APUSH Exam CONTENT REVIEW (Units 1-3: 1491-1800)

[Music] do [Music] if [Music] hey everybody good to see you glad we're all here together and uh what we're gonna do is go through all uh the first three units of ap us history so i hope you're ready um just so you know right off the bat i think this is i was aiming to keep this at one hour i think it's gonna take a little bit longer than that um there's a lot of stuff to go through uh but you know if you're cramming then you know the more the merrier um anyway so uh i i'm thinking maybe more like an hour and a half i don't know we'll see we'll see how it goes but i'm sure i'm glad to be here with y'all and uh before we jump right into it uh let me say hello to everybody here in the comments oh man there's a lot of you guys here i'm so glad to see you um and so yes uh i'm gonna answer a few questions right off the bat uh here's how this is gonna work um i'm going to uh go through unit one i'm gonna stop take some questions i'm gonna go through unit two stop taking some questions from the comments go through unit three do some questions at the end and then we will call it quits for the night now i will be doing this tomorrow night as well um same time same place for units four through six i'll be doing it on wednesday night uh the night before the paper and pencil exam on may 6th um and so we'll go through the whole curriculum uh and you know get you all nice and ready for your exam some of you guys are taking it later in you know later may uh possibly in june um so you know this is hopefully it's helpful for you too but uh for those of you who are freaking out because your test is coming up in three days is that right three ish whatever whatever thursday is um i'm here for you and we're about to get this started so um first of all if you have uh general questions about how the exam works anything like that um i'm not i'm not gonna be answering too many of those uh tonight but you can follow me on instagram heimli's underscore history and i am answering questions every day in my stories so if you have any questions about how the exam's gonna go content whatever just follow me there and ask your question i put a question box up every morning and i'm getting tons of questions as you can imagine and i'm doing my best to answer all of them so uh you can follow me over there now the way we're gonna do this is uh we got three news three units to go through um and this is not a vocabulary review just right off the bat so you know nobody wants to sit here and watch me just define vocabulary for you know 90 minutes or whatever it's going to be so so i want to give you a bigger picture of what you need to know uh for these three units and basically what that's going to mean is let me give you a metaphor um if you were most students when they start studying what they're going to do is they're going to start looking at the bolded words in their textbook they're going to start cramming vocabulary but that is the exact wrong way to do it because that's sort of like taking all your clothes and throwing them on the floor in your closet it's fine they're there and you know maybe you can sort through them and figure them out but what's even better is to have a closet built for you or maybe you already clearly in this metaphor you already have a closet because you threw your clothes in there the point is to have your closet to get some hangers and to hang your clothes up so that everything's organized and you can see it so what this stream is about is not about sorting through the clothes on the floor i'm going to build you a closet i'm going to give you the hangers i'm gonna show you a few of the clothes that hang on them um but but the idea here is to get the big ideas and then you can fill in all the details uh if you need it but everything i'm gonna go through is essentially all the big ideas that are on the test now before i i start this which is going to happen uh within like 30 seconds i do want you to know i've got big ideas for each unit and i have those if you want to take notes i have a note guide with all the big ideas on it at the link in this description so you might want to click on that download it you can type in it you can print it out you can do whatever you want with it and you can follow along and i've just got the big ideas there i'm going to read them i'm going to show you what they are and then we're going to i'm going to fill in some of the details okay i'm assuming you're ready to go so let's do it let's start with unit one period one that goes from 1491 to 1607 which is to save you know 1491 is sort of a symbolic date which means uh the year before christopher columbus and the you know the various europeans that followed him uh arrived in the americas so that's 1491 that goes through 1607 which is the founding of jamestown and unit 1 is really all about the natives of america their various societies contact with the europeans and then the resulting transformation of both of those societies now big idea number one in unit one is this native american populations in the americas were diverse peoples with differing ways of life shaped by the environment in which they lived okay so one of the big ideas here is that when you think about the natives who lived on the american continents before the arrival of the europeans typically what you would think of especially in the the north american continent is uh buffalo hunters living in teepees etc some of them did that but the point of this is to show you that there was actually a very complex and diverse set of people none of whom were the same and all of whom adapted to their environment and um and lived in different ways and so that's what we're going to figure out now so um the let's begin with the coastal regions so coastal regions um the pacific northwest and down all the way to the coast or down all the way to california so um these people these native americans they developed permanent settlements and the reason they were able to do that is because they lived on the coast there was an abundance of fish there was an abundance of small game uh there's this massive diversity of plant life and so if you want an example for this one uh the example is the chumash people uh they lived in present-day california they're not the only ones but they lived in present day california um they live they built villages up to like a thousand people um and they participated in trade networks like regional trade networks all the way up and down the coast um then if we move sort of into the interior of the continent the great basin region which is sort of like uh today was colorado and all the way up into canada you had uh groups of people who were nomadic and hunter-gatherers and they required large tracts of land in order to hunt buffalo so a good example of them is the ute people ute um and and that that that is a big difference from what we just saw in the coastal region coastal regions they got lots of fish they got lots of food they're settling down in permanent settlements but in the great basin region they're hunter-gatherers they're uh following the the seasons uh and of you know according to the land um they're hunting buffalo and so there's a big difference in how each of those groups of people um interacted and lived so um there were some others uh besides the ute uh in the um great basin region probably one you've heard of is the pueblo the pueblo were farmers the main crop that they um that they farmed was maize they got this as a result of their contact with peoples in the mesoamerican region um okay so we've talked about the coastal regions talked about the great basin region now let's look at the mississippi river valley so if you if you picture the north american con in your mind we're going from west over to east so now we're basically in the middle uh mississippi river valley here again we had uh uh native americans who were farmers uh because of the rich soil that was in the the the mediterranean mediterranean that's a different place the mississippi river valley um and they also because they had this great waterway to trade on they participated in trade networks up and down the mississippi river um a good example here is the cahokia they were this massive civilization some somewhere between 10 and 30 000 people and they had a centralized government um and so you so on the on the west we've seen you know permanent settlements uh fisher fishing communities um in the great basin we've seen hunter-gatherers in the mississippi river valley we see this large civilization okay so so then let's move over to the northeast uh and here we have again groups of farmers um but they lived differently they lived in um in long houses they lived communally there like their whole kinship you know 60 to 70 people would live in the under the same roof and they were those longhouses were constructed from all the timber that was in that region so the example here would be the iroquois now that's big idea number one and the idea here is again just to make sure that you know that there were diverse peoples who made up the populations of the americas before the arrival of the europeans big idea number two in unit one europeans came to the americas for various reasons okay let's see what some of those reasons are uh reason number one in the 1300s to 1400s european states were changing they were going through a process of political unification which led to stronger more centralized states um and the consequence of that unification that centralization is that there was a growing upper class with a taste for luxury goods from asia but there was a problem there was a prop they they wanted their luxury goods from asia they wanted their spice they wanted all of that but the problem was that the muslims controlled all the land-based routes um and therefore the europeans couldn't figure out how to engage in trade with asia on their own terms therefore they decided they must find sea-based routes now the first major mover in this endeavor was portugal portugal established a trading post empire all around africa um trading post empire is is much different from what you see in some of the later um colonizing or i should say exploring uh european nations um but they they they essentially they weren't interested in taking over um land they just wanted to have a spot where they could um where they could trade and they could set up shop so they established this trading post empire all around africa and eventually they had a massive presence a strong foothold in the indian ocean trading network now the reason they were able to do that and this is important um is because of new well i should say new and adapted maritime technology stop for a second somebody says maritime on your exam just know that means like sea based you know because like when you're in a boat you're having a merry time you know okay it's all right let's continue um but you're not gonna forget it now are you um anyway new and adapted uh maritime technology and a few of those it'd probably be helpful to know um astronomical charts uh the astrolabe which helped them with their reckoning on the sea uh the latin sale which was that triangular sail that helped them navigate