Apocalyptic Patterns of History in the Dead Sea Scrolls

thanks Dorothy or your your kind introduction thanks for sharing your Tuesday night I know Tuesday is the most exciting night of the week usually so thanks for being here with us we as Georgie already mentioned this is one of the importance we try and do on campus whenever we can to kind of open up our doors and I know for me it feels quite often like sharing some of that kind of half-baked ideas I have floating around but that's just kind of part of what it means to be a reader scholar of text and just conversing about our ideas and bouncing them off of you so thanks for being willing to kind of enter it out with us for this evening just to keep us going and a good time I'll dive in right here and get started so I'll be comfy a bit about apocalyptic outlooks on history on a net what is now a dreary Tuesday night is perhaps a fitting tone and topic but as this time suggests what I want to do and I just really look at a cross-section of apocalyptic writings or the Dead Sea Scrolls and I was thinking about this and I was expecting at least one of my calling friends to lay some groundwork so I'm so glad that it did I can kind of fast forward the general introduction to these texts and the world of Qumran but I would like to start this journey and one might seem like an odd place by looking the archaeology of Quran which is something you didn't get at so I'd like to start there if we could and I want to do that by sharing with you a resource I quite like but I did not produce we're going to watch here for a few minutes and I'll just talk over the footage is an aerial drone tour produced by Amir aloni the juiciest deserts the shores of the Dead Sea scroll or the Dead Sea where the scrolls were found in many natural caves as you're seeing on the screen you'll also see several flyovers of the site of Qumran if you've heard a little bit about already this evening this site that was home to this group of scribes who I depend or preserve these texts and then tuck them away in the cage these texts that we now call the Dead Sea Scrolls I won't get into debate here about the archaeology of whether in this group that lived there was celibate or not or when they live there they're the second century the first century or the function of many of the items on the site that you're seeing right now for example at these steps a lot of apps for purity purposes the topic of archaeology and kamana very complex and important i wanted to simply point out the one in contrl truth of the archaeological run everybody agrees on this that the site was reduced to rubble by the Romans in the year 60 weeks forget all the debasement what happened before that everybody agrees that the site that was inhabited by this group of your scribes came to a bloody and unfortunate end as the Romans were seemingly pursuing a group of Jewish revolt brigands down to the site of Masada and the site of Qumran even to go to Masada today is right on the highway and this group seems to have been quite literally caught in the crosshairs so what I'd like to suggest to you here as we're looking at of course an archaeological site but I want to imagine that we could also think of this is really an apocalyptic wasteland if you look at this site it's now rubble not only to give this 2,000 years old but because it was reduced to rubble by a by the Romans there is a nodal layer ash that shows that parts of the set will revert to the ground as well as important evidence of tribe arts three barbed arrow heads in first century Roman style to show that this was the site of a battle and didn't end well for the group that we call the Quran now I want to use this idea of as being an apocalyptic wasteland for a few reasons and some of them we've heard of it already tonight Dorothy alluded to this text called the war scroll as did get earlier on I think in the first or second slide this group at Qumran has many texts in their library and many different ideas about the past the present the future the world around them but one of the ideas that seem to be an important one at least as we find in the war scroll is this understanding that this group that lived there is expecting the end they are expecting what we might call in a modern sense the apocalypse of a sort of cataclysmic battle with the powers that be particularly with the Romans that were overseeing them in Judea this time I have just one excerpt of the text here they'll show they're all share with you to kind of illustrate some of those ideas here's these been an excerpt from the war scroll the reason follows and when the banners of the infantry caused their hearts to melt then the might then the might of God will strengthen the hearts of the sons of light that was this group referring themselves and the seventh lot the great hand of God shall overcome lel and all the angels of a Dominion and all the men of his forces shall be destroyed forever now that's an excerpts that sounds kind of cryptic and a text is hard to stand on its own I was trying to go with describing it to it as a modern audience I know that we're all still heartbroken about how our last year runs that the playoffs have gone for the connects the soft spot but you're aware that the NHL playoffs right now we're also too aware I don't know you the best games best series go to game 7 light where you've got a tight cut 383 battle and then gauge set and you have this epic nail-biting conclusion where your team wins unfortunately tonight so it might be the oil is getting more difficult but the idea is that you have this this round 7 battle for this series where eventually one team wins because they win for Greeks as you reek of the war scroll that's essentially what happens you have the stages of battle it ends up being three three and then at the end the God of Israel breaks in and the battle is won on behalf of the sons of