August 12, 2020 Power Monitoring Seminar Module #1 Intro To Power Monitoring

hello everyone again uh my name is ross signal i'm the director of product management at dranitz i'm joined here in the room today with uh two of our system support engineers uh those of you are janet's customers have certainly worked with these folks before i have ken demario and thurman bridgers who are certainly product experts on our product they're going to help with today's presentation today's presentation will be part of our power monitoring seminar series which we conduct around the country we do these half day seminars and in the covet era we won't be doing those for the uh foreseeable month so what we decided to do is bring those to you virtually and we're going gonna provide five power monitoring seminars and modules which is basically taking our normal seminar series and dividing it into five what i'll call digestible chunks and this is the first of that module one is titled introduction to power monitoring and that's what we're going to be reviewing here today so what's our agenda again we have uh ken and thurman here to help out we will be addressing your questions throughout the presentation today uh just note um we're not going to use audio we we certainly have too many people to let everyone use audio today to uh to ask questions we're going to be using the chat capability of zoom here today so if you go to your your toolbar for zoom and it may be off your screen but hit maybe hit that more button if you need it and find the chat button or chat menu pull down and chat up to everyone your question please and you can certainly do that during the presentation ken ken and thurman will help me during that and uh we'll pause when appropriate and answer your questions as we're doing the presentation but certainly at the end we're going to address all of your questions uh in the in the zoom chat box over here feel free to ask questions about anything that we're discussing here um for our seminar presentation anything dramatics or any other questions that we may be able to help you with with new products with existing products or anything that we we can be of assistance with so our next training is going to be on august 9th uh that will be what pq view can do for you that's actually hosted by our sister company electrotech concepts so if you go to the same page that you registered for this web meeting on our website under our products and services you will find a separate registration button for that meeting so if you're interested in attending feel free to register that'll bump you over to the electrotech website which will have a registration form and you'll get a bounce back on that form with the link information in a very similar way that you got for this web meeting so to get started here um again this is uh introduction to power monitoring again we've broken our our web meetings our i'm sorry our power quality seminars and power monitoring seminars into these chunks the first one is uh the basics of power monitoring so we're going to talk about what is electrical power monitoring there are some questions in regards to that because monitoring is a very generic term we're going to talk about how we're measuring what tools that we're using to measure and then we're going to start focus on what we're measuring are we measuring power we're measuring power quality we're doing both how are we wiring our products so we're going to give you some rules of thumb on how to wire your products into the circuit which are very important one of the reasons why the gentlemen are in the room with me here today is they deal with our customers a lot and unfortunately some people make mistakes and errors on wiring their products so we want to give you the ability to do it right the first time and it is focused on our draining products of course uh but these principles apply to most products out in the field so these are some tips to help you get it right the first time so you don't waste a a week a month or whatever it could be on your seminar on your seminar excuse me on your survey and have some issues and we're going to wrap up this section and talk about transducer considerations and what we mean by those are pts and cts we take a lot of them for granted but the the right choice of those pts and cts are very important to the success of your energy survey and or your power quality survey they're very important so again chat up your questions we are monitoring chat right now and feel free to do that and today's session will be recorded and uh sometime later in the week it'll be posted on our website so a little review about granite i apologize if this is redundant for those of you who attended our last web meeting but we are located in edison new jersey you can see here is edison it's a stone star away from new york city so in normal times those who are visiting new york or in the new york new jersey or what we call a tri-state area we always welcome you to visit our factory and we hope once this covet thing dies down we can welcome you again we're in a very nice part of the uh of the country so what are the what is the draenei's product and service portfolio so we focus on portable three-phase power quality demand and energy instruments and also three-phase portable energy-only instruments we also make permanently installed versions of all those instruments in fact that was the topic of last week's web meeting where we focused on our fixed products but also introduced some new products in that product portfolio and we're going to elaborate on what the difference between these two types of products are in a couple slides of course in today's world you have to make good software so we have analysis and reporting and system software uh for each of those two product categories specifically for our portable or drandu software which is a world-renowned and we've got thousands and thousands of copies out there and for our permanent products we have our pq view de and our pq view software that comes to us from our sister company electrotech who's hosting that web meeting a week from today um on the 19th um some of you may not know know we are the u.s master distributor of gas and metrowatt products that's where ownership lies with drainage they are the manufacturer of precision multimeters testers electrical safety insulation installation and other types of testers including light meters and transducers and sensors so they are based in europe we are the us and north american and south american distributor of their products and on the next slide i believe you'll see a picture of some of those products we do pride ourselves in the ability to support our customers we do offer free technical support the gentlemen in the room here are happy to help you as i am and everyone else is with any questions that you have about your products both before the sale and afterwards we want you to be happy with them so uh as an extension of that we provide mo remote and and in better times on-site product training and commissioning to see these are paid for services well we were focused on your application work with you and your team to help you folks install the products correctly configure them correctly and then train you and your team on how to uh use the information and use the software that's appropriate for that product so feel free to contact us if you have any questions about that please visit dranitz.com recently updated last year and it's not only a um library of information on our products but it's also a library of educational information uh on the industry of course application and tech tips tips on our product but also on the power monitoring industry the standards again our recorded webcasts are hosted there uh and this is the same website that you registered for this presentation um on so just one point i know we are located as i mentioned in edison new jersey uh everything designed by dranitz in this building is manufactured by drainage in this building so we're proud to say made in the usa and we have a large facility first floor is manufacturing second floor is basically everything else so so just to put a visual on the products that we're referring to here and then we'll get started again we have portable three-phase power quality demanded energy instruments and our latest product family is the hdpq plus series which you can see here and it's sp equivalent these are portable instruments and we have our fixed systems fixed systems we spoke about at our last meeting and we have a variety of fixed system meters from advanced power quality demanded energy meters to kind of