AP World History Modern - Period 2 1450-1750 - Complete Review with Timestamps!

I wasn't here we'll see how your sub / Julia did now and we'll do Renaissance exploration Columbia Shan mercantilism Tokugawa Japan hopefully enough time to deal that we'll try alright let's start with the Renaissance so this is actually first period - topic - 1450 alright and we're gonna start the Renaissance which means yeah rebirth of what who Europe there you go like all right they were stuck for a while they're in a rut called the Middle Ages the Enlightenment people I'm letting folks call it the Dark Ages they were stuck because they were more or less controlled by the Catholic Church they were not unified under stable centralized empires so there was not a whole lot of innovation or security or economic development as Mills you just try to live in your kingdom and try not to piss off the church pretty much however a bunch of information is gonna come back trickle in to the thirteen hundred and fourteen hundred supposed to fourteen hundred as a bunch of old information is gonna return and you heard you cover it several times Julia but this old classical knowledge that's from Greece and Rome there's a lot of things so there's two rough primary qualities that you got now one quality is most of it is going to be relatively secular which might be a new word for you they covered that secular means non-religious all right so they're not focused on Christianity and going to heaven in they're not focused on the afterlife they're focused on this life now and we know why maybe the old ancient Greek writers and some of the early Roman writers wouldn't write about Christianity you name it didn't exist right so it's kind of part of liquor right about that so a lot of it a lot of writings are gonna be secular and also we're going to get will talk more whether that went late in the year we date in Europe but also they're gonna bring back an old way of thinking that rule was rooted in Greeks and later the Romans yeah skepticism was worth going for BS kernel and logic I mean what skepticism is not just thinking yeah you're questioning the authority figure and I don't mean authority like yeah I'm your teacher and technically I enforce the rules but I mean authority as in knowledge like that your teacher is an authority figure in knowledge that means they know what they're talking about they know the subject all right so Authority can mean yeah I enforce rules but it can also mean you know I have this set of knowledge so you should listen to me because I know what I'm talking about all right so they're gonna just basically question knowledge and authority on knowledge and that's going to lead them down a road that eventually gets the Scientific Revolution which will briefly talk about here before that though as these things start trickling trickling back into Europe I want to know the three primary ways they did so how did they do this any mini mall three yeah okay so trade Silk Road Mongol Empire re-established 1913 at twelve hundred and thirty minutes Trey okay what else the Crusades nice black death that's not what brought back texts that's what decimated the population and improved labor for the few could survive and living quality flight there's a third one now it's actually a European not civilization but polity it's a trade based one in the Mediterranean Sea yes okay mostly Venice but yeah so Mediterranean trade basically so Venice they're going to be Prime your instigators of this we have lot of trades are coming to the Mediterranean with the Arab world and those documents and knowledge minute trickle in that was left there long ago by Alexander the Great and the Hellenistic Empire if you remember way back to like unit zero when we briefly talk about the first week the Greeks went through and built libraries and put their Greek knowledge into all these cities throughout North Africa in the Middle East and even in a Persia Central Asia so that's where it was preserved because they lost it in Europe that's gonna trickle back through that means from those areas okay cool Oh what the Crusades though I feel like probably nobody told you about what the Crusades are correct oh so you know the basics then okay well I'll just go over the basics real quick then Crusades this area is the focus this is where three major monotheistic religions originate Judaism Christianity Islam and all three religions want to either control or have access to it so in the eleventh centuries of the thousands to the last crusade was like 1291 or 1292 five something like that but basically 1300 you're gonna have a series of Crusades from the Europeans and they're gonna put together what they can as far as forces go you know commissioned by the Pope and they're gonna invade and they're gonna occupy territory there they actually chased out a lot of the Muslim empires that are present forces that are present and they're gonna hold on to decent chunks of territory for a couple hundred years before they run out of funding and the Muslims sort of unite and chase them out but why would we care about that how how does that impact European history except the fact that it makes Muslims and Christians dislike each other she's done okay yeah some of the knowledge and documentation they came across you know in Jerusalem as other cities Antioch etc and they would bring it back so those are all ways that it's been trickled back in okay cool so all that gets in but this train that's established is also gonna bring things besides knowledge back it's gonna bring some technologies and some I guess you could say production methods all right there's one that's really important because they're gonna turn this knowledge into the printing press all right and who's gonna be my adventure of the printing press and the fourteen hundreds yeah hans gruper so he is going to I believe the print technology I the ideas behind it came from China but they didn't make a printing press at least not like he did he's the one that finalizes it into an actual printing press so uh Gutenberg in the Blues the 1400s it was the 15th century we'll just write it to be saved it's an event the printing press why do we care about this why does that matter okay later for the process of affirmations super-important yeah definitely we talked with earliest week but before the process and Reformation how was this thing already making impact even in the 1400s yeah okay cool so this is uh this is actually the equivalent of a communication revolution so the latest phone we've had would you probably say like the Morse code telephone was huge for us not us because we weren't alive yet but uh then you also have the Internet that when we were alive for or actually no we were you guys weren't even alive when that became a thing so you've always had the Internet but not even a generation ago the Internet is brand-new that's a new way of communicating the printing press is like that big back then because it used to be you'd have to write things by hand it would take forever to write anything now though you just print a template you make a template which takes a little bit but you just keep printing pages you just dip an ink boom dip it in ink boom Tiffany boom and you can make pages that are exactly the same very very very very quickly alright this is a major development that's been impacted yes the process of reformation but even before that the development of vernacular languages which again are like formal common ways of speaking so all those dialects of English and Spanish and German are all going to be organized into a fixed grammatical set so that the way I'm speaking right now was not the way all English speakers spoke you know several hundred years ago but after we have some very influential literary figures come along and sort of establish a formal way of speaking and writing in English we have that so we've at least covered three examples of vernacular language that was established so vernacular language we've got English we've got Spanish we've got German so Who am I let's go English first who's the guy that really caught applies that and yeah Shakespeare I mean other people contributed to no these are just these guys but they're the primary contributors or at least initial CAS Devante alright and returning with German publication the Bible thanks so that point to spread and develop languages but more importantly this is gonna allow knowledge to spread much more quickly so we get some ideas coming back and now these ideas that have returned can now spread throughout all of Europe so we've got many more people that have access to this information is actually critical when you're trying to develop an economy or technology or innovation or anything so this is gonna be this is what causes Europe to sort of wake up you have the whole rebirth thing because they were just doing essentially nothing for a thousand years and except for just staying the same but this influx of information and this ability to communicate that's really gonna allow them to uh to uh expand their knowledge and then later their economies technology all that stuff's gonna follow so this is like the trigger right that starts with a spark that starts it all right so you with me on the Renaissance and its significance all right sweet so this along with another development is going to allow the Europeans to become super wealthy all right so this is gonna enhance their knowledge and later innovation and technology but nothing's gonna make them rich and powerful they're going to well we're gonna do what's gonna make them rich and powerful what is this era I am referring to explore you yeah Age of Exploration correct so let's first talk about why they're even doing that so exploration which is roughly late 15 to fifteen two at some point in the 17th century you'd probably say exploration ended then charted the entire world via like a lot of Africa was uncharted the Americas but the phase where they they pretty much claimed all the land it could at the time fight by the 17th century so exploration first off though we got to know why why do they have to find this they want to connect Indian Ocean alright cuz that's worth the money's at and why do they need to like do this the whole kooky exploration thing to find it like well they just go trade with like everybody else yeah so there's two reasons why they are blocked by the Muslim Caliphate and sultanates bloc Europeans they are not friends especially after the Crusades alright so most of this territory which is the areas in which they would Traverse are blocked by either Sunni or Shia empires at some point okay well why can't I just did the Silk Road connect for China like the old days right yeah so there's not really an established Silk Road anymore because the mongol empire that kept it running is no longer there and that Silk Road also falls apart with it so they've got to find the wrong way to get there so they choose to sail and there's two different ideas both of them work one works better than the other but both of them end up working the Portuguese are here in the Atlantic their idea is to go around Africa which is possible and they do it takes them a while but that's gonna be their goal so they're the first ones to start this and they start sailing and sharding the coast of Africa before we talked about who did it now and all that I need to know also this is their motivation what technologies are going to do or innovation I'll allow them to do this because nobody except for the Vikings has really gone out and consistently explored on a large scale like this so you could say that you know saying ha did and oh that's kind of at the same I'm with the Ming Dynasty neo Indian Ocean but no-one's really just kind of gone out and chartered to explore all this new territory and establish connections with that other than pretty much the Vikings any other Phoenicians before yeah okay cool so we've got portal and maps which allow them to chart and you know not rediscover but form routes consistent routes because I got to be able to go back to where I was for it to be a settlement all right it's a portal and maps who did they did this upper Julie explained how quarterly Maps worked they didn't okay really compass and timing the sailing and all that okay perfect all right just to summarize you just use a compass to sail straight in straight line you time it and that gives you a good idea of the distance let me just do that from various points and they can make pretty accurate maps back then they wouldn't look exactly like our maps now but they're close all right when you say care about is this right the much more efficient and quick ships that could go long distances but also could maneuver well in fact they can mover super well that could stop and turn much more quickly than the ship's coz had an additional piece added to it I don't know if this isn't the notes or not no that's an older although they do use those that's an older like classical Arabic this is this is brand-new I have believed was Europeans that invented it not the ones that popularized it close it's not a motor but it does guide the ship tell the stern post rudder and that's gonna allow them to stop and turn much more quickly so there's areas they can access more consistently that aren't as dangerous I'm just floating in by rocks like it could just send me into the rocks the stern post rota they have a lot more control of the direction my ship is going alright our dimension the compass where's that come from yeah China and how do they know how far north and south they were they were the views they wait I believe the Arabs either invented it or popularized it about how to know based on the Stars how far north or south I was yea astrolabe nice and one last thing collection is not the last thing they also are going to catch on to a couple of wind patterns that help them explore through Africa and then eventually go across the ocean the America is one of those two wind patterns yeah westerlies and trade winds yeah there's a rough wind pattern in fact actually planes still use this because it's more fuel-efficient and it roughly goes down the coast of Africa across the equator than in the Caribbean and it kind of goes back up to the United States and back over to the northern part of Europe so those are the westerlies those the trade winds and they're going to use those because the waters already flowing that way makes the sailing ship much easier to to travel with using those currents those wind nice alright how are they able to conquer peoples of the Americas so well not talk about Aziz yet how been able to conquer people the Americas is so easily or the coasts of Africa or India or wherever they show up at the time what's the advantage they're gonna have over most of these areas yes they have much more developed gunpowder weapons they exist elsewhere at least around that time but the Europeans for whatever reason is there metalworking or whatnot like some people think it's because they made something church-bells that they knew how to work with metal better whatever it was they're gonna master the cannon first all right they're gonna put down ships that's a huge advantage it used to be you could only take ships out by like running into them and boarding them and you know chopping people up it know now they can sink you before you can be close to him that's never happened before so like the Battle of Ponto or battle of you that we talked about where they