better or not navigate but cut in the water better and whatever sternpost rudder clearly i'm not a sailor but the point is all of these technologies helped portugal achieve this feat now the next major player you need to know under this big idea is spain especially with regards to um us history so spain uh wanted to sail west in order to find just you know new paths to asian markets uh the portuguese sailed east right they went around africa over to asia spain said we want to try to sail west and so um to add to that uh the reconquista so number one they wanted access to asian markets they wanted to see base drought they wanted to go west but number two um pushing them you know to uh explore was the reconquista of the iberian peninsula that was essentially when they you know when spain uh ousted all the muslims from the iberian peninsula and that meant that they were motivated to spread christianity as well so they want asian markets they want to spread christianity uh enter at this point christopher columbus he was sponsored by the spanish crown and uh you know as you know he sailed west and when he landed um and explored he found great wealth among the inhabitants of the americas and so his return with all these great stories led to fierce competition among european states to explore these new lands especially england portugal and france okay so eventually those three are going to come over and have a large presence in addition to spain on the american continents okay big idea number three in unit one the colombian exchange resulted in massive changes in europe and in the americas okay so the colombian exchange what is it well it's essentially the transfer of people animals plants and diseases uh from the east to the west or you might hear it said from the new world to the old world and from the west to the east or you know the old world to the new world um and so it's it sounds really boring like oh some crops animals you know what ah they exchange so what so you got a pig so what this was this was this fundamentally altered the societies and the economies in both places both in europe and in the americas so it's going to be helpful for you to know especially if you have a question on the columbian exchange or more particularly if you have an essay or a short answer question on the columbian exchange it's helpful to know a few of the things that were exchanged so let's look at crops first um from the americas into europe uh you got the potatoes and maize were transferred so from the americas into europe uh from the other direction europe to america's uh you had wheat and rice being transferred now these uh expanded the diets of both of these populations and led to longer lives better nutrition so you know big big huge massive implications here um let's talk about animals uh what animals were exchanged well if you go from the americas to europe uh you got turkeys this is nice turkeys um if you go from europe to the americas uh you you saw cattle pigs and horses horses especially were significant for uh the plains um native americans who hunted buffalo who began learn to hunt buffalo on horseback that fundamentally changed their lives another big exchange that you should know is the exchange of disease from the americas to europe um no i got that backwards from europe to the americas you had the transfer of smallpox now smallpox if you don't remember anything else about the colombian exchange smallpox is the one to remember because with the introduction of smallpox into the american continents it devastated the population of the americas they had no former contact with that disease and so it completely decimated much of their population it's questionable if any diseases went from the americas into europe some people say syphilis but yeah the big one to remember there is um small box now the the last thing we should talk about with respect to the colombian exchange was uh what came from the minerals that came from america's the americas into europe and the one you really should remember is gold okay so gold coming from the americas into europe it had two pretty significant consequences number one uh the influx of gold into the european economies from the americas facilitated the shift from feudalism into capitalism in europe okay that's a big one from feudalism into capitalism the second was that this influx of gold changed the way exploration and colonizing was was done particularly with respect to joint stock companies this was a new way of um of colonizing places or i should say exploring places and you know so and sometimes colonizing um but it was it was not like a a monarch heavy system it was a limited liability corporation where many people shared the um many people shared the the profits and the losses it was a completely new way of financing these things okay so that's the colombian exchange let's look at big idea number four of unit one the arrival of the spanish fundamentally changed the social and economic makeup of the americas okay spanish we need to talk about the spanish so the first change you should know is the encomienda system uh you remember that way back in the deep recesses of the dark places of your brain the encomienda system so basically what this is is that the the spanish colonizers used native american forced labor to work their plantations uh and to mine precious metals which of course meant gold and in many cases silver as well but they had a problem with using forced labor uh with using native americans for forced labor because they escaped frequently they knew the land way better than the spaniards did and so it was much easier for them to escape and they had the nasty habit of dying in massive numbers from smallpox which was incredibly rude of them uh and so um that meant that uh the spanish had to come up with another system of labor to replace that it was it was a it was a awful and brutal system uh of labor uh which we don't have time to talk about right now uh because the second change you should know is the brutal system of labor that replaced the encomienda system which was the brutal system of labor and the one that replaced it was african slavery so uh spanish um spanish colonizers partnered with west africans and not only the spanish but um partnered with west africans to bring enslaved africans to the americas and that had the that had a double benefit for them um which is a weird way of saying it but i mean that you know they're enslaving people it's an evil it's incredibly difficult and sad but to the to the spanish man what we're trying to understand the spanish right now for them it provided two benefits and solved some problems for them number one africans had been involved in um in trading and interaction with europeans for a long time and that meant they had some um exposure to things like smallpox and so they weren't dying like the native americans were um and uh and also you're they don't know the land like the the native americans do and so they're just as you know ignorant about the topography as the spaniards who are there and so you know it it replaced one brutal system with another um and it solved the problems that they were having so um change number three was a social change this was not just a change in labor systems it was a social change and for this you should know what's called the casta system um i think in that that's that's what they call it an ap world history uh it seems like in in the ap us history curriculum they call it the cast system but it's the same thing um but essentially um this system categorized people in the americas based on race and ancestry and at the top of the heap not surprisingly were native-born spaniards like those who were actually born in spain and then below them were the spaniards that were born in the americas and then all the way at the bottom of the hierarchy uh were africans and then native americans and so the whole point there is that the the spaniards brought massive societal and economic change to the system of the americas okay next big idea number five as a result of their interaction with each other europeans and native americans understanding of each other changed over time so let's see what we mean there um each group had each of these groups the spanish and the native americans had different understandings of how the world worked with respect to religion uh gender roles family uh land use power um i'll just give you a couple of examples the the difference in their world view when it came to land um looked like this uh europeans understood land as a commodity to be bought and sold like it's just it's just another good that can be bought and sold native americans on the other hand in large part um not all but in large part um had a more like um uh symbiotic almost spiritual connection to the land um and so there was a it was a big uh um there was a congruence that was missing there between their world views um with respect to religion as you know uh the europeans were christian uh native americans in general were more um engaged in pantheistic religions um and they they differed from region to region um so so more regional in nature um now it's important for you to know that even though these two groups often clashed they did adopt some practices um and ideas from each other uh an example from unit two i'll just have to reach in there and grab this real quick um on how they borrowed from each other was that native americans taught um english colonists how to hunt in their forests and how to cultivate maize um what they got from the english were iron tools etc so so there was some borrowing there it wasn't all conflict it was mostly conflict but it wasn't all conflict um there was some cultural appropriation between these two groups now all of this interaction led to a debate about the proper relationship of europeans to native americans and there's two names maybe only one name but i'll name two and i'll tell you which one you should probably remember uh who engaged in this debate publicly the first is juan guines de sepulveda um he was arguing that um native americans were less than human and they actually um benefited from the harsh labor conditions that the spaniards were putting them under but and here's the name that you should probably remember uh more than the first but if you can only remember one name remember bartolome de las casas he argued on the other side he he actually was a was a catholic monk he worked among the natives of the americas and he argued that after having been with them for so long that they they were human beings they they did deserve dignity um and so that that uh debate was raging um as the um as the europeans were having more and more contact uh with that culture okay that's unit one and that's the shortest unit oh my goodness that's the shortest unit let me take a couple of comments um and uh see let's just take a little break and see where you guys are um yes bartolome bartolome de las casas he's the man um okay let's see what is this i had an leq over the columbian exchange which has for the extent it led to change in the americas so i wrote a ccot but what would be a good continuity for the colombian exchange that's a great question um because the climbing