middle the road capabilities very good power quality meters but with strong energy capabilities and that's these uh meters over here as well as uh energy only meters these are the new am series meters that we introduced that yes i'm sorry at last week's presentation each as i mentioned before has its accompanying software with the portable we have our drain view software that's uh loved by uh by many of our customers and we have thousands of copies and for the systems we have pq view d e and pq view related software um to each other they come from the same base but they're intended for different applications so i mentioned uh earlier that we do distribute gas and metrowatt products and you can see some of their products here from multimeters to safety testers to light meters and other types of products so feel free to reach out to us directly your local draniss representative our regional managers or any any of our distributors throughout the world if you do have any questions about these products so without further ado let's get started and again this module is titled introduction to power monitoring so we're going to start off and kind of lay some basic terms here and make sure that we're all in the same playing field about really what is electrical power measurement and monitoring different people have different um understanding of what it is so let's just go down to the basics and how we term it and really you can look at this the real answer is it depends and it can actually mean different things to different people with different applications so we're going to basically describe what the difference is in our world here measuring typically means real time and instantaneous reading so if you consider a multimeter just taking um a reading or a panel meter you take a reading your your recording of that is writing it down the meter is not doing recording for you where we consider monitoring where that instrument that meter that panel meter has a memory in it and within the capabilities of that that tool it is recording those parameters over time and it's storing those and it's a in today's world that's like a dvr for your power monitoring you get to go back and see what happens from the time you started monitoring until the time you stopped or or the current time here so again the difference is monitoring means that memory is involved in recording things over time metering is real time you see something flash up if you didn't write it down and remember it it's gone and the next update will happen so that's really what the difference is so when you break it down what are the capabilities that you get with these different sorts of applications so for measuring that is really instantaneous reading so again the meter displays something it goes away and displays the next reading so for our purposes and electrical power monitoring we're talking about spot checks of voltage and or current excuse me so consider a multimeter yes you can measure the voltage many times these are single channel devices then you can measure the current together if you have something that has two channels you can get voltage and current at the same time but you're not recording this information over time so it's just a spot check and if you are doing voltage and current at the same time those meters may provide computation of basic parameters such as watts va vars power factor and things like that so maybe this is a panel meter doing that for you whether it be an older style analog meter or a more modern style digital meter with an led or an lcd readout again these are real-time updates and they come and they go the difference again is monitoring is those same tools have a form of memory in them again various tools have different capabilities to them but on an energy perspective the recording of that information over time so you can record electrical energy and consumption that's the accumulation that's integration over time of those parameters and these are what our our energy meters are doing um you know for billing or energy assessments or power surveys and things like that and the objective here is how much energy you're using or power using what's the cost of it where and when are you using this so you're recording this information over time primarily for demand and energy and costing applications and that's for electrical energy in a power survey when you use those similar tools and you have a power quality capable instrument well it's taking that same voltage in that same current but it's looking at it a little bit differently think of it through a different filtered lenses so you're not looking at accumulation and how much but you're buying that instrument because you want voltage quality you're looking for changes in that voltage and or current that can affect your processes affect your your quality of supply and whatever your your operation does so some of the more common things we're looking for are sags swells transients we're looking for current changes which are measured in a very similar way as voltage harmonics distortion in the waveform we're looking at for voltage and current but really the application is we're looking for the compatibility of the power source to the load so you're concerned about possibly your susceptibility your uptime and maybe the economic effects of changes in the power okay and your application may include one or more of the above it could be energy it could be power quality it could be both of them at the same time so let's expand upon that just a little bit if i can change my slide there we go so what's the difference between energy and power quality measuring and monitoring again we're using the term monitoring from this point on so our instrumentation has memory whether we're talking about energy we're talking about power quality those tools are recording this information over time the time is the duration of your survey could be temporary or even a fixed meter and we'll get to that in a second so for the sake of this this web meeting here today we're going to use a generic term power monitoring because a lot of the application and rules of thumb apply to both power quality and energy but they are different tools at their heart so it's important that we understand what the difference between an energy meter is and what the difference between a power quality meter meter is that could also have energy capabilities so they're their measurement requirements overlap but they have different resolutions and accuracy needs so when you look at energy we're typically looking at parameters that are measured in seconds yes you can measure um you know microwatt hours but you could also measure mega megawatt or kilowatt hours that's more of an appropriate measurement for energy okay so high accuracy is usually needed especially when you're doing something for revenue or billing and you have to meet ansi or iec revenue and billing standards high accuracy is certainly important think of that revenue meter on the side of your business or your house you want that to be accurate and these are potentially certified meters not all the applications are but really it's it's accuracy is the important thing where power quality typically a power quality event is measured in microseconds or just a few milliseconds so you can see the difference in resolution here where energy is focused on seconds in accumulating information one cycle and beyond many cycles where power quality is focused on ac cycles and subcycles and again here in the united states one cycle is about 16 uh 16 milliseconds where in europe and other parts of the world it's 20 milliseconds so we're talking that period of time and even shorter for certain types of power quality events so really high accuracy is important we all want accurate measurements but it's not the overriding requirement okay you're really on a power quality survey the difference between a half a percent a one percent accurate meter probably isn't going to buy you that much that that that big of a difference however some of the international standards such as iec 61000-4-30 will require you to have a more accurate power meter so but also note that many of today's power quality instruments including most of those from drainets do have revenue level accuracy so they're very good power quality meters but they also can measure energy very accurately um so really um pq instruments can often be used for energy surveys but not vice versa so why don't we pause a second and do a little poll here and let's get an idea of what you folks are using so if you guys can answer this poll here do you use energy monitoring you use