fight against the Ottoman Empire in both cases they're able to destroy much larger navies because they have these cannon ships and more importantly they can take over entire towns without invading they can just sit off the coast and say hi guys go ahead and surrender or we're just gonna blow all your buildings up and usually they say no and then they blow some buildings up and then eventually surrender so they can actually take over a coastal towns they can destroy ships before they get close to them this is a massive massive massive advantage over here in the old world when the Europeans get there all right cool so guns and gunboats watch it can ships also one thing they really catches the Native Americans off-guard is gonna be horses they don't have those so warriors on horses with guns that's a no contest even without the disease although they definitely needed the disease to do it because there's just way too many would've been outnumbered way too much bullets all right it's a horse it's cool so Portuguese the first ones to start this they start charting the coast of Africa all right who's gonna be funding this okay they actually fund Columbus which we'll get to but uh who starts the funding as far as I know he's the first major contributor and funder of these voyages yeah Henry navigator who actually didn't have Kate himself play whatever he's gonna fund a lot of these voyages for the Portuguese as they attempt to sail around Africa now it sounds by the way on a sailboat I can't just sail around the tip of Africa here the way that the winds and currents work it'll just send you right back as far as I know so the Portuguese had to figure out this kooky way of catching different currents and then catching the Antarctic current to swing back up to actually get through and around there actually to protect that for like several decades it's like punishable by death to tell anybody who's not Portuguese about it but eventually some Dutch kid that's like a hired hand on the ship like figures out how they do it and they need like logs didn't sends it to the Netherlands in England and everybody knows after that but for a while they protect that with their lives all right so who's the first person by the way to make this trip around and connect with India well school to go yeah he's in a the first European to make a direct connection with the Indian Ocean trade network he actually of course sees the city-states before that but he's going to be the one that connects with India specific Alabama all that all right before they get there though I kind of skip a step on accident they're going to establish the beginnings of their own maritime Empire here in Africa right just like I mentioned because they have gunboats that can sort of take whatever town they want and they do that over here in Africa and they're gonna form this connection and these what are called trade post empires because they don't go inland they can't go in with the empires are too big or in this case tropical disease will stop them and their horses from taking over they stick to the coasts but what are the Portuguese gonna establish your labor that's gonna be terrible but very important for the development of the Americas later on I'm asleep truth yeah the slave trade right so they're gonna establish these port trade cities this trade post Empire and the West African empires who have already been trading slaves the Arabs for five hundred years they're just gonna say oh sweet you're just a larger richer group who shows up at our doorstep and wants to buy slaves and they have plenty and they go find more if they don't by conquering other tribes or kingdoms and using those prisoners to sell as slaves so West African kingdoms are gonna be selling a lot of slaves the Portuguese we're gonna bring them on over almost all slaves were put into Brazil and Caribbean and then only a few like 10% or less ended up going to actually United States but anyways yeah well ahead of myself there that's been gone connects a navigator funds a lot of expeditions how does the Spanish what's their strategy so I want to know yeah it's Christopher Columbus but like what kind of sailors were hired for the most part and wives before I go to the Spain thing yeah these Italian sailors like Columbus had already been sailing the Mediterranean for hundreds of years whether it's Venice or Florence or somebody else they have experienced sailors so they're the ones that they hire to go on these voyages Columbus of course is Italian he was hired somebody else already mentioned it by Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain right after they just United Spain they just kicked out the last of the wars the the leftovers of the Umayyad Caliphate that had been there and United to Spain and they're going to fund Christopher Columbus and that was a common theme was using Italian sailors because they were experienced yes good it's like Julia did a decent job so far all right so what was I going with this was that okay yeah oh yeah what was their intended strategy yeah and they're right you can do that but there's something in the way they did know about it which of course is the entire set of continents that is the Americas and that's actually the Miss nomer of the mislabeling of the peoples of the Americas that's why they were called Indians because he literally thought they landed in India when he got there he's just like oh look they're pretty Brown they must be Indian so he named them Indians they've been miss named ever since of course now they've adopted the name American Indian which is more accurate but uh yeah that's nothing got mislabeled by I'm funny Christopher Columbus okay so he establishes that connection makes it back and informs Spain and others find out so we get a lot more voyages going out there but the first two empires to really set out Explorer and claim most of this territory it's going to be whichever I mentioned Portugal and Spain so Portugal is going to get a lot of these trade posts empires these aren't exactly okay I like this random with choosing him in the old world though in Africa and Asia they're pretty much gonna be limited to just the cities on the coasts so I think I'd mentioned it but why why just the cities on the coasts in the cases of the Portuguese yeah they didn't have nearly enough funding to send enough troops to try to take over an empire and in some cases like in Africa tropical disease would either kill the Europeans or their horses and they couldn't really go into the interior at all anyway but they could take over towns by just blowing them to smithereens until they surrendered which they did all right so we've got the Portuguese establish a what type of empire I think I said it already but baby yeah it's train post let the basement coastal cities and ports all right now the Portuguese this is the big joke for Europe initially they have nothing to actually trade like all these places have like spices and silk and tea and porcelain and the Europeans like we have some wool oh here to have wool we have some bread no you're gonna have bread they don't really have anything I think one of the bigger things to have us honey for whatever reason a lot of air that there is had a lot of honey but for the most part the Europeans had almost nothing to trade so how did the Portuguese go about making money because they had to make money on their doing this and they did aside the slave trade later yeah exactly it's kind of like a trade tax so they did one of two things they neither require you to pay them to use the ports and trade that was called the car toss our cart as basic it's basically like a trade certificate or a tax and also they would be the ones that would facilitate the trade meaning they would be the ones that you hired to transport the goods they weren't well their goods but you were paying them as the middleman kind of like how Venice did between Europe and the Byzantine Empire and about it's raining all right so they were the middlemen of the Indian Ocean trade network all right so that's the Portuguese and they established that over here need ocean Spain no goes in much different routes what is their empire going to be like and where for the most part okay meaning okay and what's gonna allow them to do that now yeah they have an advantage of horses and guns but like I said there would be way too many American Indians to take by force back then there's something that's gonna help them out and do that yeah European diseases all right now they don't it's not like chemical warfare and then your biological work form they're doing this on purpose it's on accident didn't even know about immunities but because these people have been separated from these people for ten to twenty thousand years we had developed immunities to what diseases we got from animals so most of the diseases that plague came back then like smallpox measles etc those who are human diseases those were given to us by animals so over time lots of people had died from those but the ones that lived had immune systems that were able to survive that disease so after a few generations of people dying from smallpox or measles or whatever the only people that are left are the ones that might suffer but they're more likely to live all right so even though I get smallpox over here I have an okay chance of living because for whatever reason genetically my immune system can fight it off however these guys never had any access to that so when the Europeans come over with these smallpox and measles which are already embedded in humans and that Europeans are largely resistant to the Native Americans have no resistance to it whatsoever so it just wipes them out like 90 plus percent died from it like the Spanish had no idea they went into like the UN they met the Aztec into know jalan Montezuma the second they went in and they just basically met them and like all my gosh were never in take this there's like 200 thousand of these guys and they're very militaristic and we're just it's not gonna happen and then come back a few days later and like almost everyone's dead they're like oh well now we could take it so and of course as you guys already know nobody likes the Aztec because they were so brutal to people to conquer sacrifices you know enslavement and all that so the Spanish were able to do it because a disease and the fact that the Aztecs did not have any friends similar the Incans when they take over them disease wipes them out and the Incans are already fighting each other so they didn't have to do a whole lot alright so Spain Spain conquest based and they're able to do that because of disease on accident and also I would say internal conflicts so those American Indians whether they're a snack or Incan day they're had a civil war going on or everybody that was ruled by them just hated their guts and was waiting for them to be weak and so they pounced on all right cool what areas that's tough question house given to you Spain is going to claim most of the Americas very quickly like way fashion they can actually settle it but Spain's gonna claim a good chunk here all the way up to eventually buy like 1763 or so they're gonna own pretty much all of this like just Spain that's a huge amount of land massive amount Elaine lots of resources there silver gold all the new crops to come across so Spain's and become quite wealthy and then Portugal is gonna claim Persil as well as their trade post empires now initially there's a lot of competition between the two over who owns what how much they could grab but somebody's gonna settle that dispute between the two and divide the world in half who's gonna do that what's a call the Pope but what's it called you'd say tortillas somebody just like nice alright it's gonna be a split this competitions gonna be split or ended and did by treaty of tordesillas there's another treaty to that split it by the Philippines I care about the name enough treaty was though it was a little bit later regardless treated tour to see us many other people are gonna hate me because there's no way they can read this they just have to listen well tree Tordesillas is gonna be what surveying is the competition between Spain and Portugal both Catholic countries however there's three other countries that join the exploration fray and they are at least partially Protestant or entirely Protestant what are these three Atlantic states let's go somebody oven you haven't said that yeah no one's with the Dutch Wells England English and France nice they're gonna join a little bit late though so what's open for claiming at this point yeah the northern parts of the Americas right so Britain's gonna run in and get what is now you know the eastern coast United States for the most part they're also going to take Hudson Bay jokes on them there's nothing there yeah maybe there's oil but they weren't using it back then the French what else got the new Newfoundland area the French are gonna take into the st. Lawrence River a great lake area that's gonna be known as well back now French Canada well learn about that later in the year because they're actually trying to come their own country since the 1960s their French speaking French culture and they do not like being a part of on english-speaking Canada anyways and then the Netherlands are gonna you know nudge in there wherever they can over time all right is that pretty much all it was said about those Atlantic states initially okay so what's gonna happen over time is these two empires the Portuguese and Spanish are gonna decay there's reason for that we'll go over at least for Spain but the people that are gonna sort of what's the word I'm looking for pick up the scraps and benefit are gonna be mostly the British and the Dutch the French bowl too but mostly the British in the Dutch are gonna benefit from this slow decay of Spain Portugal like the Dutch and the British are gonna take a lot of holdings in the Caribbean which becomes super super super lucrative wealthy because of the sugar trade they're also gonna take parts of Central America like Panama Belize what is now Suriname things like that and these coasts and the Dutch and the English are going to largely control the Indian Ocean pretty shortly as well they're gonna kind of kick out the Spanish I'm sorry the Portuguese over time there alright that's a long process that that's like a hundred hundred fifty year process I don't think was just like bullish one took it they just slowly crept and took those things away so before I talk about how they did that mercantilism and all that let's quickly talk about the Columbian Exchange it is it is a major topic on the AP world test in the past so you definitely got to know what it is and its impact alright so Columbian Exchange it's a pretty simple one actually it's just the exchange of goods and animals and diseases between the old world which is afro after Eurasia any new world which is northern South America alright so what are some goods that Europeans we're able to discover and bring back to the old world that people were willing to pay a lot of money for or for super calorie-dense and boosted their population I'll take either one couldn't try to give me two for each person potatoes and that was three but yes nice beans and squash nice okay very important ones no there's one major one that Europeans really liked that also has much a caffeine in it ain't got them addicted to it now coffee by the way coffees from the old world all the hands go