exchange was mostly change i mean we're talking about this this massive disruption um of um of uh these two societies but one continue one continuity you could have mentioned is the fact that yes europeans especially spanish europeans brought christianity over to the americas and did a lot of work to proselytize uh the people who lived there however even though some of these uh some of the people in the americas accepted christianity over time mostly it became more of a syncretized version of christianity with their um with their indigenous religions and so there was a continuation of their indigenous religions in other places uh they just kept practicing their religions uh their indigenous religions and whenever the sp whenever they saw the spanish watching they were like oh yes yes you know they would do all the christian stuff so religion is a good way to talk about continuity um there's other there's definitely others as well um okay let's see um let's see if we had to how would we provide context for this topic well okay first of all um if you're talking about in your essays your uh leq or your dbq um it's they're not going to ask you something that you don't have context beforehand so well but the thing is even if they ask you a question from you know 1491 and it's a symbolic date but suppose they do you actually you have that whole list that i gave you about how the the different the peoples in different regions lived right i mean that that was going on for way longer than way before 1491 that's the way their societies were structured for uh for centuries and in some cases a millennia or longer um so so you can definitely talk about the societal makeup of those uh different peoples um let's see one more question one more question um yeah the actual review has started yes um any oh oh i i tried to click on one and i you guys got to me quicker i clicked on a different can you tell us the days but because the exam tells us date ranges yeah the paper and pencil exam you know what i i need to i need to just be sure about this because i've got ap world a b government ap uh us in my head um but your your paper and pencil exam is for sure may 6th um so that's on thursday uh the um this the digital exams are uh yeah i got it hold on i'm trying to look it up um some somebody look it up for me and just put it in the chat uh i i have i have may 19th oh yeah there it is uh wednesday may 19th uh is the first digital option and then wednesday june 2nd is the second digital option okay good questions good questions let's let's carry on let's carry on all right uh so unit two let's go to big idea number one in unit two um the spanish dutch french and english projects of colonization were motivated by different goals okay what they're trying to get you to see here is that all the colonization efforts uh all the different countries that were colonizing the americas they were not doing it for the same reason some of them overlapped but some of them have distinct reasons all of these colonies that popped up in the americas they they were not the same okay so that's what they're trying to get you to understand here so under this uh i mean mainly their motives can be summarized by you know the three g's god gold and glory um those are pretty those are pretty much fit everybody's under there but let's get a little more nuanced so let's talk about the spanish first their goals in colonizing the americas uh was extraction of wealth and that particularly uh had that they particularly did that through the extraction of gold uh and the setting up of cash crops uh a cash crop economy um in particular uh sugarcane um and so extraction of wealth for the spanish uh also the spread of christianity um the result of those goals was the subjugation of native populations and a reordering of their entire society which we just talked about so i won't dwell on that so those are the spanish goals the french and dutch um were more interested in trade partnerships than conquest so spanish all about the conquest french and dutch they just wanted to trade like and especially important to them was the fur trade um so you see a much different reality in the spanish colonies than you do in the french and dutch colonies the spanish colonies they're like setting up shop they've got sprawling plantations everywhere um the french and dutch on the other hand are more they're just very few permanent settlements uh they're just setting up trading posts now there's a couple of um uh caveats to that uh the french set up a permanent settlement in quebec and the dutch in new amsterdam which would later become new york um and even though uh both of these you know france was catholic dutch was protestant and and very proudly so in both cases even so they weren't that interested in converting the native americans to christianity unlike the spanish who that was a big part of their project um but now let's move on to the british so um why did the british start colonizing well first of all there was a massive spike in inflation in britain so so their economy was kind of in shambles a part of that was due to the colombian exchange this you know huge amount of uh money and and precious metal entering their um economy um so there was inflation excuse me uh the enclosure movement was also another reason um that was it basically just meant that land was scarce there wasn't a lot of land to be have especially had especially if you were not a member of the upper class and then you had a third group of people uh the puritans and the separatists um who weren't the same but will lump them in the same category because they were essentially um people who wanted to um the puritans wanted to reform the church of england the church of england uh or the anglican church same thing from the inside they didn't want to leave the church they just wanted to reform it the separatists held the same theology they did but they thought the only way out is the only way for reform is to leave so same theology same beliefs they just they just different ways of reforming the church of england and so those two groups um also wanted to colonize it wanted to um leave england because of religious persecution so that means um to sum all that up for britain britain wanted to colonize because of uh social mobility um for for its people economic prosperity um and religious freedom okay um again these are all just the big ideas all of these things we could talk about all these things for an hour and a half but those are the big ideas all right big idea number two in unit two the british colonies in north america differed from each other in their goals population makeup and society so we've been talking about all the different european nations that are colonizing the americas now we're f zeroing in on the british okay uh so so don't miss that we're coming down to the british now so let's talk about and what they're trying to get you to see here is that that britain established colonies all up and down the eastern seaboard of uh north america but all of those colonies depending on the region were actually very different in form so let me give you a few examples first uh the chesapeake north carolina region so chesapeake just in case you don't know is like virginia um so that was the first permanent british settlement in that region and that was in jamestown in 1607 and their goal there was essentially just get get that boom boom baby extract wealth that's all they wanted to do the population who showed up in this colony was mainly single men looking for work most of whom were indentured servants and later they were replaced by enslaved africans um and the main impetus for that change was bacon's rebellion in which disgruntled indentured servants and farmers rose up and tried to kill the colonial governor but the point is that that's essentially who came to virginia uh the main crop that they grew was tobacco because the people in britain loved their little lung darts they loved them some tobacco so so that was the essential character of the chesapeake region now let's move upward and go to the new england colonies so if the chesapeake colonies were essentially profit-seeking ventures new england could not have been any more different um it was settled in 1620 by uh puritan or separatist family groups and their goal was they had no desire for wealth you know they or they didn't have any desire uh to extract wealth like the chesapeake colonies did um they wanted to establish a colony shaped by their religious principles and also create the occasion for economic prosperity now you hear all the time that the the separatists came over the pilgrims they came over because they were fleeing religious persecution not really i mean they they moved from england into holland first of all and there they had all the all the religious freedom that they wanted the problem in holland was they were living in urban places uh but they were farmers by nature and so they were in an econ economically in a bad way so did they come over for you know to flee religious persecution i mean kind of in a circuitous way but mainly they they were coming um to have to create the occasion to farm and have economic prosperity um but but sort of a muted economic prosperity they didn't want to get rich quick like the chesapeake folks did um they wanted to establish a a a city like you know like they wanted to have an actual place and they uh came over in family groups so much different from the chesapeake um folks all right now let's um let's go to the middle colonies so i'm going out of order here um if you're free so new england is at the top um then you get the middle colonies and then chesapeake and then uh we'll go down to the the southern atlantic coastal colonies so talk about new england let's talk about the middle colonies so the middle colonies basically you know new york new jersey um and and others but new york and new jersey are two you should definitely know um they were on the sea and they also had lots of rivers shooting through them and so that meant they became hubs of trade and they create they established a robust export economy based on cereal crops and you know because they were trade hubs um those colonies attracted a much greater diversity of folks than the other colonies did okay so new england middle colonies chesapeake uh now let's go to the southern um the the southern atlantic coastal colonies and the british west indies so you know southern atlantic coastal colonies you're you're talking about uh south carolina georgia and then down into the british british west indies we're talking about saint christopher barbados nevis et cetera et cetera um especially in the british west indies you had a warm climate and that meant year-round growing seasons and that led those those colonial ventures to become mainly about cash crops and so two of them were very important tobacco and sugar and so there was a spike in demand for both of those and and that actually led to a spike in demand for enslaved african laborers on those plantations as well so so you'll see that as the colonies grow as they are becoming wealthy as um that is going to create a demand for more labor and that is only going to increase uh the number of