pq monitoring or both so if you guys can uh can please just answer the question here and we'll give it a couple seconds to look at the results okay we'll give it another couple seconds here and you guys can see the results right here so most of you folks are interested in uh either pq monitoring only or both demand and energy not not interested in energy only so that's very interesting we always like to see how our customers wish to apply the instruments so thank you so much i'm going to end the polling here we'll have one more poll as we go along okay so we'll just share the results here and you can see there are your results okay so about 53 of you had applications for both 43 or pq only and only four percent of you who pulled or answered the poll have an interest in energy monitoring so thank you very much i appreciate that okay so let's continue okay so how are we making these measurements this is important and this goes to what type of tools that we're using and as uh ken and thurman here in the room will attest our objective here from a support standpoint and of course sales is to make sure that you're using the right tool for the job and um we're not trying to up you up sell you necessarily on buying something you don't need but we have a lot of customers who call our technical support they've done surveys and then you realize that oh they didn't use the right product and so we want to make sure that you understand not only the capabilities of the tools but there's also various categories of tools and one of them is a portable instrument versus a fixed instrument in their application so there's some differences here so we'll start with portable portable usually reactive approaches so there's a problem that occurred and you're quite quite frankly a problem occurred you're connecting an instrument you're monitoring and now you're waiting for it to happen again so you're using your system as an alarm and as a beta test to see if you can capture the problem now and if it is a power problem your tool will capture it and then you can go and go with that information and provide some sort of resolution to that problem so usually it's singular just a few meters they're typically handheld devices really portable we mean can be easily carried around and quickly connected and disconnected to your circuit and of course safely done wiring connections are typically temporary banana jacks flexor clamp ct something like that however there is a trend for very strong communications if you look at our hdbq plus line and our sp line from hdpq it has very strong of communication so you don't have to be in front of the meter or the instrument while you're collecting data you can go about your business and remotely connect to it from wherever you happen to be on your local network on the internet on a vpn whatever it may take so those are characteristics of fixed products as well um the last differentiator is desktop application software is typically used in our case that's our drainview 7 software very powerful software but it's pc based software that is desktop used opposed to a permanent and fixed application which may have server-based software and we're going to get on to that right now so when you look in compare and contrast a permanent or fixed installation as its name implies these these are permanently installed the instrumentation or meters are there for the life of the facility so what that allows you to do is be proactive in your measurement so you can see problems before they turn into failures you can see uh proactively from an energy standpoint look at your trends of demand and energy and utilization compare that to your utility bill just to see if you're maybe hitting some some demand limits or power factor issues or whatever that may add to surcharges or additional charges for you from a power quality perspective you can see power quality issues in your system that may not have affected you yet but you could have a looming failure as a result of that sags swells transients harmonics or other issues that maybe not have caused failures today but you need to look in to improve your uptime and prevent those failures for tomorrow so usually these are systems with multiple meters energy power quality both capabilities again they're fixed installed so their panel mount their rack mount their wall mount you screw these things into a panel and you screw the voltage and current connections in so they're they're meant to be there throughout the life of the facility um oftentimes you're you're connecting to pts and other cts for your measurements okay um so strong communications are extremely important in these applications so these going to are going to be installed at your service entrance in a utility substation in a ups cabin at a pdu any sort of application and you're going to be communicating with these instruments remotely how do you do that it's with server software and that's where our pq view and our peaky view de software comes in we're not going to elaborate on this too much that was last week's presentation but this is software that automatically communicates with these devices downloads all the data puts it in the database and makes it readily accessible to you in our case via just a web browser a multi-user access vl web browser all right so that's kind of the differences between portable and permanent what are the benefits of power monitoring and everyone likes that little uh um emoji on the bottom there but really the primary benefit is problem avoidance and prevention we have many case studies that have shown that proactive power monitoring can increase your reliability and prevent failures from occurring because you see problems before they result in failures and downside i'll give you a real example without citing names it's a large government organization that we work with and they use a particular brand of ups's and they know that as these ups's have aged that they have transient problems on their output they have these filter capacitors and they know that when those transients start to occur those filter capacitors are starting to fail so they notice that on our systems and then they proactively schedule down time for those ups modules in a in a redundant system so they can take them offline proactively and correct that problem because they know that should they let it go that module is going to fail at any time randomly in the future they don't want that to happen they want to keep their reliability up and going okay so that's just one good example so the second bullet here is knowledge of your facility if you don't moderate you you don't measure it you can't monitor it right you don't understand what's going on and this is from an energy perspective as we mentioned before being proactive about your utilization maybe you've done everything you can to improve your energy efficiency you've gone to energy efficient lighting variable frequency motors whatever may be appropriate for you but these are things you need to manage over time as well because what you do today can be undone tomorrow as your facility evolves and other changes are made so you want to be proactive and stay on top of these things from energy but also from a power quality perspective that we spoke about and the last one here it helps you react quickly to problems that occur so on a power quality basis um think of a mission critical environment where also the server goes down and you know major part of your facility or your services aren't operating anymore because you had a failure in your services you can't that service isn't working anymore that server has failed well is it a power problem is it not a power problem is it a communications problem is it a server problem well information from these systems help you determine that so in this case maybe you're looking at the output of a ups system an it person comes up and says hey we just had a rack of servers go down we think we had a power problem well you can go to your power monitoring system from tranex and say oh yes you did have a power problem give them specifics or also conversely no you did not have a power problem maybe there was an issue with the hardware the communication something other than power and we do know as facility people and people in the power industry fingers point to power first and then it's up to you as the manager of those facilities or a contractor or someone servicing that facility to prove or disprove that it was a power problem systems like this give you the tools to do that so the you know these are the major benefits of doing this certainly on a proactive basis the alternative