down no yeah cow nice cool so wrong the new world to the old world we have there's a lot but i'ma list the most important ones one that either ones either made European super rich because everybody wanted cuz they're addicting like chocolate or sugar or tobacco but we know I think sugar was actually already in the old rule but they planted it there so I think that one back tobacco and shock would though our new world goods and they're super addictive the nicotine and the caffeine in both and just the fact that chocolate so sweet is gonna be very addicting very rare very expensive and it's gonna make these Europeans really really rich okay cool so tobacco corn potatoes all forms of them but I just mentioned Oh cacao chocolate or root to form up shop with I mean I mean the Italians like them but that's not really gonna change the population but yes the fact that tomatoes are any things is a result of this okay these two corn and potatoes are going to actually increase the population here because their calorie dense they're relatively resistant to drought and there are sorts of plagues that more easily kill other crops like wheat so corn a lot of that to be fed to their livestock and animals so if I have more animals that I also have more milk and meat too which is more food which is more people potatoes especially in China sweet potatoes they're gonna boost population quite a bit and in Northern Europe it's really gonna help them out until the eighteen hundred's and there's a famine and lots and lots and lots of people die so that's how the population is gonna be affected we're not a population growth in the old world why do we care about tobacco and uh cacao what does that do for people in the old world besides taste good or be addictive it does get them rich so the people like get a hold this first the Spanish for the most part and later of course the tradition and in Dutch and even Portuguese that's going to be a very addictive very luxurious expensive commodity that's going to make them very very very wealthy so they'll bring it back and they'll sell it here in Europe and make a bunch of money or they'll sell it to the African kingdoms that they're trading with or anybody in Asia that they can connect with and that's they finally have so many people want so they finally have goods that people want to trade for right so that's gonna allow them to really expand their trade networks I guess you could say all right and is the first time - we have the first global trade network I mean there was some Vikings that brought lumber back from the Americas like five years earlier but that that had no impact this the person that actually impacts populations okay so those are mostly good at least for people the old world especially Europeans what about the ship the other way of old-world goods to the new world definitely some positives but definitely some negatives too let's ticker the ones that are that really impact the societies like those things taste great and they help against scurvy and all a polite I'll say disease very powerful because it wiped out ninety percent of the people in the Americas that were native to the region livestock because that's gonna allow them to utilize animal labor domesticated laborer dusky animals what else slaves that's a big one too yeah that's later but yes sugar that's a big one too nothing that impacts the people's the Americas as much but when they get over here they've got all this open territory that's you know well watered because tropical regions why not sugar no super well they're so they're gonna take a lot of that sugar that would only grow in a few regions over here and grow up like crazy in the Americas they're really gonna commercialize it never tell you what commercialized means okay to sell for profit okay green yeah it grains cool some grains and coffee so the things that are gonna be brought over and produced and sold for gigantic amounts of money are gonna be sugar and coffee so these four are gonna be like the staple commodities are goods actually have luxuries that is gonna really really start to enrich the Europeans alright there's also gold and silver to the Spanish you're gonna find a couple very very condensed or dense silver mines ones in Peru find another one in Mexico and later in Nevada I believe the Peru one was first it was almost they called it a silver mountain because there was so much and I think I think they're still mining it not like they were before but I think there's actually still some silver in there they're they're extracting obviously Peru is doing it now not the Spanish but yeah so we've got silver gold all these are going to impact the economies and populations of various reasons so obviously here the impact is gonna be mass not extinction but mass death so population is gonna decrease that's the impact claps population here why calorie-dense foods right and then of course more food for their animals - all right and uh who's enriched the most by this ok but I'm always going for Europeans but you're right initially for sure it's gonna be Spain but yes Europeans just in general Spain at first but don't do this mean rich by this as well cool so you guys understand the Columbian Exchange all right so what I'll probably do is explain I'll probably explain now we had another fifteen minutes left I'll explain mercantilism and triangular trade and you know me into system and then I'll I'll have a couple more topics to talk about tomorrow and then we'll focus on this week's content for the rest of it so you guys have a refresher with a quiz on Friday Chicago what yeah that's cool cover tomorrow briefly the only topics love left is Tokugawa Japan and then a little bit about mercantilism me bollocks one of them all right cool so moving on Columbian Exchange so that's gonna enrich the Europeans and we're top says that was gonna cover mercantilism triangular trade okay me and this is not cool well you can call me end up first that's chronologically more accurate the Spanish get over here right and they're going to be like they're gonna realize the opportunity they have they can really harvest a lot of these crops that are ready over there or that they're bringing over to make money they can harvest or sorry mine the silver and the gold there's a lot of money to be made but they need a ton of labor right we're not have machines back then it's just gonna be it's gonna be animal labor or human labor and if it's complicated it's gonna be human labor all right so initially they're going to be using these Native Americans that are there but first let's talk about how how they took over I guess I would say so there's a did you talk about Punky's to doors at all okay so there's a bunch but there's the primary two that I want you guys to know so Spain is going to a horse conquer and settle on this area but they're not rich yet so it's not like Fernandez Abela can send the Spanish army over and take over bunch of territory they're gonna rely on a bunch of basically motivated risky single men to do it all right so these are guys with no families that uh probably aren't really well-liked because they're so willing to leave their civilization and risk their lives to go explore settle and conquer an area so these are people who are what you would consider maybe almost like middle or upper middle class today they're like lower nobility so they're not Nobles that have a lot of power or authority or prestige but they're but they're not peasants either so these are I guess you'd say lower nobility not for long though and they're going to be called conquistadors alright in the examples I gave you what when two examples I gave you guys remember Cortes is the one that conquers the Aztec Pizarro conquer - Inca all right so and that's just two examples of name we'll stick with them though so we had the Cortez so Aztec Inca and like like we were to mention there were these there aided by the fact that disease wreaks havoc on the populations and then these most these empires have a bunch of internal civil war or discontented populations that are gonna make it easy to do here's the kicker though and this is why they're so motivated to do it especially after the success of Cortez and Pizarro or off the bat is when they conquer this land force thing because they pretty much did it on their own dime they got some funding from others from the from the Monarchs but not much it's pretty much just them and the soldiers they hired and have with them so the reward was what do you think the reward was yeah they get the land there and they're made the Lords of those territories so that land grant and their massive by the way that they get they have controlled the people there and they also have control the resources there so that's gonna be a major motivation for lots more conquista doors to come out try most of them ended up failing because they like show up and then march off in a direction to conference and all they find is like a desert when they die but saw them succeed alright so the reward is land grants I should say estates because they're actually technically made like Nobles and this system in which they're granted land and titles is known as the yeah all right tell me in the system so the title these come keys the doors who are Lords of this area are called and comune they're us they're roses all right and they're technically the feudal heads of these state mineral lords and the natives that underneath them are supposed to be under their protection there there's supposed to two things protect them and convert them to Christianity sometimes by force so they do that but there's gonna be a bunch of individual mines and plantations and things like that on these in comiendo s-- that are gonna generate a lot of wealth for them and for Spain one of those coals yeah nice okay Posse it is and these are gonna be of course driven by human and animal labor mostly human and they start out with well the Incans already have a good system they have the meat test system so they're like well we'll just use this it's already organized so they start using the meat a system an Inca Empire and they basically just use American Indians to do a lot of labor but that is the last long why didn't that last long disease yeah disease there their population gets decimated so very quickly they have to shift from using the Mita system and American Indian labor to find the other means so one of the first ones they try is hiring poor whites to do it so we got people in Europe that want to get the hell out of there because it's too crowded or there's too much disease or there's not enough economic opportunity or there's religious wars we're all of the above so they want to escape so they don't well suffer and die but not money they can't get over here how are they going to afford their trip across the ocean and then of course what are they going to be called in yeah they're they're kind of like a voluntary slave it's not as bad as a slave does they don't own you but you essentially contract years of labor so it's like we'll pay for your trip but you have to work for us for free for seven years or whatever right and that kind of works indentured servitude but it's tough especially when the English try using it up here because Europeans look very similar right they're all just like any ethnic group that this the skin tones between them are relatively similar so it's pretty easy it's a go to an area that has very few people in it a very little what you would call muted police or government and and to keep people there because they could just leave like I get over there and I'm working on your farm or plantation or whatever and then I just walk off one day it's gonna be easy to track me down no there's no roads or documentation or police force and there's just hardly Europeans over there yet at all so many of them are just would be like alright peace and they would just go somewhere else out of their range and start their own farm or encomienda or plantation or whatever I'm sorry hosting tonight coming in des so that was a big problem a lot of these indentured servants would just peace out and then go make up their own form or whatever later on in another area however they found a workaround their workaround is the of course terrible development of bringing over West African slaves and again they didn't like apprehend them for the most part they were sold to Portuguese merchants and slave traders from these African kingdoms and the Portuguese then brought them over they would compacted in these ships like sardines Mandan would die from complications dehydration disease all kinds of factors led to their death and dismemberment so what was this treacherous voyage across the Atlantic called when they were packed in like sardines like this little passage right so it's gonna be replaced here with West African slaves and that journey is known as the passage and that's gonna fuel a lot of these of this this need for for human labor most are gonna stay here in Brazil and Portuguese Brazil you know working on coffee plantations and things like that another large portion I go to the Caribbean to work on sugar plantations cuz they're all very labor intensive and then like I said about 10% or less end up eventually going to the United States or what is now the United States and that is the slave trade alright so where we get the name Atlantic system or triangle or phrase it's not just a one-way arrangement right so you do have the purchasing of slaves from West Africa and bring them over to work here in the Americas but doesn't end there what's the next step of this so you bring over slaves to work you make more stuff you make more profit what goes on yeah that stuff goes back to Europe to be sold and then they make more money gimmick oh me too and then what do they do with this money in this profit they buy more slaves right and now we have I know my map doesn't look very good for it we have what's called triangular trade because it's a it's a it's a process it's a three-way a three-point it's almost like a circular thing as a triangle because it keeps going in this direction and growing and growing growing more slaves go over more stuffs made more profits maybe when they sell it and they buy more slaves and they keep that process going for a few hundred years a little over 200 years so that is what we call the Atlantic system or triangular trade we got that cool now let's just do I won't do miracles will do Marshall in tomorrow let's just talk quickly about the Spanish racial caste system that's another big topic on a tea world they love topics like that where you have like I don't know oppression or racial issues so we always talk about them so we know them okay so the Spanish this is not going to be incorporated in non-hispanic territories at least not like this not so explicitly and definitively but the Spanish territories and the Portuguese - Musa Spanish we have what's called the Spanish caste system now if you guys remember the caste system in India is like a hierarchy right and how do you move in that hierarchy not in your lifetime right you can't move essentially it's the same here but instead of them basing it on social class or your job they base it almost completely on the pigmentation of your skin all right there's one exception of course it's Europeans that come over from Europe but for the most part this is a racial caste system in which you are either denied or given opportunity based solely on your parents and how