white we hear about that in the war scroll which is a very important text for illustrating that outlook that this group had on their religious political world around them now I want to set that scene in the archaeology as well as any ideology this group because I wanted to do so as a reminder that we can think of the archaeology I detect in very real terms of human experience which i think is part of the topic reported idea of this evening tonight because for me we're really the the theological rubber meets the road if we can put in those terms is when our ideas about the divine about God's impacts and intersects with our own human experience now I really think that was true and that would be the case in the historical scene we just described and the site we just saw and in vici at least for me invites I think to reflecting about the impacts of apocalyptic theologies plural then and now because this is still a very current topic especially in North American evangelical Christianity and I want to get at this in just one small way perhaps is more of a conversation starter than anything by using this this this imaginative question if we put ourselves in though in our in the shoes of this group near 68 and the Romans are coming over coming with a hill towards you what's going through your mind are you thinking this is game 7 or anything and this is the war scroll it's going to happen the way that we hope it's going to happen or other other ideas that are going through your mind and what happens when Gang 7 doesn't happen and the Romans roll over your community and your other pursuit away or caught the crosshairs we all have out looked at the future but as we all know when real experience different areas of life hits us those outlooks adapt and change and we ask some very difficult and real questions so I wanted to use that introduction and those questions as a way forward full well knowing they won't be able to get it everything we might like around a topic like this or I like to plan out a few guys provided but I do want to try and get get that by doing a few snapshots for a cross-section of some of those answers to that imaginative question what could they have been thinking when this was happening because the reality is the Dead Sea Scrolls as we heard earlier in the evening is not just one scroll there is upwards of a thousand schools at the library and like any library there's diversity in that library with different ideas on offer one of the places I've been spending a lot of my own research for the past few years and will continue to until I'm either too bored or too dense to figure it out as in these Aramaic text at Qumran the library of Qumran has been predominantly brew but about 10% upwards of maybe 13% to pee Road numbers were actually written in Aramaic now Aramaic was a common language of the Near East but these are Jewish scribes rewriting and retelling interpreting theologizing over the over their scriptural traditions in here a minute what I like about these writings is that not only they are are they manageable sliver of this larger pie that we find in Qumran they're almost certainly coming from times before and places beyond this Qumran community so they give us a very small important window into what other what are the thought patterns theological ideas cultural ends or perhaps circulating in this time leading up to a just after the the Common Era so they're a small window into broader Jewish thought culture and practice and if we have that window through Qumran and perhaps we're able to learn something more about texts that we already know and read for most less than a typical test so for the next few minutes I'd like to kind of wander through just a handful is airing a text share with you some of my half form that is and hopefully help some time for conversation after it's time permits and I want to look at three topics and I'll try to link them into texts that we're probably all familiar with as we go through the topics the first one I want to think about is this idea of a New Jerusalem at some sort of future time this is something we'll try to hook into the book of Revelation familias that idea is there or the book of ezekiel then the second idea i want to think about is its however the certain biblical books and books in the scrolls ordered and patterned history and the place will probably go for that is somewhere like in the book of daniel made in there and then finally we'll consider last the last item how do we consider moments of catastrophe like the flood in genesis as providing a way for pattern in future and I want to suggest that these might be some of the diversity of apocalyptic ideas about history in the future that maybe some of those Jews at Qumran in that moment entertained and if not then definitely others in ancient Jewish culture at the time so why do we get moving through these we've heard a bit about archaeology we've got up and running with the Aramaic scrolls now we've got a roadmap for these three topics let's get into it so let's start here with this idea that New Jerusalem now as I mentioned a minute ago if I imagine for most of us I mean here New Jerusalem it might come might come to mind is Revelation chapter 21 this is where we have John has this apocalyptic vision and a very important part of that apocalyptic vision is a new heaven new earth a new Jerusalem that descends from on high and you see that here reflect it in was a very beautiful 14th century tapestry of someone kind of trying to reflect on what that looks like for readers of the Bible as well that idea the New Jerusalem perhaps also brings to mind certain items from the book of Book of Ezekiel and we see that again in another other vintage kind of portrayal of a New Jerusalem here comes from Ezekiel chapter 48 where in that's portrayal the New Jerusalem we have things like named gates as well as a figure that goes