would be a reactive basis you go and take one of our hdpq pluses you connect it to that same circuit you hope the problem happens again so now you can capture it or not and then prove or disprove power so this is the benefit of being proactive versus reactive so how do we make these measurements how do we do this all right and there's many tools available to us in the power monitoring industry all the way from just basic multimeters through power analyzers these are energy meters and data loggers traditionally without power quality capabilities then we go into power quality instruments whether it be portable or fixed then again usually certainly from drainage they also have energy and power logging capabilities and other tools some of our customers use fault recorders spectrum analyzers oscilloscopes and different things like that so let's put up our last poll for today and let's find out what you folks use here so let's see if we can uh get our next question on there and how do we go to my next question and polling let's go to our next poll i apologize so what type of metering do you use we mentioned uh kind of uh four categories here three categories so if you can please answer the questions here to use a multimeter power analyzer logger power quality analyzer all of the above or maybe something else this is a multiple choice question so you should be able to check multiple things at one time so thank you i see the answers coming in and by the way there's no prize at the end of this so sorry about that so let's just wait a couple seconds all right i think we're we'll just give it another couple seconds i still see some answers i see people changing their answers okay so let's end the polling and let's go share these results so what do we have here so most of you folks are interested in power quality instrumentation um about 20 are interested in uh at power analyzers or loggers a lot of us use multimeters we all know that we have that are at home and also at our places of work all the above is pretty significant okay most of you guys use all the above or at least a third of you guys a little more in a third and other if you guys who use other just please chat us up i'm just interested to see what you folks use so if you could just uh send it send a chat and let us know so okay thank you that was very interesting we always like to get that feedback so what we're going to proceed with right now we're going to break these down and we're going to talk about these individually and look at the pros and cons and some of the things that you should be interested in doing that so going bottom up we're going to start with multimeters as we said before we all know how powerful they are they're extremely useful tools however they're not the you know not the most useful tools in this sort of application they're single phase they're sort of basic tools they're good for what you can use them for but you need to if you are going to use a multimeter just make sure that you use a true rms multimeter some of the lower end multimeters to save cost the manufacturers using averaging technique and that sort of falls apart when we talk about harmonics and and distortion on your voltage and current so the recommendation is to use a true rms meter okay and spend a little bit most most meters have that today all you know except for all but the the least expensive of them um and a good example of that is um i actually saw a case study one time i can't share it because i didn't have permission to use it where these two clamp on ammeters were used from the same manufacturer however one was a low end one and these were monitoring the input or an output of a breaker panel the low end one was an averaging meter the more elaborate one was a true rms clam b clamp on meter and they look the same and they were both measuring the the current and they had wildly different results because it was a highly distorted environment so the true rms meter was much more accurate in that so again rule of thumb you want to make sure you use a true rms meter and if you're interested on the bottom maybe if you can't sleep tonight you can read this three times in your head and it'll put you to sleep but this is the uh formula for a uh for an rms calculation that most of the instrumentation uses so then we kind of proceed up in that in that value chain or that capability chain and we talk about power analyzers again we're not talking power power quality capable instrumentation here but we're talking about meters data loggers that focus on power flow so you can have portable instrumentation such as our ep1 or other types of loggers and fixed instruments this is that new am series that we introduced last week to am1000 2000 and 3000. um so the again these are usually either portable and handheld they're panel mounted for um for um fixed installations but again be very careful about the capabilities because they they vary by manufacturer and the whole one of the messages that we want to um get across here in this section is make sure you look at the the requirement your requirements and compare them to the specifications of these meters to make sure that they're going to do what you want to do and a key thing is if you're interested in check metering or anything checking a billing meter or anything related to revenue you want to make sure you have the accuracy of these meters so maybe the lower end meters won't work right for you and you also have the transducer considerations that we'll speak about in a couple slides so just keep that in your thought process and again differences are packaging user interface the amount of memory those are very application specific so take a close look make sure your tool is going to meet your needs now we talk about power quality instrumentation we're going up a little bit in cost not as much as it used to be these days it's changed a lot um the power quality instrumentation is much much more affordable than what it was even a couple years ago but the focus is on power quality um but they do have typically energy monitoring capabilities certainly what you see here um from the drainage portfolio so again you have a choice between fixed and portable you can see our hdpq plus here which is our latest line for portables and a smattering of fixed meters that we have this is from our 61000 family hdpq data node and um our pq 3k and 5k products so again the differences in your application in the packaging are you going to carry this around you're going to permanently fix it that'll help you guide you towards one of these two different product categories that we covered before but again look at the capabilities of your products and see what's important for your application a good standard to look for is iec 61000-4-30 being class a edition 3. that's a topic of i believe that will be our third web meeting when we talk about power quality capabilities that's a very very important thing for a modern power quality meter is to have those capabilities all of these are compliant with that standard which um all but this meter over here from the 61000 supports the latest revision all these are the latest revision edition three of that standard that basically says you're buying your product from a reputable manufacturer that has recurring and repeatable results that's what that standards uh you know um dictating to you so again a topic for another conversation but again make sure the capabilities of your tools are appropriate for the application that you have however when you look at it when you look at just a block diagram excuse me of any monitoring device any power monitoring device and i do apologize this cpu section looks like a floppy disk that's not really what it was intended to do the good news my daughter went to or took a computer history class in high school and knew what that looked like so made me feel very very old at that point um but it's not meant to have a floppy disk we certainly have electronic memory today but here's the basically a flow diagram of a modern data acquisition device is certainly a modern power meter where you have analog inputs and the analog to digital conversion process this is extremely important this is what defines the accuracy and the resolution and many of the measurement specifications of your instrument so we take this analog signal we convert it to digital by a process called sampling that we're going to talk about on the next slide and that's about as in-depth as we're going to get and we want to make sure we share that with you because it helps differentiate appropriate meters for maybe meters that may not be appropriate and