you look for the most part all right so again it's a racial caste system and it's going to be fixed right at least back then you couldn't change the color of your skin and your appearance so whatever you're born with that's your your class that's your at least your Spock and the tier in the hierarchy and you're stuck there all right so it's a fixed social hierarchy right I can't change those born into it which is a terrible system but anyways so any system that's fixed like that whether it's race or social class or religion that's just it's a terrible idea not how humans actually function all right so at the very top now while they might not be any darker or lighter than some of the people on this list they are still put at the top and these are Spanish or Portuguese people that were born in Europe that came over all right so the issue is where they were born for some reason all right so that's a very tough these guys have all opportunities they're going to have first claim to all positions of power in the military in politics whatever and whatever what do they call it at the time so much in solares yeah right and those are Europeans born in Europe somehow some reason that makes you better I don't know I think they thought were better but this was particularly confusing it's the same range is born a different spot anyways below them or Europeans born in the Americas all right yeah let's Europeans born in America all right and now we start getting more complicated and it's almost solely based on your pigmentation at this point doesn't matter where you were born necessarily all right so just below them you're going to have the mix this is by the way this is oh by the way this isn't every single tear but it's the primary one so below them is gonna be a mix between Europeans and Native Americans known as yes European all right and below that is going to be actually yes so that's gonna be European and African black African mix all right I wasn't sure if the Americans before that or not but yeah so that's gonna be European and alright and then below that it's gonna be which is the American and mix and that's more or less their tears yeah they did shove and when I remember anyway a pure-blooded American American and I believe the very bottom was a pure-blooded West African slave but that's gonna be the caste system and the reason why we know about this number one is don't put your stuff away it the reason why we need to know about this is not only is it an example of a an oppressive racial hierarchy which totally is which is the enlightenment is just gonna annihilate later on but we care about this because there's a particular group that is well they're all oppressed except for the Vinnitsa Lara's but there's one group that feels particularly upset by this hierarchy because they're the same race as the peninsulares but they're just born a different spot and as time goes on they're doing more and more and more and more of them unless unless most of them I never the course there's a Creole ace so what you need to know is that as time goes on and more and more European families settle over here in the Spanish regions like did they go back to Europe no they stay there and they increase their population so as time goes on I have like ridiculous ratios of like 10 20 30 to one of Creoles out numbering these peninsulares all right and they're gonna be like why the hell are you guys in charge like I've been here for generations I don't even know what Spain looks like I never seen the king I don't care about him why do I have to pay taxes too and listen to you just because you were born there alright so that's going to later on in AP world inspire a lot of nationalistic revolutions it's mean led by these Creoles group but basically it tired of listening to people on a king they've never heard of been to and are an ocean away for no reason other than that's where they were born so we're gonna have a lot of nationalistic revolutions from roughly 1821 in Mexico until the 1830s or basically Spain Portugal Italy since the Spanish territories they're kicked out of this entire area and new countries are formed like Argentina Gran Colombia Mexico etc and that's gonna be started by this Creole group guys gangs you got it yeah oh yeah look at that - how many merkel isn't first then I'll do up because that kind of explains why they're in Japan and then all of a sudden the Europeans and then so Europeans they've already we talked about colonization as far as Spain and Portugal in the empires they have and then English Dutch and French following so there's a new economic strategy that they're gonna be using an economic system is known as mercantilism and it's contributed to by several people and my ideas one of the people that kind of gets credit for it is this guy named John Jack Colbert he's in France he's the finance minister for Luther xiv by the way who will review later next week I think and the whole system is we based on the idea that there's a limited amount of money or wealth in the world that uh I could kind of nervous one subs cover economic concepts of the or Julia but any idea what that it's called what kind of wealth system it is there's one thing gu disease thanks mom yeah there we go it's a fixed wealth system so fixed well in capitalism which is the system after this we find out that you actually create well with labor and investing and loans and all sorts of tricks but at this point they believe that the only way to get money is to literally get it yourself like there's a certain out of gold and silver and goods out there and so when I accrue this wealth and this capital and this money that's all that there is so the whole goal is for each country to do what do you think there's a fixed amount of money out there yeah they want to control as much of that wealth as possible all right now I mean everybody wants to get rich but they don't believe you can kind of create your own they think you'd have to kind of steal it from other people essentially alright so the whole goal of this is going to be to establish a system of Taxation so the state's gonna control along these industries and tariffs which are different of Taxation did where you told the tariffs are taxes on yet on imports price of imports or things coming into your country from somebody else so like if you're buying Mercedes that's a German car that's not made here it's made in Germany or somewhere else and it's gonna be brought here that's an import all right but if we make stuff here like furniture in the United States and we send that off to India what would that be an example of we got that all right so the whole goal here is to establish tariffs so your country is selling more things to other countries and buying less things from them why would they want to do that why would they want to sell more like my Britain why would I want to be selling more things than I'm buying from France why would I want to do that what's the whole point that we're profited okay prompt it but link its American dualism because obviously always want to trade things and sell things that's profit but like why are they so concerned about not buying anything from anyone else and only selling things right so think it's a fixed wall system if they're buying anything from other people then that's bad for them they think they see it as a loss right so they want to they want everything to be made and purchased inside of Britain or sold outside of Britain they do not want to buy anything from other people essentially so you guys understand that concept at least all right so how do these tariffs help them do that or I should say how like what does it do though I mean if I'm gonna buy it you're not wrong but I want to work clear description of that suddenly whenever you buy like if you have two things that are the ones from a different country one's from yours you get your home countries has going with you much cheaper compared yeah it's an incentive or in this case a disincentive so yes you don't want to buy things because of the tax but the tax makes it more expensive so like Vicki's any example let's say it was cheese all right so they made cheese in Britain and she's an so there what would normally be maybe I don't know $10 per whatever not percent what a wheel of cheese or you can call cheese units uneven no let's say a wheel of cheese costs $10 just to make alright so I've got my British wanyan my French one or my English one in my French one all right so that's the same so the English government doesn't like that right there's gonna be a state-controlled economy or at least mostly that was Colbert's a big idea so what's the government gonna do about this price debacle here because you could you could buy whichever one you wanted is that about the same price what does the government gonna do about that how they're gonna fix this cheese industry problem that they have yep what's that called again if it's unimportant yeah a tariff exactly so they might put a massive tariff on French cheese so let's say it's a $10 tariff per wheel and that now makes the French cheese if you're gonna buy it in England $20 so which one am I gonna buy from a regular English person you're gonna buy the $10 one right cuz it's it's half the price right now if I'm more wealthy you know I could buy whatever you know it is but that's gonna really discourage people from buying goods from other countries now I made up the exam about cheese but you can apply it to any commodity or any industry and that's what they were trying to do and every country was trying to do this these are called tariff oars by the way not that they're fighting each other although they are but not they're fighting about these tariffs but I mean if if I'm France and I know that England just put a tariff on my cheese so that there I'm gonna sell us cheese to England what's France gonna do in return put a tariff on English cheese right so that's what we call terror force that actually hurts everyone by the way because now he probably doesn't get this example but I'll explain it to you if I may if I'm a peasant and let's say or a blacksmith whatever and let's say I only make $100 a month all right come in and simplify it you ever see make $100 a month but let's say make $100 a month and if I want to buy months worth of cheese that used be $10 okay and I can fight you have my pick right then I have another $90 to buy things like I don't know red coal or firewood what else would they buy clothes they probably make them but whatever these are all these things that they're gonna be buying looks like they're all around $10 right and I got choices between you know English bread and Spanish bread and Portuguese burn all these different choices right but instead of all these things being as cheap as possible some of them are not gonna be accessible so for example let's say for these clothes clothes from England are $10 right but let's say I could buy clothes from but we're just say France France and these ones are actually five bucks they're cheaper or India or whatever all right France so obviously any regular persons gonna say yeah screw the $10 clothes I'm gonna save my hundred dollars here or at least five of them and by the French clothes right so they were spending fifteen dollars on these two things so if I'm gonna buy these two things in a month as a peasant I buy my clothes and I buy my cheese I'm spending by buy the cheap ones 15 bucks right okay all right that's nice so we got a tariff on French cheese all right that doesn't change my prices but now I can't buy the French cheese it's not it's 20 bucks and that's a lot of my money that's like 10% of my money so I can't even buy the French cheese now but here's the big problem what if the French clothes that were cheaper now get a tariff and let's say they add $10 to this with a tariff that's $15 for French clothes how does it impact mr. peasant here it makes hundred hours a month it's more expensive why is that problem for him order okay right so I'm only $1 a month and now insisting $5 on clothes I got spend twice as much I spend $10 on clothes so that's now a $20 expense for those two items I just I'm now spending substantially more money so if I do this for all things what's gonna and do all prices in England they're all gonna go up so any cheap alternative coming for another country I can't buy anymore I've gotta buy all of the more expensive stuff that's made here in Britain all right that's actually gonna harm their economies quite a bit that's not even considering the fact that now France can't really sell a lot of stuff to them so France loses money it's a big foot of tariffs and now the Jew the British stuff that was selling the French they can't sell that sit lose money that way so there's money twice they lose money by having to spend more themselves and they also lose money because they can't sell to other countries very well because the tariffs they put on alright so it really harms everybody anyways tariffs and taxation are gonna be the core fundamentals here and the whole goal again is to discourage people from buying stuff from other countries or states and buying it all within your own state but I just showed you that's gonna harm everybody to make it more expensive to buy stuff in your state and also you're gonna sell less because other states will buy the less of your stuff so it's it's all bad in most part all right so that's the fundamentals of mercantilism we got that all right cool so that's how I do it about with tariffs that's one strategy for achieving wealth the second one is to literally I guess some say steal from your caught your competitors and by that I mean States so if I'm a British ship and I'm sailing along in the ocean and I see a Portuguese ship sailing back what's likely to happen under this emergent elissa system yeah they're gonna they're gonna be fighting to control we'll trade first of all but if they see individual ships they're just gonna take the stuff that's on the ships right so this is gonna cause a lot of conflicts on these trade routes so there's many two things going on here number one they're going to your net piracy right and the Caribbean is a big target for that because it's so remote compared to the rest of Europe and the trade winds just kind of dumped you off in the Caribbean Sea so that makes it easy for pirates to just kind of wait for keep coming through - uh from all right what is it called though when uh I'm a government and I hire pirates to steal stuff for me privateers yeah I don't know to give you the example but the example that I give you is Sir Francis Drake he was an English pirate who was hired by the English crown the King to monarchy - uh pirate Spanish ships so he just basically chilled on ha the Americas up here he basically was chilled off the coast of South America on the western coast all the way up here up until uh about San Francisco Bay region and he just absolutely devastated Spanish shipping they couldn't catch him and he got a ton a ton a ton of money for the English crown so the United them actually all right the other way you can steal from your competitors is you literally take their trade routes by force alright so the Dutch and the British do this to Portuguese because what kind of empire the Portuguese have set up your initial repost right so all these not all of them but a lot of these little trade post Empire cities that the Portuguese establish they can't defend all of them all the time they can't communicate