along with with Ezekiel and measures and gives a brute blueprints of this eschatological apocalyptic city now one thing I think is so important for us in the scrolls is how they provide us a new space for reconsidering old texts which i think is something that is a way to get fresh eyes ring the bible at times i've heard or still hear the era between the old testament like the New Testament books of Revelation called beasts the so called years of silence which makes really a tacit assumption that the God of Israel had nothing to say to people in this era or there were two symptoms to the to death to Tyrion what I want to suggest you and I just kind of walked through this as the scrolls if anything show us that this period was very loud and maybe it's something that we're hearing perhaps for the first time in several centuries so how is it we hear the scrolls and this can approach looks like Ezekiel of Revelation differently and how to understand the development of ideas between those periods to understand how that new Jerusalem ends up being this New Jerusalem what happened in between we'll look at this idea in a few new texts this idea of a New Jerusalem if we get look at one writing or two writing or found at Qumran to do this daily illustrate a few points now if you were dealing with this new collection of Scrolls letting late forties early fifties you're sipping through manuscripts and you had to decide what the context you came up with a whole bunch of text to describe a New Jerusalem what would you call it perhaps the New Jerusalem scroll he's like a fitting title in it one of the texts going to look at is called is that called the New Jerusalem simply because much like The Book of Ezekiel it's a vision where the seer journeys through this eschatological city and the seer measures it showed the temple and described certain things about it there's a whole lot more going on the text but I want to just zero in on three things the first thing we see in this New Jerusalem that new New Jerusalem text in Aramaic and Adeje Scrolls is that not unlike what we see in the book of Revelation the city is massive it's or nice it's well decorated and if we were to compare the lists we find in the book of Revelation with a number of other ancient Jewish texts that include visions of a New Jerusalem we see some surprising similarities I just highlighted a few goals for us here texts I've got title in Jade our New Jerusalem until there's the book of Tobit from the Apocrypha which might not be familiar for many of us but Tobit was also written in aramaic and also discovered a criminal and it also had a view of a New Jerusalem in a very second a lot chaplet book as you can see here even from the list of materials told it and New Jerusalem are describing the same type of thing there's city gates there's wall up in the city there's streets there's towers some of those that is also children a book revelation as you see also is a very ornate description of these things these aren't just made of brick and mortar they're made out of costly jewels and gold at times these two texts are very close particularly when we compare the aromatic material from the Dead Sea Scrolls my personal favorite is one that occurs down here and the Aramaic tells it as Qumran we learned a brand-new reading where the towers are said to be made not just a gold but gold plated wood as well as in gold plated Woodhams New Jerusalem so apparently this is more of an economical version the gold tell it to be too costly your condo fee to be too high the New Jerusalem so you better take your place with but as little details like that that do uncover the conversation where we can start to see non-insulin connections or influence but a broader set of ideas that are circulating around portray W New Jerusalem ideas so perhaps at one place we could look and see some similarities or at least echoes of what we find later on in the book of Revelation the second item that intrigues me is Aramaic New Jerusalem text is that as this year tours through the city he's shown many things and many of these are measured but one of the things he shows large expanses of urban housing apparently to accommodate thousands of inhabitants in the vision these streets are empty the houses are empty it's actually similar to eerie 3d as you read through the text but the question remains what would be the function of this domestic housing your desk for Jerusalem's yummy thoughts why would you have this city that's massive and empty with all sorts of dwellings perhaps because everybody can be coming back as you read through prophetic books in the Old Testament and the early apocalypses a common idea is that when the divine rule of God comes the tribes will be in gathered that could be why he have this massive cityscape with Halligan's to accommodate the Diaspora when they come back home in the eschaton another idea that perhaps is there is we find in certain other prophetic books an apocalyptic text is that in the end of the age there's this idea that it's New Jerusalem we still massive so epic so ornate then it will attract the worship of all the nations maybe this housing adventure comedy for that we don't really know exactly but those are some of the ideas that was he circulating around this idea of apocalypse and the development of history towards men well perhaps that end of the history involves all people but certainly involved a tribe usually are the last points here for our New Jerusalem and I'll just queue one short clip here again with no sound what you're looking at here is a scale nonetheless at a large scale model of what Jerusalem would have looked like in more or less in New Testament times you'll find this outside of the israel museum i was actually donated by hotel is to go front of a hotel and want any more than good review I'd love to go to hotel it had that up front I'd even I'd even give up