everything goes to a computer it is analyzed by the computer and then of course you may or may not have a user interface an lcd panel or maybe there's very strong communications with your instrument or both and that's how we see the results of these instruments okay the building blocks are different but pay attention to the specifications certainly on the measurement specifications and memory specifications of your instruments so sometimes you get what you pay for even though prices have come down make sure they meet your application however one of the biggest specifications before we move on here is the digitization and sampling and the way digitization works is and you can see by this kind of roller coaster image here is this is an ac sine wave so imagine that continuing along digitization is the instrument takes a measurement and then x number in this case microseconds later takes another measurement so the rule of thumb is to a certain extent the more you digitize the better your digitization which is the more samples per cycle or the higher frequency you're sampling each cycle the better resolution that you have and what that means is if i take a sample here on this first point i take a sample here on that second point microseconds or maybe even longer later i have no information in the middle so your instrument is blind at that particular period of time and there's a compromise between adequate sampling and over sampling and sampling too high just because data files get big and memory uh doesn't last as long it takes longer to communicate different things like that okay so just to put some numbers to it back many years ago 32 samples per cycle was common so that's 520 microseconds in between these two samples all right that's a lot of dead time so we kind of fast forward to modern times and as we go through here you can see as we double the sample rate we're halfing the time in between those samples so there's an inversely proportional relationship there so we double the sampling to 64 samples per cycle we half the time in between these samples 520 is now 260 microseconds so where are we today most instrumentation certainly the instrumentation from granites that measures power quality are in this range right over here 512 samples per cycle that means your resolution or your your dead time here your time between samples is 32 microseconds so if i want to measure transients i can measure transients in theory down to about 32 microseconds that's quite good by today's standards we do have products that digitize all the way up to one megahertz that would be our hdpq plus explorer or httpq explorer plus instrument in the explorer sp uh that's meant for a more advanced applications but it nothing's going to go past that instrument it digitizes to a microsecond so really this 512 samples per cycle just kind of a rule of thumb will get you maybe 75 80 85 of all power quality problems where the explorer level product in our product line will get you virtually all the rest of the power quality problems okay so again you don't want to sample too high a lot of the metering out there samples at a very high rate however you have to be careful and you have to look at your specs very very closely when we talk from drainage 512 samples per cycle that means each channel is sampled at that rate so most of our products are eight channel instruments for voltage four current each of them is sampled at 512 samples per cycle other instrumentation may say like as an example it digitizes at 1024 samples per cycle however that may be for one channel so if you have two channels that's fi that's 512 samples per cycle eight channels that's 128 samples per cycle okay on four voltage and four current so just pay attention you know just buyer beware just pay attention to those sorts of specifications because there's some gotchas there okay so what are we measuring we're going to talk about wiring here and some rules of thumb as we uh get into the last 15 minutes or so of our presentation today so what are we measuring well we're in the electrical power distribution world here so typically you're measuring three phase and that's three phase y three phase delta split phase and single phase applications okay most of the time with our products in our category although it's applicable to all these we're talking three-phase delta three-phase wide so as the gentleman in the room here kenneth thurman would attest you need proper wiring configurations this is a perfect example of garbage and equals garbage out if you don't connect it properly you could waste that seven day or 30 day survey and just get no useful information so we're going to give you some tips on on how to properly connect your dranitz instrument which if you don't use granites you know we want you to use drainage of course but if you don't you can apply some of these rules to what you use so first we're going to start with something called blondel's theorem and it's one of the basic rules of thumb in our industry and it was a long time ago uh where andre blondel and you could read down at the bottom back in 1893 it's quite some time ago certainly before our smartphones here he came up with a rule of thumb or a theorem that says if you want to monitor n electrical conductors for power power quality was not a concern back in the 1800s or in fact most of the 1900s for that matter but if you want to monitor the power consumption in n wires you need n minus 1 watt meters to do that so that's a basic rule of thumb that is we go through a single phase a split phase a three phase y and then a three-phase delta we're going to use that same rule of thumb this rule of thumb applies to all energy monitoring capabilities or energy meters out there it applies to most of the wiring configurations for power quality as well but we're going to point out some differences here for uh for a delta application again some continuing our rules of thumb so here we have a typical single phase circuit and um so you need to measure voltage you need to measure current as we said before current um is usually measured using cts and p or cts of various types and this is a clamp ct each ct no matter what type has some sort of arrow and that's meant to be the direction of current flow and that is from source to load is the convention so that arrow should be pointing towards the load as you clamp it or clip it around that conductor what we need to measure voltage voltage is the difference between two points that is traditionally the line reference to the neutral you'll see that for most of the applications and we're not going to spend so any time on this d or this fourth channel but from a power quality perspective this is neutral to ground monitoring so you see d plus is neutral and then d minus is to the ground so if you follow blondel's theorem how many wires do we have here two how many watt meters do we need to measure this two-wire circuit one so that's blondel's theorem to measure to have one watt meter you need one ct one current measurement okay no matter what you do you need one current measurement i apologize i lost my mouse here so one way to look at is if i have two wires i need one watt meter i need one ct to measure that so how do i get these things connected properly and as the gentleman the rumor to attest you need your voltage and current to be connected properly and the one thing to note on a single phase circuit with a power factor of one okay so the voltage and current are in phase if you look at the bottom you'll see this it's actually on screen on all of our hdbq plus and other family products you can look at the difference between the angle the voltage and the angle of the current so with no power factor they ride right on top of each other they cross zero at the same time so the reason why we're giving you this if you see the phase relationship between voltage and current being zero you know you're connected properly or being something with a reasonable power factor as an example if i would turn the ct and connect it wrong and that arrow is pointing towards the source i would see the current 180 degrees out and pointing to the left here and not the right so these are gotchas as you connect your instrumentation and again our hdbq family will show you right on screen your your scope your phaser in fact it'll tell you whether it thinks it's connected improperly as you proceed in your setup you want to make sure this is right because it's hard to undo this stuff later if you walk away for 30 days and then call kendra thurman and say hey my data isn't right what do i do we can't undo a measurement of the instrument our