordinary act of genius
created by these builders. And what an amazing lesson
of humility and self-sacrifice
from our ancestors who discreetly transmitted this
information throughout all time hoping one day we might be able
to fully understand it again. Given what we can see when we
look at these complex structures it appears that we are
still very far away from reaching
their level of knowledge. This makes it impossible
to understand for those who look
without seeing. With the caves at Barabar, the science of frequencies
comes into play the moment
you step inside. The Kings Chamber in
the Great Pyramid at Giza, also made of granite is possibly a concentration of
all our ancestors' knowledge. The Chamber protected by such
an inefficient security system that considering their high
level of technical mastery we can only interpret
as symbolic. A system that would lead you
to expect a precious treasure... But there's nothing more
than an empty granite box too big to pass through
the door and the hallways. Why? The ritualistic
or religious explanation that prevents
further investigation after all that we've seen, its significance
is self-evident. This chamber contains
the ultimate treasure: the treasure of knowledge. It's a sublime
mathematical symphony, a true music of the spheres written in the universal
language of numbers. Considering we only spent
a short time in the chamber, we recognize sound
seems to play an important role. The spectral audio analysis performed by using
voice recording data show us the use
of set frequencies similar to that found in the
first three caves of Barabar. Is it possible
this structure is tuned to use an ancient musical range,
based on 432 hertz? But all this requires
further analysis with more
sophisticated material. If what we suspect is proven, the repercussions
are mind-blowing. The technical accomplishments
all around our planet in specific locations
that can only be found with the help of
scientific knowledge. All these clues
left everywhere around us. In our opinion, they carry the
fingerprints of these builders. [epic music] These builders, who seem to
be lost in the memory of mankind but we've inherited clues,
left in stone. These clues
we also find in scriptures. To the readers of the Koran, we wish
to dedicate this sentence: "They were more numerous than
them and mightier in strength and in the traces in the land. Yet all they used to
earn availed them not." And to those
reading the Bible, this one: "I tell you,
if these were silent, the very stones
would cry out." For the site of Gobekli Tepe,
it doesn't cry out, it screams. And it's not the only one. If we exclude from
the investigation the problematic elements then you'll not find
what you're looking for. It's the same thing
with an archaeologist who does not believe
in the existence of sophisticated
mechanical tools of the past does not see the point
in measuring a surface with a roughness-measuring
device or to scan in 3D. If they're already convinced
that it is a by-product of basic tools, then why bother checking? This goes against
the true scientific approach which, since Descartes, needs to wipe the slate clean
of assumptions and prejudices. At the end of the 18th century, a scientist as brilliant
as Lavoisier was smiling at the fact
that stones might be able to
fall from the sky. A few decades before the existence
of meteorites were proven. So we should be careful,
because the science today will probably see medieval
in 500 years time. It is obvious, we have the best
knowledge in the world. They were already saying that,
at the time. Who can tell if
we are right or wrong? No, simply our knowledge
is expanding and our technology progresses
based on our know-how. And our logic, our brains, continue to evolve
with all of it. In 20 years-time, what we say today
might be totally out-dated. And thanks to all of this,
science is progressing. Now, vanished civilizations,
do you believe in them or not? It doesn't really matter. In any case, the facts remain. So today maybe it is a heresy
to look for information where Science
does not dare to venture, or simply does not want to, this is where the problem lies. The hypothesis of a lost
civilization is provocative. Most of the time it's ridiculed,
and those who defend the theory as serious as they might be,
are ignored which prevents them
from discussing their arguments. As intelligent as you might be no one is exempt
from their own emotions. Otherwise,
how would you explain why this subject
bothers you so much? For this reason,
we wanted to pay respect to all these researchers
who are fighting silently away from the media's chaos and the mockeries of
their colleagues. Because in the end,
only the facts count. What we're trying to say is that we will most likely need
to change our way of thinking if we want to understand
the science of the builders of the ancient world. I know it's not easy to reconsider the founding
principles of our society on which we have built
our current vision of the world. Yet all these kings, emperors,
dictators, political leaders and religious heads
throughout our history have each time
arrange the stories, erased the record of the losers and surely wiped out
and rewrote our history. But the structures from
the past are speaking to us if we try to listen to them. The City of Caral shows
it's possible to live a long period of time
without any conflict. In Ancient Egypt also,
since it didn't start any wars. The Inca Empire again, who showed us that
if you don't unify the people sooner or later,
conflict will ensue. Our Earth is perhaps
speaking to us. Our Magnetic pole has sped up
in the past 30 years and you would need
to be blind not to see that our climate
is disrupted. The ground is rumbling
more often and louder than ever. We still have
so much to discover. It's now up to you
to go and see these sites. Wake up! [mysterious music]