the free Wi-Fi but this is the second temple this is a temple that was started to be rebuilt and Ezra Nehemiah stay it's eventually renovated even by Herod so it's this huge massive temple what do you think of Jesus the early Christians that Jews worship and teaching gathering city areas where sacrifice would have happened even done that period what intrigues me about this new Jerusalem text if it's written at a time when this temple is still standing down the road it's still functioning down the road and there's still a priesthood down the road doing the real job of sacrifice and helping festivals worship yet as part of this vision this fear not only behold this New Jerusalem and these create account houses for the apocalypse or whatever the cases they also behold a temple in the city of Jerusalem not only that when the seer describes the temple when you see is a vivid wide and real functioning cult of priests conducting sacrifices for me that's very much a nice thing idea to open question I don't have a great answer for what the significance is of that sacrifice part of it has to do with how they're interpreting sacrifice by describing what they're seeing but there seems to be perhaps also a rhetoric here about what it means they text to be produced that is envisioning a new temple while the old temple is still standing down blog so we think of New Jerusalem our minds might go to Ezekiel might go to revelation and knows a really important conversation partners for understanding this idea in antiquity but there's always a number of other texts like this texts that have new things in them that we don't see in those other materials as well as some fresh ideas and fresh topics that we haven't perhaps seen before so what was one idea that could been flashing before people's eyes as they saw the Romans coming down the highway well maybe it's not about Game seven the war school maybe this is what's going to assure in a New Jerusalem and a new temple and a new cult and a new place to call home perhaps we'll never know that's one idea so why do we move on to this second item that we could look at this one might be more familiar from any of you at our event last year this is the time the academic year where professors just recycle their old lecture notes because we're kind of tired and we're sick of marking so this might be their page other for you but I won't go into detail as we did last year but what ideas we see in a number of texts in Aramaic at Qumran is this idea that history works off of cycles and patterns now if you read through the Book of Daniel you'll notice that Daniel keeps having dreams Nebuchadnezzar keeps having dreams and a real strong and prevalent motif is they have to do with four kingdoms first this one in the next one three four and then the kingdom of God is coming right around the corner now the theologies we hear in Daniel and see in daniel another text that play off of the idea to certain degree the book of Revelation as well are very much critical of Empire they're very much arriving at a moment of crisis of oppression where the hope and an anticipation that finally God is going to break through history and we'll experience the kingdom of God will be freed from the yoke of the empires we've been suffering under the term I want to use or describe out of this one apocalyptic historiography it's what I mean by that is simply how is it these writers of the early apocalypses are looking at where they've been in the past understanding where there are the future the present and then trying to look ahead to the future and see how everything orders and sits there telling a story they're writing a history but it's apocalyptic in this sense it's moving towards a definite end point I have two examples here from different tactics all we could look at here's another clever modern title so let's say you discover these Scrolls again you're sifting through them you find a text that like Daniel is describing the vision where four kingdoms are rolling one after the next now what would you call that text the four kingdoms all right you should all sign up for a grad program after this this is not that difficult cluttering 14 of vigorous when the PLS works now is this text you can probably guess by now is a vision it's apocalyptic it involves the overturning of four kingdoms differences involved symbolism views and Daniel but the same idea is there now of the many things we could talk about and I mentioned this about a year ago to our last public lecture a million's we talked about the text what strikes me as the most interesting one is not that they're reusing this 14 and scheme we have all sorts of authors in early Jewish and classical writings that did this already but the way that the scheme is used perhaps under a new Imperial context and again this is something the applying different explanations up but I'm sharing with you what I feel is the most compelling one just so happens to be one that I agree with the Silla from our words but what I think we see happen in the 14 of text is if you look back at Daniel you see Daniel is renting them this way he says well perhaps there's Babylon during you that's okay then media which kind of comes and then purge it and then Greece and then right around the corner the rule of God is going to come that's more or less it's going on in Daniels traditions and another kind of visions and I have two four and seven but what happens when the rule of God doesn't come when the Greece and have been taken over essentially at least looting looting the territory to the Romans then what do you do what is your apocalyptic scenario have to do what is that historiography have to do it have to evolve aspin adapt it has to be updated one of the real beautiful you what apocalyptic literature is that it's always being updated even going into modern day movements quite often will be the sort of thing what 14 