dranview software can reverse the ct but any measurements previously making we can't undo that for you okay so spend a couple minutes and make sure it's done right that's the rule of thumb so split phase again we just kick it up one notch here so from a blonde l theorem perspective how many wires do we have we have three how many watt meters do we need two how many cts do we need two which direction of the arrow is the arrow pointed from source to load so to the right in this diagram okay so the difference is we have two cts each ct the a phase ct is is clipped around the a phase the b phase c t around the b and we're referencing neutral for all of the applications here so we're measuring a to neutral for the a phase b to neutral for the b phase again here's our neutral to ground which we're not going to spend much time on so that phase relationship thing is exactly the same we spoke about for single phase except the b phase is 180 degrees out from the a phase all right for those of us in the united states we know this split face wiring internationally it's not very common outside of the united states or i should say 60 hertz systems maybe that's more appropriate like europe and asia you will not see this particular wiring configuration but certainly the us and north america and other 60 hertz parts of the world you will see this okay so same situation but you want to make sure that your b is clipped around b your a is clipped around a if you switch these you're going to have your current 180 degrees out but you can think how complicated that could be so if i took b clipped it on a which is the wrong face but also pointed it to the left it may look right but it's on the wrong phase and you have it inverted so think of the errors that can possibly made be made we want you to catch these things before you start your survey so we recommend that you look at your your scope and your phasers and you use the information from an hdpq should you be using it to get this right so now we kick it up one more notch we're looking at a three phase four wire y okay by the way what i've spoken about are the proper connections for energy and power quality for single phase split phase and also for three-phase y so going back to blondel we have four wires we need n minus one watt meters so we need three watt meters which means three cts the difference between split phase and three phase y is now we have three phases each are separated by 120 degrees so here's the wiring uh the difference between them okay so you could see abc this is the rotation when you look at the traditional rotation of any phasor or vector that we talk about in our industry the rule of thumb is just look at my cursor here i'm going to leave my cursor here rotate that vector counterclockwise and i'm sorry the vector just the uh the cursor disappeared so you could see a would come through that first then b and then c it's a counterclockwise rotation so that's how you would compare when you see a and a voltage in a current you could see their relationship and see if you're wired correctly so but you can see we're measuring ada neutral b to neutral and c to neutral and c b and a phases are clipped on their respective cts but look at this phase relationship here you want to make sure and get assurance that you are actually clipped on the right um current or clipped on the right phases but also that your voltage is correct so you want to verify that so the most confusing one is um a three wire delta all right this can be confusing and one of the reasons it's confusing is because we're measuring phase voltage because we can't get a a a voltage measurement in the phase of a motor uh so we can't get the line voltage in here so we're measuring phase voltage so we're measuring a to b b to c and then c to a are the measurements so on the a phase b is a reference on the b phase c is the reference and on the c phasor channel a is the reference okay but we're measuring line current so that's a big difference and we're going to talk about that in our next slide okay and this is also where it differs between an energy survey and a power quality survey okay and i'm going to actually skip a slide to point that out so if we look at um blondel's theorem so blondel's theorem says i have three wires i need two watt meters to make that measurement and most of the fact probably all the fixed panel meters to measure energy do a two watt meter method which is what it's called it's perfectly fine for energy measurements but it's less than optimal for a power quality measurement and that's why if you look at the dranet's instrumentation we have both a three phase two wire delta which is to the right here and a three phase three wire delta which is to the left here and what's the difference so that to save the cost of a ct and potentially a pt there's that two-wire configuration and what that means and this is the blondelike method or um configuration where you take one of your phases let's call it the c phase here it could also be the the b phase it's kind of uh arbitrary well i'm measuring um the voltage reference a to c and b to c i'm measuring the line current in a and in this case the line current in b all right and the meter will add up the total energy perfectly fine that's the blondel theorem method the problem is from a power quality perspective i'm not distributing my power a to c i happen to be distributing my power b to c but the meter has no c to a reference so as a rule of thumb when you connect the power quality meter you want your meter wired in the same way as the critical loads that you're evaluating so in a delta circuit you have an a b phase a b c phase and a c a phase you want your meter wired in and measuring those exactly so the meter sees what your load is seeing and that's important so you do not have that here in this particular application so if we go up to the top we have the three phase three wire delta which is appropriate for both power quality and energy so i have three wires but i'm going to do a three watt meter method on that and what that means is that my voltage is connected a to b my b to c and c to a and i'm measuring current on all three phases here so of course my energy will be measured correctly but my power quality meter is measuring the a b b c and c a phase so in this case it is seeing exactly what your your loads are seeing and your power system is seeing so from a power quality perspective it has the opportunity to see exactly what's critical to you all right so the bottom one is for energy only and to save the the cost and the wiring of that extra phase this is appropriate for power monitoring power quality monitoring rather okay and the choice is yours and our instrumentation just be aware that an instrument connected this way basically cannot pick up all the power quality issues you have to be aware of that okay so we have a question and from patrick when measuring on a delta 480 system is there any benefit to connect the d voltage channel um that's to ground well that is actually there's no benefit in your primary phases patrick um however the one thing you need to be aware of if i go back a slide here or two slides rather this is a three-phase y situation now i have two choices when i'm connecting my instrument to this i can connect it phase to neutral or i connect it phase to phase okay so there is a neutral here and the way we explain this to our users is the recommendation is you have a choice all things being equal do it face to neutral it's simpler okay however if most of your loads are connected phase to phase we would recommend to do to connect your instrument face to face so patrick in your application since there is a neutral here even though all your power parameters may be face to face if this is the case you can still do neutral to ground to look at neutral issues which may still be an issue on your uh on your system so hopefully that was clear if not you know chat up another question and we'll be happy to answer it okay last issue with a delta and more delta confusion is the fact just notice we're looking at the phase voltage and the line current so when we talk about single phase split phase and y everything lines up in other words our voltage and current lines up so if i have an ideal power factor of one they oh they they cross zero at the same time so visually they look good in a delta circuit we're measuring the phase voltage and the line current the physics of that is that it's off by 30 degrees just by the nature that we're looking phase voltage and line current we can't control that there's nothing that's not adrenal tissue it's just the physics