africans that are enslaved and taken into those places um okay so um so that this is this is sort of out of order but um but let's talk about no it's not out of order let's talk about all of the colonies together let's talk about generally the governance of these colonies the governance it was was um largely self-governing and it was unusually democratic for the time and why is that well part of it was because of the huge distance between the colonies and the homeland and so that's going to come up again later in the next unit but that meant that the colonists were basically on their own to govern themselves i mean yes england was in charge parliament crown all of that stuff yes but they were so far away and communication at that distance took weeks and weeks and so they basically had to set up their own institutions of government so two you should probably know about um one of them was in new england and that was the mayflower compact now that's not um it's not a system of government it was a document that they signed in the northern colonies and basically the the pilgrims drafted this before they disembarked and organized their government based on the model of a self-governing church congregation so um everybody had a hand in it um so the mayflower compacts number two in terms of um uh colonial governments you should probably know the house of burgesses um this was in virginia and it was a representative assembly which could levy taxes and pass laws key there to what i just said was a representative assembly so so the the governments of these colonies were as i said unusually democratic for the time and you should remember that okay big idea number three oh baby we're jamming we're jamming what kept colonies what kept colonization viable was the great wealth being generated by the trans-atlantic trade you know at the end of the day if that boom booming coming in they're not going to continue to colonize uh it was very much about economics so um so we need to talk about this the development of the atlantic economy first of all you should know the triangular trade and with the triangular trade uh trade really became global um and so the reason it's called the triangular trade is because you know it was in the shape of a triangle um merchants would begin in new england and they would carry rum down to to west africa and they would trade that rum for enslaved africans there and then they would uh they would cross the atlantic across what was called the middle passage um which was brutal and deadly to many who were on those ships um but then they would land in the caribbean and they traded those african laborers for sugar cane and then they went took that sugar cane right back up to new england and they just kept going around the triangle again very simplistic but that's essentially what you need to know now what drove all of this was the economic system of mercantilism very important economic system to know mercantilism now mercantilism we're not going to get into the details of but essentially you should know that this economic system was the dominant economic system in england or i should say in european nations at the time and it relied heavily on establishing colonies because to establish a colony meant that the the parent country would be produced excuse me would be provided with raw materials that they probably didn't have in their own country so very much loved having colonies because they get access to raw materials and by the way new markets to sell their goods um and so and so britain made a lot of efforts because they were mercantilist in in um uh uh because all of this was driving these the economic um future of european nations britain especially made a lot of efforts to really tightly weave their colonies with the mainland and the illustration there is the navigation axe this is going to come up again also in the next unit but the navigation acts basically required merchants to trade with english colonies in english-made ships and goods had to pass through english ports where they were taxed so what you need to remember about the navigation acts it was is that it was a way for england basically to control the entire system of trade with respect to the colonies no matter what it cost them all right big idea number four for unit two as european colonies became more established european powers maintained differing policies in their interactions with native american peoples and that often led to conflict to which i say okay so let's talk about uh that for a minute um so wars um there were wars with native americans um there was also alliances with some groups against others um let's talk about a couple of these um a couple of these conflicts number one metacom's war or you may have heard it called king phillips wars the same thing don't get confused uh medicom was the chief of the wampanoag indians and he began to see that uh you know british encroachment on their lands would never stop that you know daddy is always hungry for more land and so he's not going to stop encroaching on their land and therefore that was a threat to the wampanoag way of life and so um metacom allied with other american indians and attacked british settlements and ultimately the british allied with mohawk indians and defeated the wampanoags but the point is all is not well like this is just an illustration to show you like all is not well between colonists and the native american populations at this point um another excuse me another illustration uh was the pueblo revolt uh this was not against britain but rather against spain um the spanish in the southwest of the north american continent um basically the pueblo revolt had to do with the pueblo's resistance to spanish land grabs and maybe especially their christianizing mission and you know the pueblo were initially successful the spanish did eventually crush that rebellion and consolidated their power but they did accommodate spanish did accommodate certain aspects of american indian culture in the southwest instead of maintaining their policy of complete eradication of their culture so that's important to know big idea number five uh all british colonies depended more or less on enslaved african laborers but some enslaved people actively rebelled against the system oh yeah that's smooth all right um what okay british colonies yes enslaved african laborers some enslaved people actively actively rebelled against the system all right let's talk about it so um not all the colonies not all the british colonies equally relied on enslaved laborers actually if you think about the the map of the colonies in your mind uh as you go um as you go south the numbers of enslaved laborers grows so the further down you come on the map the further south you go the more they depended on enslaved labor so for example you know new england had relatively few enslaved laborers um the middle colonies more but they had a significant minority but when you get to the southern chesapeake colonies they had the largest numbers of all and especially well even if you go further south into the caribbean even more uh in slave labor so just remember that the further south you go along the colonial map the more and more they depended on uh enslaved laborers uh now they justified this idea that you know that that slavery was okay because essentially uh the the africans um under their control they they said we're chattel which me which is another word for property so when you hear the word chattel slavery it means like property-based slavery um so that means that they were certainly not fully human in their eyes um because you can't own another human being uh they were property okay so that was the it was sort of an innovation on um you know slavery has existed for you know a very long time far longer than you know the americans have been around um and did it on the american continent um but this was a new innovation in slavery uh that they were considered less than human and therefore property now it's going to be very important for you to know that even though there was a growing dependence on african and slave labor in the colonies the the africans who came they didn't just sort of take it there was there was rebellion among them right um there was both covert rebellion and overt rebellion so the covert kind which means sort of like under the radar you know not in your face um the covert kind of rebellion was you know they maintained their cultural customs uh they maintained their belief systems from their homeland uh they also you know broke tools uh when when people weren't looking they they faked illnesses to slow the work down those are some of the covert ways they rebelled but there were definitely some overt ways some violent like taking up arms and resisting and the the the one you need to know for that is the stono rebellion that happened in south carolina in 1739 and i think that's the first date i've mentioned but hey do you need to know dates no you don't need to know the stone of rebellion happened in 1739 but you do need to know like your main time periods and you do need to know kind of where things fit okay um but you're never going to be asked a date you know what in what year did the stono rebellion happen nobody's gonna ever ask you that on on an exam but it's gonna be important that you know that the stono rebellion happened in the colonial period and not in the you know the early republic so um otherwise you won't know what to do with it okay you can't use it as evidence if you don't know where it came anyway point is okay uh stoner rebellion um in this rebellion we're talking about overt uh rebellions against slavery um and this this is a particularly brutal one too small group of enslaved people got together marched down the stono river in south carolina and they burned plantations they killed a healthy number of white folks along the way ultimately this rebellion was put down but it is important to know that resistance did occur all right big idea number six we got two more in this unit hope you all are feeling good i'm feeling good big idea number six colonial society both resembled english society and developed its own character um all right so talk about the um how did uh how did english society excuse me how did colonial society resemble english society well there was a huge influence in the colonies from the enlightenment big influence of the enlightenment thanks to the transatlantic print culture american colonists were huge i mean very much influenced by this you know what was essentially a european intellectual movement they were especially romanced by a few ideas which we'll talk about in the next unit um like uh natural rights the social contract um and one of the things one of the consequences of enlightenment thought in the colonies was a weakening of religious authority in the colonies because uh because enlightenment thought was like we need to judge the world understand truth with our thinky thinky parts and you know with with christianity you've got to understand the world with your beliefy beliefy parts um and so the enlightenment thought that spread throughout the colonies had a way of weakening religious authority in the um in the colonies now the response