instantly so over time the British and the Dutch are just going to bully these ships in them and take these cities and claim them as their own so they're going to of course how guys say this control trade networks all right that's gonna be by force - it's not like oh this is ours no no they actually fight for them and take them all right in the third way mercantilism can make money is a concept known as colonialism you guys cover that no yes No maybe so colonialism that is simply this it is descending of Europeans in this case atomic European colonialism the sending of Europeans across the world to settle and take over the land and resources in that area so at the time we don't really have a lot of that going over here because they can't because in Africa at the tropical diseases you've got the large land empires that the Europeans don't have the money to go after yet being so far away so they can't really do it there but where could they establish colonies and take over land and claim the resources as their own and settle there yeah the Americas and that's exactly what they do so we have colonialism which again in this case for all of Europe it's gonna be settling and controlling of land and resources abroad abroad just means outside of your own country basically in this case is gonna be in the form of a maritime Empire okay um do you think that Europeans after they claim the land they're gonna fight over who owns it absolutely right so you're gonna have colonial conflicts and Wars as well here so there's any competition to claim and defend these colonies because if I own a colony and I hire or use native workers or dented servants or West African slaves that money is gonna be really those resources gonna make my country a lot of money whether I'm spending or Portugal or whether so they're gonna fight over these they'll set up forts naval bases they'll have entire Wars over these territories trying to get as many resources as possible for their own States their own mother country so that's colonial these are three ways mercantilism going to make them money guys about that all right so um what encouraged initially I think I talked about yesterday in a study hall what encouraged Spanish and Portuguese initially to go out risk their lives with almost nothing and tried to conquer and settle these places what was their incentive why would they want to do that in commutators yeah they would they were granting comme un des for conquering right so initially you've got some incentives to settle but it's not paid for not paid or it's not much by the monarchies because they don't have money to fund all these trips and pay for all these troops so they depend on independent people to do it writes the first way we talk about are those conquista doors we talked about yesterday I won't go again that's just guys like bizarro Cortes they go conquer an area and the reward is there now the feudal lords of that area essentially all right that's a good incentive a lot of people try and a lot of people fail the other way though this is the one that the English and the Dutch use a lot of and the French but most of the English in the Dutch these are called charter companies and this one I'm sure you guys work had explained to you but I mean I don't know how it's a it's an abstract concept it's a typical one so a charter company is a really good way to fund exploration and settlement all right so you're not gonna be able to depend on kings and queens to pay for all this and they can't so I need private investors to do this so any change free or any nobility or anyone who has money that's willing to pay for this so before I mean the details of what a charter company is they need to acquire funds so you two options back then for one you could have monarchs pay for it right like here's a navigator the prince or pretend Isabella funding Christopher Columbus but that's not easy to do monarchs only have so much money what's the way I could get multiple people to sort of contribute or invest into an exploration slash settlement expedition yeah joint-stock so how does this joint-stock funding work yeah they do proportionally split or they're supposed to anyway so let's say this ship here represents the cost let's say it's like I don't know a million dollars I'm making the numbers up obviously so if I have a hundred thousand dollars that is ten percent of that I would contribute that possibly to this voyage I invested so boom there's my ten percent right and then nine other guys or whatever invest for the rest of it yay the ship goes off it goes the new world and hooray comes back with a bunch of tobacco or sugar or gold or whatever all right so let's say that crew hauls in like ten million dollars worth of goods after you pay them so like you've already paid the crew and your luck with the profit of ten million dollars what do you get you can million right you get the 10% back so you put in ten percent so what are the profit is you get back that 10 percent all right that's a great system in fact they even get smarter than this about it so let's pretend I have a million dollars myself and I'm like all right I want to invest what might be a bad idea or dangerous or risky idea about me paying for a voyage all by myself of course my what's my what's the problem here with this little threat yeah all these ships didn't come back either they were killed or there were by natives or other Europeans or there was some sort of accident or they just died of disease all kinds of reasons these ships don't come back like a lot of them didn't sound just like oh if you didn't a lot of them did not so i single my money into one ship and I send it off but I wasn't doesn't come back yeah just shipped off my money all right so that's when you gone so what could I do maybe to make sure that my odds of making money are much much much higher yeah exactly so instead of putting all my million into one ship I might put a hundred thousand and ten ships so is there a good chance that like four or five or six those ships can come back there is right there's a much more likely chance that people aren't come back with profits and the profits are usually much higher than what I invested so even if half the ships don't come back I'm okay because the returns are so good that I still make money off of the half that do come back all right so that's joint stock and that's how people start investing with it all right so there's the funds and as my options I can either joint-stock it or you know I could accept royal support what's called patronage all right so these charter companies are essentially when they have the funds to go and officially get permission this is the Charter the contract from the whatever country or state they're from so whether it's England or the Netherlands you would go to the government's or the king and you would have your company would have a charter which is like a contract which grants your company the authority to settle in the name whatever your country is so we'll just say England all right so for like 10 20 30 40 years whatever the Charter says you actually as a company are essentially gonna be the government in that area so like you have to burden all the costs like if you need pay for soldiers you need to hire them yourselves you need to pay for our ships you need hire them yourselves the crew all that stuff you have to fund but you get all the benefits for a while so once you've established that colony and the contract runs out then the government takes over all right the king edge officially becomes part of the Empire you still get to keep your company there and operate there but you don't you don't own that and that's what the important about these charter companies or they work rather well well relatively well because they were privately funded and they would of course manage their own areas so some were successful in some weren't but it was a good way to get people out there and going to do it so here's a couple things that they could do I don't recover these are not did you come did you cover what they can do specifically like the powers dad okay good so they could raise their own military so whether it's Navy or soldiers Surrey's own military force and with legal for them by the way that's what me - kind of weird - by the way they would fight over these trade networks with other companies so I could be British and potentially fight other British ships that was kind of rare but certainly they would fight other countries charter companies so here's an example the Netherlands the Dutch and the English were pretty friendly so they pretty much never fought for the most part they're always allies but even if my countries are friendly if I'm with a an English charter company like the British East India Company I'm sailing along and I see a Dutch ship from the Dutch East India Company what's gonna happen yeah they're gonna fight exactly they're gonna fight over the trade ports they're gonna fight on the open seas they're gonna fight for territory even though their countries are actually you know peaceful or even allies because it's these companies are operating kind of on their own because of these of these charters so they can raise an army they can administer laws in the area right so they they can't make up their own stuff for the most part they have to use the other country's laws they they're like the government there at least temporarily they can also sell and distribute the land as they want just like a government can and they can also negotiate with local lures the company that does this the best here's an example company is the British East India Company they actually are so successful they are going to conquer and colonial eyes colonize all of India what is now India Pakistan and Bangladesh so like entire civilizations are taken over by companies so that's how efficient some of them can be at negotiating and using their funds to raise their own armies and encouraging people to come work for them so over the course about a hundred years the British East India Company starts in this tiny little sliver and if they're going to either by force or diplomatic we add these local territories in India until one day they're going to chase out the Moghul Empire and they're going to rule this whole area as a company helped by the British support but yeah a company is going to essentially take over those three modern-day countries and administer them all right so we understand what a charter company is what is it it's like a miniature government for a for a set amount of time on a hand the territory over the government but they they can slop right there and the prophet Lily's point that cool so that's anyone talk about the ripple isn't tariff competition yeah got it cool solicitor Tokugawa press information rush from the Ching dynasty so some of these Europeans actually make the first connections ever with Japan very very far away polish and it rates that I don't know I think that's where that so some of these initial Spanish and Portuguese sailors whether they go around the world or around Africa they're going to eventually connect with China and last they're gonna connect with Japan alright so what were the three motivations for exploration we talked about or you talked about anyway old yeah they wanted wealth they wanted prestige like these conquistadors wanted to get themselves their own feudal kingdoms and they also wanted to spread Christianity so in the fifteen and 1600s we have a lot of Spanish and Portuguese missionaries together what a missionary is what are they yeah that's their that's their mission is to just spread and your Islam or whatever religion that they these are Christian missionaries so they are Catholic obviously they're Portuguese in Spanish and they get into Japan and they're gonna really aggressively try to convert a bunch of Japanese and they actually get quite a few especially South Japan there's one of the European power that gets there and they don't do anything religious they're just like whatever we just want to trade with you guys does the Dutch and these guys were the ones that don't get in trouble these guys I get in trouble so they arrived in Japan and they start their missionary work in the late 1500s and nearly 1600s alright so David they're all right so we know the missionaries there now and they're converting people but not the Dutch the Dutch are pretty much just they're economically all right so in 1600 we have a brand new for the first time unified centralized Japan this as far as I know hasn't happened at least state at least hasn't stayed stable a unified central government in Japan so who was the who were the highest part of the feudal hierarchy in Japan the Shogun's they were the Shogun's those the individuals yes so we had one family one clan called the Tokugawa clan they were of course led by a Shogun and that Shogun through diplomacy and forming allies as well as conquest he's going to they're going to for the first time conquer all regions of Japan and unify them under one centralized government all right and that centralized government is gonna be known as the Tokugawa Shogunate and the reason why it's called that is there's still an emperor but the emperor is only one so we're looking for not cosmetic figurative thank you it's only figurative uh leader he doesn't actually have authority your real authority is actually with the Shogun if you guys ever watched that bill Awards world history in ten minutes or whatever there's no way he does this thing or does this year Japan watch this region pan he talks about that whole debacle that they have anyways so there is an emperor but he doesn't actually have power he's just a figurative head the actual leader is the Shogun at the head of the Tokugawa clan all right so he moves the capital from Kyoto or they tried establishing as the capital of the taiko reforms a while back he moves the capital to Edo which is along of the Pacific so Edo some people actually call this era the Tokugawa Shogunate was in charge the no period and that's gonna last all the way until [Music] 1868 so Tokugawa they're going to be showings that rule from Edo that's the new central government and things are gonna actually do quite well under the Tokugawa they're gonna have more peace because there's not a bunch of little feudal kingdoms fighting each other all the time so they're under a centralized government there's more peace and prosperity they're able to do things like focus more on education fighting against you know famine things like that so things are looking up but there's one development that's gonna start it's it's gonna harm them in the long run so something happens that doesn't happen much under centralized Japan there's gonna be a rebellion we know the name that rebellion is yeah Shima bar rebellion all right that's in the 1630s in 1637 actually 1637 you have the Shima bar rebellion now these are peasants who are opposing the taxes and policies of this Shogunate now again once Japan is centralized obviously fuel of Japan bought a bunch just like he leave Europe does what's the Shogun they took out Shogun and unified it where it have very little actual violence to fighting crime like it it's all gonna drop all right so this is one of the few instances of a major opposition to the government all right so these peasants are of course going to be motivated by fighting fighting it's taxation and tax policies but there's one other thing that characterizes these people that