so what that means is that the the voltage and the current are off by by 30 degrees perfectly fine all the power will be added up and measured properly but when you look at each individual phase the power numbers aren't very meaningful to us so individual phase numbers look off because of that difference in an angle but the total power will be measured fine but that does cause confusion on a lot of our customers part if they don't understand that and i see ken nodding his head here even to this day we receive a heck of a lot of phone calls and emails about that very topic so okay last section in this module here our transducer consideration so you can see what we're trying to do is prepare you before we go into our next sessions and before we end today we'll describe what they are what those coming modules are those remaining four modules of this seminar we want to make sure that you choose the right instrumentation for the job we want to make sure you wire your instrument incorrectly we want to make sure that your transducers are done correctly so really the whole the whole moral here is you're only as good as the weakest link in your chain and not having the the appropriate instrumentation could be a weak link not not wiring it incorrectly or having wiring mistakes could be a weak link but also the improper application of transducers which are pts and cts could be an issue as well so we want to make sure that we help you with that and in fact these are a lot of the tech support questions that we get so when you uh look at wikipedia and you look for what a transducer is so in our world just uh to uh describe it a transducer helps you take something that is not directly measurable by our instrument and converts it into a signal a voltage or a current or a current that is directly measurable by our instruments so from a voltage perspective that may be a pt or a voltage divider like as an example our hdpq family and a lot of our products can go up to a thousand volts ac or dc so that's a direct connection to the terminals of the instrument if you if you're measuring a 13 kv circuit or anything above that you need a pt or a voltage divider to divide that that higher voltage down to something that's measurable by the instrument same thing for a ct you're not going to wire a thousand amps into one of our products that's a big safety issue so you use ct's that take the uh that thousand amps and maybe have a five amp secondary or another thing uh to go measure that um by the instrument so you can understand what the difference in voltage and current transducers are so but we need to be careful when we choose these things and we also need to be careful not to use them when they're not appropriate for your application and uh uh stacy we have another question for you we'll get we'll get to that in a few minutes here at latest we'll address that to the end thank you so on um for a voltage transducer and you can see this is a single-phase pt on the right so direct connection our recommendation is to use that in most low voltage applications uh within the uh the voltage range of the instrument and what i mean is don't unnecessarily use pts because pt's can act like a filter on your system they're band limited okay so they can reduce the opportunity for transients and the bandwidth for harmonics so if you can directly connect your instrument to your bus if you're under a thousand volts with our hdbq and many of our instruments do that that's much more appropriate however if you need pts and cts just note or the pt's that they may be band limited for your application so many applications are using that using um you know down to a 40 volt application and many of the fixed metering applications would require the use of a pt so the most common type is a pt which is a voltage divider or a transformer divider so there's a primary ratio a secondary ratio the instrument is measuring the secondary of that when you set up the instrument you enter a multiplication factor so all the metering looks like it's on the primary side so cts again in our world you're typically not looking at a direct current measurement so you're not except if it's under five amps and some of our permanent instruments you're not wiring um a current directly through our instruments like you would a low current application in a multimeter so usually on our portable applications you're taking one of our clamp and flex cts and and connecting it directly to the bus or clipping it around the bus or you're using a low current ct and maybe clipping on the secondary of a fixed ct maybe a five amp secondary okay just note that cts fall into two broad categories those with a voltage output maybe one and a half volts three volts or a third of a volt okay i apologize that should be a decimal point there those are typically used in a portable application the clip the clamp on type cts or temporary cts usually fall into that and then there's another category that has a current output usually five amp typically fixed applications use that okay just make sure you use only compatible cts and check with the manufacturers um from a dranet's perspective anything that you purchase with our products are of course fully compatible with our products okay that's an important thing so when you look at the portable cts they fall under generally two categories one is rigid or clamp cts as you see here they do have a voltage output and certainly the voltage output of rcts are compatible with the current inputs which are voltage on the ct so our current inputs on our portable products actually measure voltage and that's that low voltage okay these are very common for portable applications so you have the clip cts and the flexible cts these are by far the most common type that we sell i would say roughly about two-thirds of our customers are buying these flex cts they will add clamp cts but they start with the flex cts because as its name implies they're more flexible in probably two or three ways the obvious one is the ct itself this if i can get my mouse back here this disconnects at this black connector opens up and you can wrap it around your conductor whether it be a wire bundle a single wire a a bus bar or whatever may be appropriate so you can bend it it's flexible it's physically flexible where these rigid cts you have to have the space when you squeeze that clamp needs to be able to fit in that space and you can't fit a bigger wire through that than what will fit with that clamp closing so the flex cts are more flexible physically and how they can be applied but they're more flexible they can service a wider range of current so ours come with a switch setting for a 30 amp range a 300 amp range or a 3000 amp range and we also have 6 000 amp versions of that as well but they're also available in various uh circumferences or lengths the most common size is a is a 24 inch 3000 amp ct by far is the most common size so we have them in 36 or 48 inches 48 is so long it's almost like a jump rope but it's used for a lot of applications so these are the differences but note that there's there's a voltage output in our case it's a 1.5 volt output with a nice connector that plugs right into our meetings meters so in a fixed application the most common type is either a solid core ct or a split core type ct usually they have a 5 amp secondary and we measure that that output that 5 amp secondary excuse me is wired into the fixed instruments and we're actually measuring that 5 m secondary you enter scaling factors or ratios into the instrument that makes it look like you're measuring that thousand amps it multiplies those values back up so a solid core ct is less expensive but you need to break your wire or your bus to fit into this a split cord ct is is as is more expensive than the um the solid core ct solid core is the least expensive because in this case there's a clips on the side so you undo these clips it pops off the top you clip it around your wire or your bus and you clip it back together okay in concept they work the exact same way you enter the ratio into your meter and you're doing that if you have a portable application and you have these fixed cts usually you take these wires you clip one of our smaller cts on that secondary in our example it's our tr 2510b ct that we clipped onto there so the meter is measuring the secondary the instrument is measuring the secondary of that fixed installed ct so as we wrap up in the next slide or two you have to be very careful and make sure that the appropriate safety ratings are applied and this is when you're actually looking at a voltage safety rating for a current transducer