to that um was a uh was was a religious movement um led by a group of folks that we call today the new light clergy now they they preached against this law this sort of massive loss of faith because of enlightenment influence and that laid the foundation you know they they said no you have to have a a true ex they call it an experimental knowledge of christ you you had to know him not just know the doctrines and the dogma you have to have a real experience of christ um and and this really laid the foundation for the first great awakening uh the first great awakening was a massive religious revival that swept through all the colonies um and two big names you should associate with the first great awakening there were many of course but um the first is jonathan edwards he was a preacher in mass in northampton massachusetts um and he had a congregation he was you know in one place but probably one of the greatest philosophical minds that america has ever produced uh he was magnificent um but he stayed in one place and under his preaching um a great um spiritual revival began there in massachusetts but uh it would take somebody like george whitefield which is the second name you need to remember who was a actually a preacher from england who came over and he wound his way up and down all of the colonies he would preach in fields he would preach on streets anywhere he could find and he was this magnificent preacher um and uh and so and you know he was the one who actually spread helped spread uh this new revival throughout all the colonies and the thing that's important to remember about this is not that just you know a bunch of people are repenting of their sins and you know getting emotional and whatever that's not the important thing to remember the important thing to remember about the first great awakening is that it was really the first truly national movement that united all the colonies and all the various peoples that were there and it kind of was the beginning of creating a national identity um for americans all right we're cooking big idea number seven last big idea of this unit uh british colonial policies led to an increasing mistrust in the american colonies okay all right let's look at it so um so basically american colonies at this point were becoming more anglicanized which is to say they were becoming more english like they were developing autonomous political communities that resembled english institutions but even though they you know you walked around you're like yes this smells like england i i i know these structures i know these political structures it looks just like you know back in england still there was a growing frustration between the colonists and the um and the mainland and we're going to talk that's you know unit 3 is a lot about that so i'm only going to mention um one illustration of the growing frustration between the colonists and um the folks back home in england and that is the practice of impressment this was a very big deal to the colonists basically what impressment was uh was um you know british the british navy seizing colonial men against their will and then forcing them to serve in the royal navy and they you know the colonists were like uh no thank you i i would not like to join the royal navy because they had a reputation for like killing guys not not like executing them but you know because of malnutrition and disease and death like a lot of them died on these ships and so they were they did not want to nor did they want their what they perceived as their own rights being violated to be forcibly put into this um this naval company and so that led to uh you know this uh general impressment um uh led to three days of rioting and resistance in response to a call for impressment uh for king george's war so so it's just an illustration of the of this growing tension between the colonists and what they believe they're owed and what they deserve and what the um what the crown and the parliament believes they can they they are rightly owed from the colonists um and so the point is the colonists are becoming increasingly aware of their natural rights and they were growing tired of those violations oh all right that's unit two you feeling good you feeling good let's see what kind of comments we're working on right now okay is the digital exam harder than the in-person one answer nobody knows that they work hard to make sure everything is equal however um if in the end um they're uh you know everybody took the digital exam ends up getting a five and everybody took the paper exam end up getting a one that's not how it that's not the end of the story like they have all this statistical stuff that they they do to make sure everybody gets a fair score and so you know if everybody has a five on the digital exam you know they're going to skew those back so that they fit into basically a bell curve they're not lowering your score they're just adjusting it for the difficulty or the easiness of the exam so i've answered this question a lot and i still don't know quite know how the statistics work all i know is it is fair like don't think it's not fair it is very much fair um yes i will be doing periods four to six uh over the next couple of days um yes uh tomorrow that's actually tomorrow now uh one thing uh while we're here between um while we're here between uh units um make sure if you if you do have more questions like this uh make sure to go over to instagram i'm answering questions every single day um you know all day long i'm answering questions uh heimler's underscore history go follow me over there and uh all your dreams will come true um okay let me do one more comment and then we will get in it why is your head so shiny okay it's because it was we got oh what what oh oh we got lights up here we got lights you know this this doesn't happen by accident and usually i'm not sitting that close this close here but so i'm getting i'm getting those up here and and it's a little hot it's a little hot down here get a little little shiny um okay uh yeah there's a good question hey that's not the one i meant to click on but thank you yes head polish i will uh i will yeah i'll do do what i can um all right basement stream again yeah were you here for last year for that i mean i'm in the same place it just looks a little nicer now it's actually finished like last year for my ap world uh streams i was basically sitting you know you can see my plumbing hanging out of the wall and you know it was terrible this is a little better okay last question do we need to know specific dates for multiple choice on the test and the answer is it depends on what you mean by that if you mean are they going to ask you what date world war 1 started no they're not going to ask you that however it's going to be really important like they're going to ask you if you go back i did some multiple choice practice questions for apush last week the video is a live stream and you can go check that out and you're going to see like it's really important that you know like when they give you a stimulus on the multiple choice and they say you know this was this is a picture from 1942 and it was two women uh um you know constructing the fuselage of an airplane it's really important that you know that like 1942 is is world war ii time it doesn't mean that you have to know the exact dates of world war ii but it's important that you know that that that picture came from world war ii because if you don't know that it's gonna be very hard to answer the question so my advice is know these periods like know all the nine periods very well and then as you're studying just make sure you know basically the chronology of how things uh fit into them you don't need to know you know that prohibition ended in 1921 but you should know that it was somewhere around there and you know that so it you're not going to be asked dates but it is important to know like when things happen it's important to know that the articles of confederation came before the constitution so those things are kind of important to know especially for your essays all right uh let's go back to it oh i love you guys you know i love you guys you know this is this we're having a good time all right it's nine o'clock at least where i am um and i i don't think we're gonna get through unit 3 in 30 minutes but baby because it's a big one this is a massive one but if you'll stick with me i'm gonna do my best to uh help you understand it so unit three let's do it uh big idea number one i hope you guys uh by the way if you um oh let me get that uh let me get that thing off here uh thank you um if you are uh if you just joined me you weren't here at the beginning i actually have a document it's at the link in the description below um that has all these big ideas uh that i'm talking about right here so feel free to download that you know do with it what you will um you can take notes here or you can go back watch this and fill it in do do whatever makes you happy because i'm here for you boo i'm here for you all right unit three big idea number one the french and indian war led to increased land for the american colonies and a greater burden of taxation now just be clear unit three is basically units three through eight those are the most represented on the exam so you know if you were if you were napping before like now's the time baby eyes here we are gonna do this you gotta know this stuff so french and indian war led to increased land for the american colonies and a greater greater burden of taxation so um let's talk about the causes of the french and indian war and by the way if you see it if you see something that refers to the seven years war that's the same thing the seven years war was a much bigger war but the french and indian war was part of the seven years war it was the part that was fought here on the american continent so french and indian war why did it happen well um there was a mutual conflict between the french and the british and the british were very nervous about the french encroachment in the ohio river valley and vice versa that's basically it but the british ended up winning this and more specifically american colonists who fought ended up winning this war and that meant that the french were completely ousted from the north america you know they had a big louisiana territory that was transferred over to spain and and as a result of that british uh the british colonists doubled their land holdings in america so so you know you picture the the colonial map now it stretches all the way over to the mississippi river almost doubling their territory and um the consequences of that is that you know it's in the blood of americans to begin moving west and so they very much did and that increased conflicts with the native americans who were living there not surprisingly but so as it was you know because all this new conflict with uh the natives in those regions um the british parliament passed the what was called the proclamation line of 1763 which essentially was a line down the appalachian mountains that said you know a british colonists cannot uh migrate past this line and that that was very frustrating to them because there was a buttload of land uh