the Shogunate really focuses in on their K yeah most of them have been converted by Spanish and Portuguese missionaries to Catholicism so a majority rebels were Catholic now the tokugawa shogunate crush this rebellion but they're gonna change their policy and attitude towards foreigner they're going to blame this event on the fact that these foreign ideas from these from the Europeans Christianity have four the root cause of this rebellion essentially so they're gonna ban Christianity but even more than that what else are they gonna ban exactly so if I'm a Japanese person and I leave and come back I'm subject to punishment or death and if I'm a foreigner and I show up even if you don't know and you're in your cot you are subject to punishment in death as well if I go it was just death so starting um after the Shimabara rebellion I think by thirty sixteen thirteen I was finalized we have an era thirty-nine known as seppuku that's gonna last all the way until 1853 when the United States ends their isolation by force so for about two hundred years the Japanese are closed off to pretty much everybody except for one group who stuck strictly to trade and didn't really try to interfere with them in their culture I know the Dutch although they do trade a little bit to China for Chinese still but the Dutch are the major trade partners that they're gonna allow on it like two or three ports they come in as long as they don't do any missionary work the Dutch recalled that there's like whatever will take some money so sakoku is this Japanese isolation era and the Japanese unfortunately chose one of the worst times to isolate themselves from the world because this is right the same time roughly when the Europeans are gonna make all kinds of innovations and discoveries so Japan and two centuries is gonna fall incredibly far behind of the West in Europe they're gonna have the Scientific Revolution and develop all kinds of crazy new technologies and ideas and the Japanese were so gonna be sitting on Japan with their samurai swords essentially so the years later when the u.s. shows up and says hey we're gonna trade with you because we want your money and the Japanese want to say no they can't because they don't have any of the gunpowder weapons that they would need to to stop the United States so that's going to be major events in Japanese and world history and it's going to lead to World War two which will at least in Asia which we'll talk about later in the year so any question what the tokugawa shogunate so these are all them unified Japan or central government Kayson prosperity but after the Shimabara rebellion which they blamed on Christianity they're gonna shut themselves off from foreigners and foreign ideas and they chose the wrong time to do it because the rest of the world's gonna be advancing especially in Europe quite quickly alright we got that all right cool let's do Russia and the Qin Dynasty and maybe the process information Russia super quick you guys so what was the empire out of central asia that controlled this region in the 1300s yeah the Mongols the Golden Horde however by the 1400s or so or the 1340s the Golden Horde is gonna weaken and these and Slavic peoples are going to chase them back out so golden hordes will be out and temporarily we have the people of that where they've given Roose so if Kiev Novgorod and most Kavi are the three major areas or territories that emerge or reimburse all right so I got Kiev I've got no garage and I've got Muscovy so who is going to in the 1500s conquer the rest and incorporate them into a what is the first Russian state or like a Russian Empire what Muscovy yeah but what leader you're right it's gonna be mostly be the desert which capital is Moscow but who's the person that does that yeah I'm the third who does later knows Ivan the great I've been the third great in the 16th century under the exact you least at 15 20s but don't quote me he's going to conquer Novgorod take almost all of their territory and eventually take parts of Kiev that actually Falls later but he does unite what type of people not all slavic people there's many of the slogs what type of Slav today unite for the most part almost all of the ruse the ruse people the Russians yes so he crowns himself czar or Emperor of the roofs and this is what we have as the first Russian state and Russia is only gonna expand from this point on for the most part all right cool so that was good lucky he got the name Ivan the great because he did so well how about his son I've been terrible yeah I'm in the fourth or the terrible not as awesome alright so what were these Nobles that had a lot of Independence and power in this area before it was sort of taken over and centralized by or at least started to be centralized by the bazaars we're yeah so I had a lot of Russian Nobles known as boyars who had a lot of Independence and political power however I mean the fourths goal was to increase his personal power and centralize the Russian state or at least started anyway so one of the things he did was he stripped these guys of their land and titles at least in in half of the territory that was his and how do they gonna feel about that one yeah I was willing to do about it just gonna sit back and like ah sucks now they're gonna they're gonna try to muster up some resistance to this so unfortunately them they're dealing with a paranoid psychopath and I even the fourth and these boyars who are gonna try to resist his land reforms because they like I said they lost a lot of their land became his private stuff so they're gonna resist but unfortunately for them they're gonna be crushed not only militaristically but he's actually gonna send a what it's kind of like a secret police force out to apprehend and kind of destroy this entire class at least in his area what was the name of that phase or that sort of secret police force that did that ya know Pacino if we're even saying that right and the I guess a miniature era or time in which they were terrorizing people was none of the Oprah Tina Turner so there's the secret police and that's how we got a nickname by the way because he would confiscate them take their land and then torture and kill them essentially not all of them but a lot of them enough to really terrify everybody especially the people in Novgorod he would go after them particularly with particular to nasties the upper Tina terror all right so that the darker I came to say dark history of Russia because Russia's history is almost entirely dark but we have a more of a bright spot in the late 1600s and early 1700s with a new ruler who's gonna expand make some reforms that are a little dark and sinister at some points but um there overall they're gonna be beneficial yeah I feel great and he was a fanboy of who I think it's 1786 are sixteen eight sixteen seventeen all right uh so some reforms he's gonna make he's gonna try to what's this like before centralized but he's gonna enhance the power of the monarch he's gonna pants on our power just like Louie did and he's also going to try to westernize them so he's gonna try to copy some of the tactics Western Europeans are using so what does he try to do with the economy in Russia exactly he tries to form a maritime Empire with colonies and trade it's too late for that though because pretty much Europe's claimed all the land that can be claimed at that time before their technology to go into the rainforests and take over other empires so where does he try to build this new city to make this you know new trade city in capital so he builds st. Petersburg on a swamp literally lots of people have died constructing that bad boy st. Petersburg he tends to become a maritime Empire or make Russia a maritime Empire alright and that's trade but they can't because like I said it's pretty much all claimed at least the territory that can be claimed at the time by either Spain or Portugal England Netherlands or France so what does Russia have to resort to as far as expansion because they can't really do it over over the seas how do they do it yeah exactly so they're gonna expand into Asia into Central and East Asia nice okay um did she tell you what they did with yeah what he did with the nobles yeah so he kind of went along with Lulu did a better job of it but he basically forced them all to move around him and use them in the military government kind of like Louie do so I would say he controlled the nobility excellent there was one problem though it's really expensive to build an entire city oh and his palace too which is he was trying to copy Versailles what was the name of his palace yeah what's your palace well this is very expensive requires a lot of labour so if a government gonna buy something like this and pay for it who where's the money coming from yeah the peasants they they increase what to get it axis so a lot of these peasants don't like the overcrowding and the over taxation so what do these peasants end up doing okay cool so we had the Empire of Russia beginning and they're gonna expand even without Peter but with Peter they're gonna expand even more they get into Central Asia they get into you on East Asia and of course these predicates say well screw this area with all of its taxes and its overcrowding and they're going to start settling these Russian peasants on the frontier in Central Asia by the military forts and things like that for the cool so that's Russia and that's how we these Russia during period - all right tried entering period - we start with which dynasty main nice they're the ones that kick out the Mongols in 1368 I'm not sure that's exactly 1644 they do rather well initially they continue the maritime trading and the tribute system and they even send a large naval force and training force around the Indian Ocean all the way into Africa led by yeah so there's a lot of maritime trade and voyages the beginning and Zheng Hawes expeditions in example one comes back with a lot of a lot of exotic Goods it gets all the weight as far as I know to be a Swahili coast and it goes bad but the mean is gonna focus on something else what are they worried about happening again yeah or just pastoralists in general even if even if the mongols can't organize themselves they're worried about this northern frontier so here's the me they're worried about this northern frontier where they've had a lot of troubles with pastoral tribes at for Mongols young you etc so they focus a lot on bolstering their defenses up here with soldiers and walls and fortresses and where do they take that money from I know that I know they raise taxes need the silver only tax the like what are they instead of using these you everybody for this instead of what what do they what do they Nick collect and go away from yes exactly they basically look there may be brought into nothingness and they emphasize trade and they focus on on northern defense and then neglect maritime trade alright how does that work out for him a the whole silver tax taboc or silver Tax Policy debacle their economy takes a hit they're not going to make you money off of building defenses that's just going to protect them so they don't have income as much income coming in for trade and these the vulnerable to invaders from where yeah my name on Syria which is also the north so good thing there those offenses that they just wrote around and these mantra invaders the dynasty they begin in 1644 is known as what King yeah these are in Charita Mont you invaders different after the group all right so they take over and they're actually going to expand the the Ching dynasty the Chinese by quite a bit they're going to stay in the south a little bit they're finally gonna conquer this Himalayan Empire that's always giving the trouble that yeah there get back into Central Asia and they incorporate their own area name Korea and China is gonna become as big the biggest it will ever it has ever been alright they're going to add a lot of territory a lot of territory and that's always trouble and who was one example of a great emperor who lived a long time and helped expand China's borders quite a bit under the tongue yeah her Kangxi what else did he do that demonstrated his power and authority portraits what kind of portraits many portraits life-science portraits right that's like a theme back then his monarchs try to show up powerful they were by paying for these ridiculous projects or art pieces so the Ottoman Empire we have those miniature paintings in China here we have life-size portraits in what did like Peter the Great and blue the 14th two palaces right so they would dump all this money this to demonstrate their power life-sized portraits okay and the charity do very well up until Period three in world history and they're gonna suffer at the hands of the Europeans and there are new technologies and imperial power but how badly are these Manchu people count numbered by the Han Chinese which again are this ethnic group here yeah about ten to one so they're gonna have to be a pretty strict to keep control of them and honor the native changes there but there's a couple things they like about the Han civilization in China it's it's lasted a long time probably longer than consistently longer than any other civilization in the world what are the what's one of the things that they end up keeping yeah why do they like neo-confucian isn't so much yeah it really had a good model an East Asian model anyway for maintaining social harmony so there's a lot less rebellions and there's a lot more stability than in most places in the world which is one of the reason why Hines lasted so long all right cool but of course knew commuted Confucianism is rather oppressive as far as regarding women anyway see like we do Confucianism what else do they keep yeah it's that examination system confused examination system and what what is this examination system what's it for why would I do it uh-huh so you would have to study basically your whole life for many years anyway yeah and then you take test you pass it you can spy in the government yep eligibles do exactly so but why do I there's tons of people I have a government job right now like technically like why don't why don't we not care about government jobs as much here but they care about them so much at least in China at the time what about yeah the government officials had the most power and wealth for the most part in China photography they didn't value merchants over there Europeans value independently wealthy merchant class people right in East Asia especially in China they don't value them they see them as people making money off of others they value people that maintain a power and authority and harmony so that's like the pinnacle of training society is to get into the government so that's why if people dedicated the majority of their at least young lives to do it all right so that's the something kept what are the policies they implement though that are kind of oppressive that one is interest rate oppressive and an attempt to kind of control and prevent their race from being sort of read out between him exactly between Han and Mancha like I told you earlier even though it's not illegal as far as I know in China currently they still don't condone marriage between the two ethnic groups it's one of those things like it'd be like if it was like 1830 and you're in the south and you were like a white person that black person I got married like your families are probably disowned you and that's sort of the