and what i mean is when you look at the voltage safety rating on the ct it's going to say 600 volts or a thousand volts or even something less depending upon where you get it from like as an example our clamp cts are rated for 600 volts our flex cts are rated for a thousand volts so even though they're not measuring voltage that's the safety rating of that wire or that bus or the voltage going through that wire that bus as you apply these transducers so as an example if i have a 13kv application it's not appropriate and it's not safe to take our flex cts and put it around there so where are clamps even though they may be within the current range of the measuring of that transducer they don't meet the safety recoil requirements of that so very very be very very careful okay so some considerations when you're choosing these um these uh transducers these pts are cts so make sure the current of the voltage has the output that's compatible with the measurement instrument and they're sized appropriately for the load and the circuit okay so what that means is if you're going to measure current um i'm just make this up arbitrarily if you have a 500 amp bus you probably don't want to use a 500 amp cts because because that doesn't uh have much headroom unless you know for a fact you're in the middle to the low range so try to size your ct so the typical current is in the middle of the measurement range of that ct all right that's a good rule of thumb all right that's an important thing so but also check the manufacturer's specifications so all accuracies are appropriate for your application so when you think when we talked about the accuracy of the energy meters the power quality meters cts and pts and any of the transducers can be a weak link in that chain so if i have like i'll take an example a dranits meter which may be 0.1 percent or 0.2 percent on voltage and current and i put a 1 or a 2 transducer in front of that well that transducers the weak link in the chain and can and reduces the accuracy of your voltage and or current measurements which reduces the accuracy of your power measurements so just be aware of this in in your application to make sure you choose the right transducer for that all right also note that ct's and pts can act as low-pass filters the bandwidth of these and the cutoff is typically in the four five six hundred hertz range for uh typical ct's fixed installed cts such as metering cts and also pt's that is perfectly fine that is perfectly fine um to measure just your base stuff that you're measuring but if you're going to look at harmonics you're going to look at transients these transducers could be filtering out the very things that you're looking for sometimes you may not have a choice you're not going to connect your instrument in a 13kv circuit directly and you may have to deal with a pt so just be aware that you may not be seeing some of the signals that the instrument is capable of and keep that in your thought process again you have to connect these safely so you need to use these pts and cts to do so so just be aware if you're not seeing what you're looking for they could be filtered out by those things and plan accordingly so the moral of the story is the results are only as good as the weakest link in the chain make sure that they're appropriate for your application and a poor selection or choice of these pts and cts can reduce your accuracy and bandwidth and otherwise negatively affect your measurements okay and that's it um that's it for module number one um chat up any questions that you have i'm going to change screens here and put up our schedule so you can see what we have coming up in the future here so please chat up your questions and patrick asked um oh no response from stacy to patrick on his question about the 40 volt delta systems okay so we're going to hang here feel free to chat up any other questions that you have while we're doing that i'm going to share a different screen here and i'm going to put up our seminar and our web meeting schedule here so we can all see it so this is on dranits.com it's on the product training page this is the same page that you folks registered for this web meeting on and you can see we've completed our august 5th web meeting we had very good attendance thank you today is the august 12th meeting um and next week as i mentioned before our next meeting is hosted by electrotech um and uh that's gonna be an introduction to pq view what pq view can do for you pq view and our related software called pqvwd are meant for use with our fixed systems and we spoke about that last week so if you're interested in attending that web presentation click this register here button right over here okay that'll take it to the electrotech website which will give you a registration for that like you saw with the dranet's registration will bounce back with an automatic email that tells you uh the the login information so after that we have on august 26th our second of our five modules is energy monitoring overview so what are we measuring what are the difference between ac and dc what's the relationship between watts va vars power factor what is demand and energy talk about utility billing and some of the uh factors that go into utility billing we're also giving a case study on energy efficient lighting so it's going to kind of hold together that information and look at an led a cf bulb and compare those to a incandescent bulb you know are we saving the energy on that so on september 9th happy birthday to me is our third module which is our power quality monitoring module so as we evolve through our virtual seminar here we're going to do an introduction to power quality we're going to look at what are the appropriate standards for power quality monitoring from the ieee the iec what standards do you follow and that's really regional dependent what part of the world you're in well we're going to find what a sag or a dip is a swell a transient how do we determine pq directivity what are those rules of thumb and what i mean is did my power quality event originate on the source or on the load so we'll give you some rules of thumb um to look at that and we're going to give you a case study of a hurricane we had a hurricane come through here in edison we have a lot of instrumentation so basically it summarizes all the things that we spoke about in this particular module those sags those swells those transients we got all that type of data during that hurricane so module number four on september 16th we're going to talk about harmonics and this is another major part of power quality concerns we're going to talk about what are harmonics we'll just break them down what are the standards what's the difference between the iec and the ieee standards which one should you follow which is important that's a regional thing we'll talk about rules of thumb what are tripling harmonics and what are some rules of thumb appropriate for that in addition we're going to wrap up our case study on energy efficient lighting where in our energy section in module number two we spoke about um you know are are we saving the money in these energy efficient lighting and in this module module number four for harmonics are there harmonic concerns using these energy efficient light bulbs it doesn't are there harmonic concerns with an led or cf bulb okay we're going to compare and contrast those certainly to a um an incandescent bulb and the last of our five modules is on september 23rd where we're combining all this and we're going to do a seminar on how to do a power survey so how to pull all the stuff together how to do a combined survey for energy for power quality or both together we're going to go through step by step the systematic steps you need to go do that from beginning middle to end and we'll kind of pull together our prior four modules on how to do that so again if you want to register if you haven't done so already and i know a lot of you have just click this register now button on that page and we'll get you that will get you into that system so all right thank you very much that's uh what we had here today we will stay here and uh and answer your chats we're happy to do that so please chat up any questions that you have and we'll monitor them thank you very much we will see you hopefully next week at our lecture tech presentation so take care thanks for your time this morning

Channel: DranetzTech

Views: 623

Rating: 5 out of 5

Keywords: pq meter, pq analyzer, power quality, pq, power monitoring, pq monitoring, power meter

Id: ULNUeknwfAM

Length: 69min 48sec (4188 seconds)

Published: Wed Aug 12 2020