to the west of that line um and they had always thought that you know by moving west you have a new start you have new economic opportunities um and not to mention the colonists felt like they were owed this land because they they were the ones who had shed their blood and therefore they felt entitled to the spoils of war but the proclamation line said nope you can't move past here so again more illustrations of the growing tension between uh the colonists and great britain now um another consequence of the french indian war this is the one you probably need to remember the most and that is that the british debt doubled and the cost of running the colonies increased five-fold and so what did the british do as a result of that they they got to pay the bills somehow they raised taxes on the colonies in order to help pay for the war and so i mean you know it makes sense i mean they have to they have to pay for the war but but that was a big problem for the colonists and we're about to see why big idea number two by the way just in case uh it helps there are ten big ideas in unit three so we're on number two british colonial policies specifically taxation without colonial representation in parliament led to the revolutionary war are we already to the revolutionary war we are to the revolutionary war let's talk about it um but first we got to talk about what led up to it um so why do the new taxes as a result of the french and indian war caused so much angst in the colonies um well part of it was the long-standing policy of salutary neglect um you know like when when colonists flouted the navigation acts which they were fond of doing uh and you know engaged in an awful lot of smuggling um because they didn't want to follow the laws they saw it as repressive economically they didn't want to follow those navigation axe laws um so when the colonists flouted those navigation acts the crown just kind of turned a blind eye and mainly they were kind of forced to because again the distance between the mainland and the colonies was massive now all of a sudden after the french and indian war parliament comes you know cranking down on the colonies demanding tax revenue no longer you know period of salutary neglect over we're no longer turning a blind eye and that's going to cause an awful lot of tension now it's probably going to be important for you to know to know a few of these taxes so pick a couple and a few of these new laws that were that caused this tension um number one i already said that there was a stricter enforcement of the navigation acts new new navigation x-ray and past later they were but now it's just stricter enforcement of the navigation acts um you also had the quartering act um and that meant that uh imperial troops would you know there was a bunch of imperial troops from england who had come over to fight the french and indian war um and those troops would remain in the colonies to make sure that they submitted that the colony submitted all these new taxation laws and whatever and by the way you have to you know board them in your houses and so um so that was a huge problem for them maybe the most famous of all was the stamp act this was a tax on all paper items in the colonies now there was many colonist objections to this and and the the form of that objection was that parliament is extracting taxes from us without our consent and why didn't they have our consent because there was no colonial representation in parliament and so like nobody from the colonies was actually getting to vote on these things in parliament and that was remember they're being in influence by enlightenment thought they've social contract they will get that in a second um natural rights they felt like these were being violated the answer that the british came back with was the idea of virtual representation like look you got look look parliament represents all classes not all locations but that did not compute uh in the colonists minds because they have been you know remember they've been left alone they've established their own self-governing structures and mainly their idea of representation was location-based not class-based different in parliament so so clearly we're not jiving here something is going on something has got to give and so in response to the passage of the stamp act um the colonists got together in what was called the stamp act congress and they drafted up the formal petition to parliament to repeal the stamp act and and this is important for you to know like they did this as loyal british citizens like the independence was nowhere on the radar at this point nobody was asking for independence they just wanted their rights as british citizens which for them meant representation and consent uh to their leadership and their the laws that were going to be imposed upon them but the british just kept on imposing new taxes like the townsend acts and the response from the colonies was a boycott of british goods and then the tension reaches a boiling point in an event called the boston massacre um here you know british imperial officers fired into a crowd they killed 11 american colonists and two in newspapers trumped this up greatly um it was a tragedy but you know they they seized on this and was like this is a sure sign of increasing british tyranny they're levying all these taxes on us taking away and violating our natural rights and pressing our our people to go into the royal navy and look here now they're killing us okay so this is this is like the high point of the tension um another act of resistance that happened during this time was the boston tea party and this was a response to the tea act of 1773. um colonists dumped you know 45 tons of british tea into boston harbor and if you're like yes t that was worth a lot of money um and so the british response was uh what were called the coercive acts which basically meant they shut down the british harbor until they paid for the lost t um and and news of all this starts spreading throughout all the colonies there's this growing support for the patriot movement and and people are starting to think about independence so so all of this to show you this big idea is just here to show you the tension was growing and growing and growing between the colonies and the british all right let's keep going big idea number three enlightenment ideals exhibited a major influence on the american independence movement especially exhibited in thomas payne's common sense and the declaration of independence tasty all right so um there's a few especially important enlightenment ideals that you should know about for this part and i've mentioned a few of them maybe i've mentioned all of them i can't remember the first enlightenment ideal that was um that was an influence on american independence was natural rights um that was the idea that uh people have certain rights according to john locke uh life liberty and property that are given to them by the almighty by god um which which means it was very important because that means that they don't come from a government so a government can can't you know according to natural rights theory government can't give you rights because that means they can also take them away no we are granted this is what john locke was arguing we are granted rights by virtue of being human beings and no government can step on those that was very important for them secondly was the idea of the social contract the idea here was that people are in a social contract with their government the power to rule is not in the hands of a sovereign not in the hands of a king it's actually in the hands of the people and the way government works is the people offer some of that power they relinquish some of that power over to a government in order that the government will protect the natural rights of the people and if they don't if the government turned out to be a grade a turd you flush that turd that's what you do you you overthrow the government if the social contract is violated um the third so we talk about natural rights social contract the third enlightenment ideal that you should know is the separation of powers in government and we'll talk about that uh when we get to the constitution but just stick it in your pocket for now we'll get back to it now these enlightenment ideals were especially uh evident in two places and lots of places but two you should know about number one is thomas payne's common sense number two is the declaration of independence so common sense the what what was the common sense of common sense it was that we should have independence from britain um if you've read this book you know it combines like biblical like many biblical illusions with enlightenment thought um and became incredibly popular in the colonies by the spring of 1776 a majority of colonists have been convinced that independence was the only way forward so this is a big change from only a few years earlier in the stamp act congress where they just want to be british citizens they just wanted to be they just want to have their rights uh respected so enlightenment thought first in common sense number two the declaration of independence this was deeply influenced by enlightenment thought um you know we hold these truths to be self-evident that all men are created equal um they're endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights that among these are life liberty and prop not property that's john locke life liberty and the pursuit of happiness um that's that's natural rights language right there um you've also got uh the social contracts um when when jefferson says in the declaration of independence you know to secure these rights governments are instituted among men's men it's good i've been talking for a long time talk about men's um that they've established that the government derives as just powers from the consent of the governed and that when any government becomes injurious to this end uh it's the right of the people to abolish it to overthrow it that's the social contract so two very two very major um examples of enlightenment thought in early american documents common sense declaration of independence big idea number four despite britain's military and financial advantages the american patriots won the revolutionary war and gained independence okay now it's time to fight a war um now during this time there's basically you know right on the eve of um of the revolutionary war there's two groups of people to know the loyalists and the patriots uh the loyalists exactly what they sound like they were american colonists who opposed independence they wanted to remain loyal to the crown patriots on the other hand were american colonists who favored independence now the patriot cause seemed you know succeeded it was for sure not a foregone conclusion that the american colonists could beat the most powerful empire in the world like if anything it was the opposite excuse me but the patriot cause succeeded in no small part because of the leadership of george washington he was the general of the continental army and you know in the beginning of the war uh washington and his men suffered a lot of humiliating defeats but there was a turning point like you don't need to