situation that some families in China experience like I told you about my college professor who had that exact scenario her family disowned her cuz she married a mountain launch new person she's on Chinese so that sort of racism continues today over there all right what else they do that was a pressive as a means to control and subjugate the Han people yep before they shaved in front of it and you have the the braided ponytail thing in the back and they were required punishable by imprisonment or death depending on the severity so they of course require Q hairstyle or all men cool all right so I will cover the process of information when we do the scientific relation next week adios all right so for our information and seismic revolution so cross some information all right so why do I have a bunch of old Christian texts like from st. Augustine and some of the Scriptures is lost are the other classical knowledge yeah there we go so we got back from the Crusades lots of info from Crusades and we talked about this the Renaissance it's the same stuff what did their trade network brought some stuff in between the full around the twelve and thirteen hundred yeah Silk Road before it get shut down again and then of course Venice another traders with the air caliphates as well that's ringing the Train and that's ringing all right cool so that information comes back we get skepticism again we get a lot of old secular thinking that was the Renaissance stuff but regarding religion we're going to have like I said some of those classical Christian texts like st. Augustine when the early Christian writers and the gospel from the disciples so we've got Scripture st. Augustine writings are all coming back all right before I talk about how that's impacting things over there are in Europe how how are things set up in Europe just before and as these are coming in and what I mean by that is who's got access to the scripture or the Bible and how okay how nice Catholic Church is gonna be the ones that control information essentially info regarding Christianity and let's not forget that they don't have it in every language they only have it in depending where you are Greek or Hebrew or Latin most of Latin as far as like their documentation goes so they've got their own documentation they make they've got some of the old texts in their original languages and who who has the who's the authority in under the Catholic system who's their authority regarding like how to go to heaven how to be a Christian all those things yeah so the church itself so would you say it's the documents or the organization organization yeah okay cool so they are considered the authority of spiritual life that means Ethel is perfect that means they're the ones that determine what you're supposed to do to go to heaven and the details as far as how to get there or get out of purgatory and not go to hell and how you should confess and how often and all of the festivals and holidays you should realize and one you shouldn't shouldn't eat fish all that stuff they're the ones that are going to determine that because again as many people don't find out almost none of that stuff is actually in these documents all right it's mostly created by the Catholic Church across you know centuries different councils and Pope's etc all right so they're the authority of spiritual life and they have some some corrupt practices are in place and they're actually it's not like they're doing them you know behind closed doors like they're doing them out in the open like some of these are official policies so what are three examples well there are three examples tell me give me one and explain it as well that some of these reformers like Luther are gonna start complaining about so just one and explain it where you buy you wait oh yeah we're out of purgatory quicker Janna ago indulgences so that's kind of like selling the salvation all right I don't know second it was you nepotism which is yeah instead of a mania based on merit or who should have been based on the time committed to etc they're giving it off to a family members all right that's clearly a corrupt practice yeah also probably been more corrupt it's simony or at least a scrub that's where they're just selling the offices to the highest bidder instead of basing it on their spirituality or history in the church or experience anything like that alright so definitely we're gonna have some people complaining about that unfortunately for those that complained before the 15th century it was not easy to get their ideas out can we think of an example of someone that may have protested and then ended up paying the ultimate price for that you know who is from the Czech Republic bohemian what's now the Czech Republic yon host tried this in the 1300s but there was no way to disseminate the information there's a guy named John wood cliff and England he's pretty far away from the Catholic Church as far as the Pope goes he was able to not be pursued but yon who's got me got the steak burned to the stake as far as I know I think his birth the state regardless who's killed alright um so as a heretic what's gonna change this though what's gonna allow later critics of the church to distribute their information before the church can like silence them and all their ideas to spread it become popular yeah the printing press is gonna really change the dynamic here alright so there's a particularly in a particular month who has gotten access to some of these original documents he's reading them and he realizes some of the inconsistencies things weren't Luther you guys all know that like 30 hands up so Martin Luther he's gonna write a document and nail it on the door of the Wittenberg Castle in church and I wonder what the name is document is and what is it exactly I'll have two hands one down you're looking but I would accept it yeah that's kind of like 95 problems he has with the Catholic Church at the time all right he probably talked more but he did the 95 so Luther in 1517 is kind of like the unofficial or even official beginning of the Protestant Reformation gonna have a 95 feet seats okay and so what are some of his criticisms then of Martin Luther he's a monk again a German monk I think is from Saks and he don't quote me but uh drunk and he's going to somebody fell I guess in the other room used to be a German bunker and he's in a protest the Catholic Church what I want to know is what are some of the problems he had with his Catholic Church how so yes so he was upset that so many of the original writings were being either ignored or not written over but being added to and he didn't feel like they were in line with the fundamental values that are being presented in the earlier scriptures which is you know more about like forgiveness and mercy and missionary work etc the church had really turned away from that in the medieval in the Middle Ages and he pointed out some of the most I guess they pointed examples where they're really diverging from fundamental Christian theology or believed all right cool so he writes this and he's gonna go to debate them the Catholic Church where they eventually plan to kill him but his buddy from Frederick the electorate tips him off and they get out of there what was this meeting where was it at the day of yeah diet have warrants absolutely so he has debate you kind of stumped some on a few things and then he gets out of there after the advice from his friend Fred 50 Lecter and they're going to send them off and protect him so what's going to happen to Kapil what's going to happen is we'll talk more about this when we get to AP euro but the Catholic Church is gonna have a separate meeting by themselves that's called the Council of Trent yeah you're gonna write that down but I do want to set the context a little bit so the Catholics don't just ignore this it's all y'all we got away I guess that's it no they're like they basically said well this ideas are spread now so we should at least talk about them and see if he's right so they had this meeting it was and I'm not joking it was a 20-year meeting it wasn't like one single sitting obviously but they talked about this stuff off and on you know in the summer and spring when they'd meet for almost 20 years this Council of Trent and well they really talked about genuinely is this guy right are some of these things incorrect are we you know diverging from traditional Christianity are we in the wrong and after 20 years of debate and discussion they decided that no they were not wrong they were writing across the board I'm not joking that's actually what happened they rejected all Protestant claims and they are going to the resolve is to be is to oppose and eliminate Protestants as heretics all right so this kind of sets off this era of religious war that we're talking about starting like the mid 16th century we'll get more into that when we get to AP euro but one of the examples of a large-scale religious war at least one that start out that way was well it sounds like you guys know long hands up yeah thirty years war okay well I'm actually a little head there I just want to tell you that side story that helps to kind of make sense about the Catholic Church's position regarding Protestants so they actually talked about for a while and then they're like we know we're right so Luther's main problem we had many problems with the Catholic Church one of the main ones was he felt that the Catholics had made a bunch of stuff up that's what he believed and his followers also believe that and there was a lot of his followers were predominately in northern and western Germany he had a lot also in the Scandinavian region when it got there the Netherlands also liked Protestant ideology not from Luther from a guy named Calvin but very close some people are in France also and the English and Scottish later are all going to would be like at least the idea of Protestantism they at least gonna reject the Catholic Church so again the Catholic Church they believe that the people that or the entity that determines how you get to heaven is I can remind you what do they believe is the one that does that the church themselves right they think the Catholic Church do to the Pope and the Cardinals they can make changes to Christian theology all right kind of like a caliph can't like we talked about with the Muslim Caliphate so this problem is the Church believes that the authority is of course going to be then they believe that the authority is the church itself that can make and change things that will they believe that the Pope is like the messenger or Jesus incarnate on Io exactly their their particular view on it but he is somehow either linked to communicate or know or be the representative God on her something along those lines my Catholics I'm not exactly sure but he has some sort of divine connection or representation all right so they can make those changes who does Luther though the original Protestant believe is or what is the authority regarding how they should be or act as Christians yeah people leaves that it's scripture alone as Authority meaning in fact that you somebody tell me what the hell that means yeah exactly so if I want to know what to do I'm supposed to read the Bible in the scriptures st. Augustine cetera and I'm supposed to gather my own meaning from that and the only thing I really need to go to heaven is faith in Jesus or the Trinity or however you phrase it but it's really just faith you don't even like works like not eat fish on this day and go to this festival and have this holiday and pray this many times and confess to this priest he says no that's required you just gotta have faith and try to be a Christian and base your life on how you think the scripture is laid out all right so I had a question yesterday about like what does Lutheranism then because this is Protestantism all right so Protestantism rejects the Catholic Church's authority and they believe sushma Protestants they think that scripture is authority so what we're gonna find out happens immediately is this is not going to be a unified group all right so just tell me what do you think might happen if you give millions of people Scripture and you say read it yourself and see what it means are they all gonna interpret it the same No so immediately we're going to have this Protestant movement fragments very quickly so you've got a bunch of followers that believe what Luther believes but you also have people that believe other things you have Calvinists who follow John Calvin's news you have swingley ins who believe in order big leap leads and there's all kinds of people that come up with new ideas and some of them are you persecuted like I know one of the radical controversial views back then was you shouldn't baptize children you should wait to they're adults and they can choose it and people did not like that idea back then they were called Anabaptists and they were they were heavily persecuted across Europe but regardless what I want you to know is if you think that you're supposed to interpret the Bible to get your meaning people are gonna have lots of different interpretations of that exact same text so very quickly we don't have one single Protestant movement we have a bunch of different denominations and if you know any of you have Protestantism if you look at the list of dominations it's like practical length of Bible just the list of the names of them like Baptists and Methodists and I'm trying on names here already Quakers and Lutheran's and evangelicals and all it just goes it's a huge list so that's what's going to happen with the process is going to frag them but they do have to unify cuz again Spain and other Catholic states are coming after them pretty quickly after the Council of Trent they decide we've got a reunify year up and get rid of these heretics so that's when the lead to all these religious wars that we'll talk a lot more about in AP hero but you know one of them 30 years wars example one what else I want to say about this Oh what it does with language so how does this whole printing press thing helped develop language there we go okay cool so he kind of standardized his German much like Shakespeare helps to do in English and Cervantes helps to do in Spanish Luther is going to help he just going to really develop a common way of speaking in German grammatically he's gonna develop vernacular journey and how does he do that involves a printing press obviously but what's he gonna what I already kind of said it how do people read the Bible before or any documentation they pretty much couldn't it was limited to clergy like I said in some cases they literally had one Bible or set of documents chained to the church itself so you couldn't take it it was often in a language like Latin or Greek or Hebrew so you couldn't read it anyway but Luther says his crew that and he goes through I don't even know how long it took him and he translate the entire tired of the Bible in the scriptures from in its various source languages into German which takes a long time and then uses the printing press to mass distribute that so that does two things number one again it gives you kind of a standard form of German that everyone begins to recognize and use but also now who knows his ideas so this Protestantism thing spreads like wildfire throughout Europe so yes it helps to develop vernacular German when he wrote a German wrote the Bible and translate it into the German language and then spread it out and of