is does I think is just that it says well the first kingdom is going to be a hybrid Kingdom city Babylon Persia to superhero or super powers in yeast and then it said Greece will come and then it has to be able to deal the hard truth that we know the key no God had come the Roman King but then the king was gone so what you see happening here is this idea that apocalypses are updated and they can accommodate new geopolitical circumstances like a new empire the 14 to make one way of doing that and it's a way of communicating a sense of hope to a reader to say god still got this there's still architected history things are still progressing along a certain plan just sit tight and have hope because it's you know God is back on the horizon that's one you see have it in Daniel as well as in four kingdoms one other mechanism of apocalyptic apocalyptic historiography I want to share with you is it another writing from from the book of first you know now many of us will know first Enoch you've taken classes here typically put in pseudepigrapha to writing about dreams and visions and apocalypses associated with this figure of Enoch who's really kind of enigmatic in Genesis five you just kind of disappears God takes in or the whole story that develops around that in ancient Judaism and one of the stories that developed around that involved Enoch having a vision of history and how it rolls out only for Enoch and would call the apocalypse of weeks it's not four kingdoms it's ten weeks 10 weeks are 10 periods of history and as you follow that story and see that again history is structured those weeks are meant to convey that there's a pattern and order and an architect of history and it provides the reader here audience whoever with hope that these events going to happen because you're happening with your pattern along with that what we see happen in the Book of Enoch is this is not just about giving hope and encouragement because of the pattern of history and gods writing the whole place so don't worry about it there's another few other mechanisms for claiming a story for this historiographical mechanism in the Book of Enoch I just want to share one of them with you here that's a very important one for this book because several times in first Enoch particularly popular weeks Enoch says I know you not lose I know true not something that a dream but because I read it myself and have any tablets or books you see that here in first came out 93 and the the brackets are translating parts of the Aramaic text to Qumran it's not available to the Texas something like this you know it says at the end I myself Enoch this figure from Genesis I was shown everything in a vision of heaven and from the words of the Watchers and Holy Ones that's the Angels I know everything okay I wanted to stop right there but he goes on and says and in the tablets of heaven I read and understand everything kind of a clever thing to include in there if you're sending a message to the community about hope in the face of adversity about perhaps political issues under Empire you've got this figure from the ancient Israel path it is like passing I went to heaven I read having to happen just trust me because I'm already an authoritative patriotic poem by the way it was whispered in my ear coming angels these are some of the ways that we see apocalyptic writers trying to explain the past as well as how they look toward the future so our first idea we touched on the New Jerusalem how did that maybe help us recontextualize things like revelations II feel as well as patterns of history like an Enoch or four kingdoms how does that kind of get around that idea what's happening Daniel the last item I want to do spend a few minutes on a piece here is where we find certain texts that provide when I like al-qaida's bookends on history here we look at a thesis of where the flood in Genesis somehow waters the scenes though the seeds for expectation of something in the future that's very much linked to what happens in the very beginning this idea of the flood now as readers will know if Moses Anil died in the room you read Genesis it says in the beginning and it doesn't take very long for things to go off course have you noticed it goes up course pretty quickly fact by five six chapters in God is really scratching his head saying made me to hit Reece and see if we can get a blank slate a blank canvas and try this whole thing the flood is very much that reset button where the evil is wiped off of the earth except for one righteous man Noah and his family who then move on into this really second creation that happens in Genesis five and six you read though Genesis 7 8 9 10 11 fingers still pretty wicked and evil it's a bit of an exegetical and theological problem I thought everything was wiped off the face of the earth how did it survive that's a classic question that's a question a lot of ancient interpreters and writers reflected on Dorothy knows from her book on Noah traditions this receives a lot of airplay that's one source Nicki Lebanon now so we're not going to get all of those varieties they're growing up the variety of explanations but you want to look at just one text that try to explain what's going on in that situation the right I want to look at again is static Qumran known from some later sources in particular in manichaean literature it's also written in Aramaic but it tells the story of an ethylene we hear about in Genesis 6:4 we have the Watchers come down and they may with human women and they produce these giants that are ravenous and bloodthirsty and violent on the land now if you were to come across a book or even go three for three it's a book of stories about giants what would you call it book of Giants all right we are a sharp group for 1838 right after exam we've got a book of giants that's we're going to look at here the book of giants that some of you showed up at