know a lot of the battles of um of the revolutionary war but it is important that you probably know this one it's the battle of saratoga in 1777. uh the the americans won that one but it's not if that's not what's important what's important is that that was a turning point in the war because it was the victory the american victory at saratoga that convinced france to ally with the americans against the british and that was mainly thanks to benjamin franklin's tireless diplomatic work in france but the point is america almost certainly would not have won the revolutionary war without the aid of france and it was the battle of saratoga that made that partnership possible and then the ultimate war excuse me ultimately the war uh ends at the battle of yorktown in 1781. revolutionary war in three minutes how do you like that all right big idea number five the articles of confederation was the first constitution of the united states of america and it failed largely because the federal government was too weak so um articles confederation before um but well yeah before during and after the revolution um states the different states had assembled their own constitutions they assembled their own governments um and it's important to know that because as they drafted the articles if they drafted you know revolutionary wars over um or you know even before the revolutionary war was over um the drafting and trying to figure out the articles of the of confederation in order to um construct a central federal government they borrowed from those state models they were borrowed and they were implemented now the article's confederation was ratified in 1781 and here's what you need to know about it essentially it put all of the federal power into a legislative body remember legislative just means like a law-making body so a congress there was no executive under this constitution i should just call it the articles because that's confusing there was no executive branch you know no president uh there's no judicial branch in the federal government there's no provision for a national military no power to tax the states like when i say that the federal government was weak the federal government was exceedingly weak all the power was in the states now there's there's one pretty good thing that came out of the um of the time that america was governed by the article's confederation and that is the uh dazzlingly uh dazzling lead that's what i'm trying to say named um northwest ordinance of 1787. uh the northwest ordinance of 1787 basically provided a plan for how um unformed territories like in the west especially in the ohio river basin could apply to the union for statehood and many many states became states under the northwest ordinance of 1787. additionally very important to remember this was actually in the multiple choice video that i made on apush the the northwest ordinance abolished slavery in the northwestern territories um so that was you know good thing but that was pretty much the only good thing that came out of the articles of confederation there was a lot of bad um the problem that exposed the weakness of the articles was a little event called shay's rebellion this was a rebellion of farmers in massachusetts and ultimately it was squashed by the local massachusetts militia but the reason why it's important is because it alarmed leaders of the colonies because like what if like the economy is pretty bad at this point um what if more rebellions start happening from all these disgruntled farmers and there was no national military to call on no president to um to lead them into battle you know like to having everything uh all the federal power bound up in a uh in one congress in a legislative body was not doing anybody any favors and so that leads us to big idea number six constitutional convention was called to draft a new constitution and rectify the weaknesses of the articles of confederation now that's i i stated that a little um confusingly the purpose of the convention was to revise the articles but it quickly became clear that what was needed was not a revision of the articles but an entirely new constitution so so once once everybody got together in the constitutional convention basically two factions emerged you had the federalists on one hand you had the anti-federalists on the other the federalists favored a strong central government like when you think of federalists think of federal government they wanted strong central government um anti-federalists they they liked the articles of confederation like all the power was in the states they liked that they didn't want all the power invested in a central federal government because after all they just won independence from britain the centralist government of them all like they did not want that same experience again so there's a big debate in the constitutional convention over how would representation work in this new government and there were two plans essentially that uh offered two different solutions number one was the virginia plan they said that representation in the new federal government you know representing the people the voice of the states and the people that it should be virginia plan said representation by population like the more states excuse me the more people a state has uh the more seats they should have in is in in terms of representation but the new jersey plan that that favored big states by the way obviously more population more influence but there was another plan new jersey plan and that was uh that all the states should be equal and every every state should have one vote and that obviously favored the small states because if you've got a small number of people versus virginia which has got like massive numbers of people your vote essentially counts for more than the um in the the the states with large uh but they came to a compromise and they called it the great compromise i don't actually i don't know if they called it the great compromise we call it the great compromise um and it was this in terms of representation uh we would get a bicameral legislature that meant there were two houses in our congress there was the house of represent house of representatives um in which states and people would be represented by population and then you had the senate in which people would be represented each state would be represented equally okay so you got the best of both worlds the new jersey and the virginia plan essentially both got wrapped up into the great compromise and we got them both now they also in their debates over the constitution um and debates over representation uh had to compromise over slavery um basically this was the three-fifths compromise uh essentially what they said was um you know the southern states wanted to count all the enslaved people in their states as part of their representation the northern states were like no no you can't do that so the compromise they came to was they would count up all the enslaved people they would take three fifths of that number and that they would add that many seats to um each state's representation um okay now they finally got this constitution together they finally got it uh written into you know an intelligible form and that meant it was time to get it ratified by the states and that led to a fight between the federalists and the anti-federalists uh the federalists ultimately won they're more uh more organized uh more persuasive and one of the ways they were most persuasive was through a series of papers that were published in new york newspapers called the federalist papers these were written by alexander hamilton james madison and john jay and ultimately um they won the debates uh but and the anti-federalists lost the debate for ratification but they only won the federalist only one by agreeing to the anti-federalist demands to add a bill of rights to the constitution and that's we have bill of rights today the first 10 amendments to the constitution and the reason why i want they wanted that is they wanted the powers of the federal and state governments explicitly enumerated like they wanted it said you know federal government can do this if it doesn't say it it's left to the states big idea number seven all right we got three more we got three more you all sticking with me you feeling the sauce you don't feel the salt you taste the sauce that's what you do the constitution of the united states created a new central government defined by federalism and the separation of powers um so federalism and separation of powers let's go through this quickly federalism don't get confused that's not talking about the federal government federalism is the sharing of power between federal government and state government so um so don't don't get confused on that federalism just just means the sharing of power between federal and state governments um and that we see that in the tenth amendment um unless the constitution explicitly names the power that belongs to the federal government then that power is then reserved to the states those are called reserve powers so federalism now separation of powers one of the one of the most enduring and innovative features in the american constitution is the separation of federal power into three branches of government you have the legislative which is the law making branch you have the judicial which is like the supreme court and then you have the executive which is the president and all of these check and balance the other so none of them can exhibit tyranny over uh the people big idea number eight we're cranking the ideals of the american revolution affected society in terms of gender roles and debates about slavery while they also inspired revolutions in france and in haiti you ever talk for 90 minutes straight yeah baby it's all for you it's all for you all right let's talk about uh um how the american revolution affected society um so first of all let's talk about slavery um as you might imagine all you know with all in the in freedom and democracy or in the air everybody's talking about it and that led to a renewed debate on the morality of slavery um northern states in fact abolish slavery or at least began the process in some cases of gradual emancipation but not so in the south that that debate is going to remain for a long time we'll get to that tomorrow um let's talk about how the revolutionary ideals affected women now women of course were not socially equal to men but the development of the idea of what was called the republican motherhood assigned to women a new purpose in the new in the new american society um basically what the republican motherhood said was the best way women could influence political realities was by raising virtuous sons instructed in the principles of liberty so you know women you can't vote you don't have a voice in the political system but what you can do is um is you can raise sons who can you know who are virtuous who know the truth and then can go on to influence uh political ideals now i know what that sounds like to our ears but that and for many women that was a very dignifying uh place to hold in society um so yeah take it or leave it um now the american revolution also inspired other revolutions i think i think we're