Qumran in Aramaic in a handful of manuscripts in really short form what it does it difficult to that story in the slide and it says what about those gun maybe they had a story to tell maybe we can retell the story and explain some of our loose ends and questions in Genesis what I've got for you here is just a short small example of a kind power not doing that you scroll for doing with this scraps Tywin but the idea here is these are new texts we didn't know about how can we even get glimpses of parts of this larger work you can can't know everything that a good example of any book of giant texts we had himself before now we have a few more glimpses anticipation now for the book of giants it's a great read it's not one I would read right away to my kids before bed perhaps soon but one of the reasons is it's full of nightmares it's full of nightmares and dreams as many apocalyptic writings are in this text of a number of giants have dreams two of them in particular I think are important ones to brothers giant brothers in fact need hiya and Oh hiya they have exported dreams in some way seem to link the past in the flood and the future judgment that we are expecting India India's katana now the first giant tells a stream of a forest being tended by gardeners being water trees are growing everything's fine and the trees grow very tall and very high now you don't have to do a whole lot of reading in the text to figure out that's a symbolic dream about angel coming down watering the earth and a giant growing up so this is a dream they're having about themselves but as the dream goes on things go from this kind of paradise type garden to now tree being chopped down the garden being flooded and then particular fire that's the first thing that happens and you read through the text the Giants actually go to Enoch and say where to see the me and it seems like the interpretation they get is that that symbolic imagery was meant to communicate their imminent destruction in the flood that like the trees they've chopped down their bodies was done now here the mission questions think about what about their spirits could their spirits live on through the flood could that be an explanation of how evil still arrives after the flood that maybe the Giants experienced bodily death but their spirits lived on to read all sorts of terrible things in the post-flood world what we hear about then is a second dream a second dream that we see happen in the book of Giants that involves the other brother and his dream seems to deal with that problem of continual evil and the resolution of continual evil in the end if you read through Daniel 7 you find that Daniel has a dream where we have four thieves coming and then God is judged six books are opened thousands of angels flankton and judgments handed down and that's meant to be like a symbol vesko logical judgment the same thing a very similar thing happens here in the book of the Giants books are opens judgment is handed down and the idea I think behind that second dream is to provide that beginning and an end bookends of history to resolve that question of evil ok the Giants died off their bodies died off in the flood how to evil persist thereafter while leaders are spirits for they off the hook absolutely not they're going to be judged in the eschaton in the end now what I liked about the book of Giants even with the few points we've heard about today or this evening rather is that it might be a little more difficult for us as modern reader the Bible to link that into some of the familiar with it's got this loose ability of Genesis but it's pretty imaginative and pretty bizarre perhaps to us but what I find there I value most is how texts like the book of Giants allow us to listen in on ancient conversations you mentioned ancient hermeneutics how is it ancient ancient people were interpreting scriptural traditions and trying to tie up loose ends you may have noticed Genesis kind of a confusing book that from verse 1 invites a whole lot of questions we're not the first one to approach it thank you that sigmata feel that way what I love about attachments is that invites us into that theological reflection of speculation so that's a bit of a tour through some of the texts I mean these days thanks for hearing my thoughts but I could maybe just say here's a couple of takeaways for us as you continue to retexture in your course or if it's the first time reading the scroll to hear the scroll is something to think about as we move forward the first one I was thinking of as I was preparing for this this evening is that we live in a world where apocalyptic speculations are so common and sometimes bizarre perhaps these aren't the only the first or last apocalyptic scenarios Roberto texts like these allow us to hear some of the early speculations perhaps context you like simulator one and understand where we're different from them were the same the final thing I think is important is that these texts also show diversity theological denver's the times we have a difficult time holding theological diversity together employ two things imbalance what I like about Quran is libraries and test that diversity and it shows that that's a place of conversation and debate but I think in many ways that something we can learn as we learn to read in the Bible as well as read around it perhaps you can learn some ocean primitives from them as well as observing how they dialogue over Texas's so thanks again for having us here knifes for your similar thoughts on the context [Applause]

Channel: TWU Dead Sea Scrolls Institute

Views: 957

Rating: 4.5999999 out of 5

Keywords: dead sea scrolls, qumran, bible, apocalypse, apocalyptic, apocalypses, enoch, daniel, book of giants, eschatology, theology, spirituality, old tesament, new testament, genesis, flood, noah

Id: CaWqdbCRnxg

Length: 37min 38sec (2258 seconds)

Published: Wed Jun 14 2017