narrowing in here we've got like i think maybe 10 minutes left um so the american revolution inspires other revolutions two that you should know uh the french revolution the haitian revolution french revolution was deeply inspired by american revolution's emphasis on freedom and the right of the people to consent to political leadership they ended up you know cutting the head off of their king um so it was a little bit different uh than the american revolution ended up being but inspired by the same principles nonetheless the haitian revolution was actually a french colony uh it was a majority um black population a majority in slaves population um and they rose up you know they're hearing all of these you know liberty fraternity uh equality coming out of the french revolution they're like well yeah uh yes please we'll have some of that too and so they rose up and overthrew french colonial leadership um first uh at least modern successful is in the modern era successful um slave rebellion and uh they established their own government on haiti big idea number nine two more we're getting the presidents now um and by the way if i mention the president's name like in the big ideas you have to know those names those those are in the curriculum so presidencies of george washington and john adams set precedence for the way america would behave regarding the relationship between the federal government and state government so um important to know that george washington john adams both of them like george washington first president adam's second president like they're laying the template for how things are going to go okay for for how um future american presidents would behave and act so um so you know basically before the paint is dry on the new american new american country nation um we quickly divided into two um opposing political parties you had the federalists which were the same folks as you know the federalists from before the constitution was written um and the democratic republicans were sort which were sort of like anti-federalists 2.0 so federalist democratic republicans and they disagreed on almost everything federalists loved the big central government democratic republicans loved the power being in the hands of the states so they disagreed as i said almost everything for example they disagreed on the relationship that federal and state governments should have like with each other um a key uh illustration of this disagreement was um the whiskey rebellion in 1794. so you remember um this is basically you know federal attacks on whiskey it was disproportionately affecting uh poor farmers uh thomas jefferson and the democratic republicans thought that was odious and unjust um and so and so those farmers rose up stopped uh you know attacked federal tax collectors um and so what are they going to do remember back to shae's rebellion back we talked about the last unit in shae's rebellion these farmers rise up there's only a local militia to put them down there's like no national army we're under the article's confederation there's no help coming from the federal government but in the whiskey rebellion you know they they call up washington and they're like hey get over here help us and so washington assembled federal troops came in squashed the rebellion like it was a it was just an illustration of the massive difference um uh between uh america under the articles in america under the constitution and uh federalists and democratic republicans disagreed vehemently on whether or not that was the right thing to do should the federal government come in and meddle in a in a state's business like that so that was one thing they disagreed on they also disagree on economic policy case in point you know alexander hamilton's alexander alexander hamilton's national bank he made use of the elastic clause you know the the there's nothing in the constitution that permits the federal government to create a national bank however hamilton made use of the what's called the elastic clause or you know the necessary and proper cause clause that congress can make any laws that are necessary and proper to you know the functioning of all the other laws um so um basically hamilton said look we you know congress is able to regulate interstate commerce um also we want to consolidate all these revolutionary war debts um from the states into national debt therefore we need a national bank uh it is necessary and proper to the functioning of you know the legislative branch again this is one of the things that they deeply uh disagreed on the federalists and the democratic republicans but ultimately hamilton had his way he established the national bank and that had the effect of binding states together and increasing the credit in the us of the us around the world so it was a big deal and and probably a good move they also disagreed on foreign policy uh let's move to john adams now for john adams uh two big things you should know um well let's talk about we're talking about foreign policy so um for john adams you should know the xyz affair um long story short uh french the french were seizing american trade ships adams sends a delegation over there to figure it out uh but the french you know the three french delegates demanded a bribe before they would even sit down and talk to uh to the americans and so this led to general outrage and by the way there was actually i was saying this is put under the category of disagreement but there was large-scale agreement between the rival parties the democrats and the democratic republicans and the um federalists that this was an outrage like very much an outrage but let's get back to disagreements and here we have uh domestic policy uh in the under john adams in the alien and sedition acts essentially the alien sedition acts two different sets of acts uh made it legal and easy to deport any non-citizen of the united states and made it illegal to criticize the federal government publicly um so so essentially what you're hearing is the um uh squashing of the rights of um that are codified in the bill of rights freedom of speech um etc and the reason why this is important is because remember washington and adams are setting precedence and so adams comes in very much leads uh the charge on congress passing the alien sedition acts to silence his enemies um and and they're not having it so so this sets a precedent um and the um retaliation for this or i should say the opposition from the democratic republicans came in the form of the virginia and kentucky resolutions basically what they said is you know look if the federal government passes a law that is clearly unconstitutional as as the sedition acts were then states have the right to nullify them and this doctrine of nullification is going to come in handy you know put that one in your pocket as well it's going to come in handy uh in the next period okay big idea number 10 and the final big idea you guys are still with me cheers glad to have you all right this one's short big ideas all right so say ideas about american national identity found expression in art literature and architecture there's also strong regional representations so we're talking about how did how did the how did americans see themselves as americans like what was their national identity and how can we find that in uh expressed in art forms so let's just look at a couple we'll breeze through these um let's first talk about some artists um painters um there's a couple you should know charles wilson peel john trumbull um both of them devoted attention to historical things historical themes john trumbull painted a lot of scenes from the constitutional convention the signing of the declaration of independence et cetera et cetera and they were all very much um you know sort of glowing sunset beautiful um very romantic in nature then you've got american national identity being found in literature um for this there's lots of places we can go but i'll give you one that's benjamin franklin's uh poor richards almanac basically just a collection of pithy sayings like uh aphorisms and and the reason why it's important is because people loved it i mean it sold tons of copies and it really helped shape the american identity as people who are industrious and hardworking okay so literature ben franklin's poor richard almanac and then you begin seeing national identity and architecture and specifically you see it in the classical revival style and the the chief illustration here is thomas jefferson's monticello um if you can picture it it's got it's got columns it's got a dome classical revival that's what i mean by that um and so we're starting to see national identity um through these means and through these um sort of windows into their culture okay my goodness if you're still here good on you good on you let me try to answer a few more questions and then um we will move on with our evenings yeah would common sense work for literature um yeah yeah it absolutely would um because it definitely has a real um a real impact on american identity um okay what happens if you don't get a three nothing just you go live your life that's fine you just don't get college credit um you take that class in college um that's it don't stress it's gonna be all right it's gonna be all right um yes that is correct you cannot go back and forth on the multiple choice questions on the online exam i think it's criminal but it's a security measure and you know it's part part of what you get for you know with taking an online exam that's that's what they've said uh you also can't go back and forth like you can go back and forth between the parts of a short answer question but you can't go back and forth between short answer questions uh in general um if we miss the sessions available for replay absolutely it is absolutely it'll be up no problem i'm gonna leave it up through you know all the other exams as well um am i gonna have another after exam party yeah i will after after you're all done with your exams uh we'll definitely have an after party for sure here on the channel so you know don't miss it um teachers constantly that's great that's great what an leq i feel like you're messing with me i think are you messing with me if you're not because i i did a tick talk on that um and then i found out that a lot of people don't know what an leq is if you're taking the digital exam don't worry about it you don't have one you're taking the the paper exam in leq is basically a dbq without the documents so if you're not already db cube you're pretty good all right um much love to you we went through a lot tomorrow uh tomorrow it might be even more so um i'm glad y'all came along and i will see you in the next one again remember that's tomorrow same time same place if you have more questions follow me at instagram at heimlich underscore history and i will do my best to answer every question that you have because what else do we have to do it's exam week uh and uh i'm really glad that we got to pass this evening together so i will see you guys tomorrow until then goodbye

Channel: Heimler's History

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Id: 31cCfvcGFho

Length: 101min 59sec (6119 seconds)

Published: Mon May 03 2021