course everybody else can follow suit too English does it then French does it and now it's an unknown language by like probably I mean languages are there any there's several thousand so I'm sure I'm sure it's up there all right whatever it actually is all right that's pretty much what when you know about the process of information in this class so it's gonna cause a major split in Europe it's gonna be driven largely by this printing press and the efforts of Luther and a translations that he does it's gonna develop German and it's going to start a lot of religious conflicts that are gonna devastate Europe for a long time all right all the way to 1648 when France decides that let's not do about religion anymore let's just focus on expanding our state all right any question about that all right this is why it's connected to scientific revolutions like why is this connect to Scientific Revolution this is why all right Catholics are very very very controlling at least they were than anymore in the Middle Ages they were very controlling when it came to information so if you ever said anything that went against what they said was official you were considered a heretic and you could be burned at the stake or killed for it and you're like okay yeah yeah if you're like saying stuff about seat or whatever yeah okay they're not saying stuff about Satan though are saying don't be Christian they're just saying things like the earth might be round or we might not be the center of the universe we might be orbiting around the Sun actually that kind of stuff could potentially get you killed why would they want to kill you that sounds a little ridiculous just pointing out that we might revolve around the Sun why would that be wrong Bruce yeah what belief yeah exactly it's breaking away from what the church thinks says the official doctrine laid out by them and God right so it's like you're disagreeing with God to them all right and to them that's a that's punishable and maybe not it's a sort of a death but certainly punishable a punishable offense so that's going to be very limiting throughout the Middle Ages this is one of the reasons along guilds that controlled wages and techniques and things like that the guilds and the Catholic Church and instability are gonna be three major factors that basically keep Europe on a flat line as far as development goes for like move almost a thousand years probably a thousand years however what's gonna break them from this partially is first of all the influx of this information right the return of skepticism and secular thought and Greek science and all that but not just that this Protestant Reformation also contributes heavily why might the process and Reformation heavily contribute I think about this I haven't told you this yet if they're controlling information why would this Protestant Reformation help spur a scientific revolution because actually comes after I mean they're actually overlap a little if it's more in India after portion that it does okay and forcing okay like what are the processes are different so okay Catholics are out and in their regions but uh why does that necessarily mean those that are start inventing things yeah they weren't is controlling regarding information now I'm not saying that no Catholics thought of anything like Copernicus thought of his stuff before the Protestant Reformation Galileo was Catholic too although he was punished for his ideas he was put under house arrest he was all he literally went depression almost suicidal depression depression but a lot of the later discoveries and innovations are going to come out of the Protestant areas and if not cos Protestants are superior or better or whatever but one thing they do in their the states they have control of is they don't care as much about you refuting the Bible so if you want to say hey the Bible might be wrong about this thing or the church might be wrong about this thing they're not good by chaotic and then you know try to stomp you out they're going to hear you out and if you're right you know more they're more likely to go along with it so what Protestantism does in these regions is it's going to allow new ideas that contradict some of the old Catholic ideas it's not gonna just stomp them out it's gonna let them develop and continue all right so a combination between these ideas returning from the Middle East North Africa along with more relaxed policies towards a new information are going to allow a lot of these scientific revolution thinkers to continue developing new ideas all right without having to worry about being punished by the church or put under house arrest or burned at the stake in heretic because I mean I tell you what the Illuminati was I don't do water was no it's not random it's totally linked to this so alright you know every you high scores in Illuminati man so like and and celebrities too because they're so smart everyone's all caught up in the Illuminati and their mystique and what are they no they control things like no you're gonna be sadly disappointed when you find out the Illuminati are the Illuminati are a bunch of people there basically nerds that liked math and science but couldn't talk about it because somebody would punish them who would go after them to punish them for talk about scientific ideas Catholic Church said have to meet in secret to talk about things that you might consider maybe you guys don't serve boring but they would they would literally meet to talk about ideas about the universe of mathematics and science that was it it was a secret science club you're welcome I'm happy to destroy your your dreams of an audience because they have a lot of they have a lot of cryptic symbol you know but most of its gonna be based on symmetry I mean the case I've seen their civil supports like the eyes and like the ruler and then the the other shape that I can remember no it's on the triangle something else freemason yeah the freemason minute yeah but they're at the point is they make all these plays at symmetry and angles and things like that they're they're trying to be clever it worked well but it's not like they have like billions of dollars and they control the political leaders of the world and all this crap that's just not true it's originally a bunch of nerds that would meet to talk about science and math and secret is it a secret science club that's what it was secret science club all right cool obviously it's changed a bit but it's that's what it is really all right now more so means people that go against mainstream thought but regardless that was its origins and that - the Illuminati are and were okay what was I saying oh it's a deep revolution so here in the 17th century there are some ideas that precede this Copernicus preceded this and Caleo precedes us but it really takes off the 17th century as far as innovation goes we'll just say fifteen yeah whatever the seventeenth-century you'd be 18 it's kind of hard to put a date on this because the people that have these ideas are really spread out but to give you kind of an idea there's a little overlap with the Renaissance and with the proximate information and it goes a little further than both of them all right but it's gonna start with the Copernicus and he's the first one to really question at least have a good argument for why be we might not be the center of the universe right so it used to be a geocentric model meaning we all believe the Catholic Church believed and enforced the idea that where the senate universe because they believe the bible said so or whatever and anyone who said otherwise could be deemed a heretic so this guy said otherwise but didn't just say it he had some evidence for it right he observed stars he tracked their movement and he noticed that well they would act a certain way if they were orbiting us there would be a specific pattern you could notice all right but he noticed that pattern did not line up with what he actually observed did not line up with what their pattern should be like if they are circling us they should be trackable and in a certain pattern but he noticed that they were not alright and so using mathematics I don't understand and observation he determined that it looks like based on the patterns of the the stars in the sky and the Sun that we are the ones that are actually orbiting the Sun so he's be the one to develop and again his argument was excellent he's gonna be the one that develops the heliocentric model and again the important thing is he didn't just base it on I think this is what it is I just feel it like this into that garbage that intuition judgment garbage it's know he based on observation of mathematics and logic which is the fundamental principles of the Scientific Revolution so you're basing knowledge not on how you feel or what old person or dead person said it you're basing it on can we prove it can we observe it can be tested can we use mathematics to show that it's true so using experimentation observation math or just general logic that's going to be considered the source of knowledge so again I don't care if Aristotle senator Socrates or told me or your grandpa said it doesn't matter if you can't prove it it doesn't mean it's true all right and proving it means I should be able to observe it experience it test it purple with mathematics or logic all right and now they're going to largely start that okay do I hit that record on that No thank God all righty so Hugh isn't your model who's gonna come along later though and take us how let's go and refine it to the point that it can see so well over the sky that he's able to confirm that even though he's a Catholic and he doesn't want to be right that he is right and that Copernicus is also right Galileo yeah among the many things he does he refines the telescope and he's not necessarily trying to prove Copernicus right but he's just curious he's like this is this guy right like is that actually how it works so he refines the Telescope observes the Stars up close he even has some of his assistants go blind looking at the Sun and yeah I think I think their vision came back but I do know that they definitely at the very least temporarily went blind and they also saw to something they didn't think was possible ever they thought that all stars in the Sun etc were perfect like they were the heavens and they were perfectly symmetrical and blemish-free but they actually found in spots on the Sun dark spots which indicated imperfection that's another good Catholic Church did life you're like what is that you but he's gonna find out that yes he's gonna confirm Copernicus he's a find some other things out he's going to also find that not all celestial bodies meaningly I think you can see in space or the sky that's not in the atmosphere all celestial bodies are not perfect not all Schloss turbines are perfect so he finds miss shapen moons or covet these people after finding his shape and moons and rockets and sun spots and all kinds of stuff new planets they didn't know existed if we can see further now so a lot of discoveries are going to uh be surfaced are going to appear because of his observation all right so that's Galileo there's actually what I think he does too he disproves Aristotle who who asserted that heavier things fall faster than lighter things not even inertia actually crap it's just gravity so uh a bad test would be if I took a marker and a paper I'm like look look this markers have in the paper and look all you can show you guys oh my gosh which one's hit the ground first the marker does all right so therefore we can assert that heavier objects fall faster no there's a couple factors here so if I use a light novel object somebody said it air resistance accession to slow it down so it makes it seem like it's falling slower but if you took out the air which they can't do back then eventually they can make vacuum tubes they can see like you can if you guys are like the little kids science experiment put the feather and the penny and the vet to when you sucked the air out of it you like this they fall exactly the same speed those are gonna prove it but he does it before that too he takes a heavy rock and a tiny rock so that should work then if that if that's true that lighter objects fall slower then a small light rock should fall slower than a large heavy rock so goes to the the top of Tower of Pisa goes the edge has but people observe take some of the tower drop some boom just one day guess which one hits the ground first at the same time there's no difference so once you can eliminate the air resistance base the density object they show that there's no actual difference in the dropping speed so he immediately is gonna start disproving things like that as well so he just proves aerosols air and gravity and that's just a few of the things that get started here with this scientific revolution but they need other examples in the notes to cart to cart was any besides the cart was there new okay so well we're bringing a little stir on time somebody these ones kind of quickly to carts and Newton Newton's a badass by the way although he's a weirdo so he he was one of the smartest people ever to walk to face dear he did some of the hardest stuff ever it's really hard to create ideas that no one's ever thought of before that are actually viable and make the world better he did it with several things he didn't quite he invented calculus to think about things more thoroughly and differently so that you could actually figure out a lot of the things about gravity like he's starting he's won that like calculated gravity and they still use his formulas you know hundreds of years later cuz he was so spot-on he is putting me the one that event invents several things and he's making fun discovery but light he's gonna find the formulas for gravity invents calculus some of you're like damn it but calculus wouldn't have a lot of technology to have without calculus was he also yeah Apple of gravity he's gonna figure out several universal laws and these are the things that we still use today in space at NASA and SpaceX now this guy's they use his numbers and his formulas to calculate these things he's a figure out universal laws means that there are certain things that you can figure out based on your time and location Einsteins gonna blow this up later we'll talk about that later in class but at the time on earth they figured out a lot of truisms about how you can figure out how bassam's and fall or accelerate movement and all these things so he's gonna develop several universal laws that we still use to determine how to send satellites into orbit rocket ship and missiles and cars and all kinds of stuff and that's gonna be largely because of this guy all right and the decart really quickly is he's kind of based on logic here he's going to be one who's sort of masters or at least codifies deductive reasoning so he's one that is gonna be able to develop a system of thought that is able to prove things based on simple logic so how do you know something is true you kind of like reverse engineer it so what he would do was he actually reverse engineered all the way to be only thing even actually know for sure so here's an example he wanted to think about the most fundamental thing that he knows as true alright so he started doing this one day and he kept finding reasons to doubt everything he's like how do I know the tables there I can feel it I can see it I can you know hear it something lands on it I can taste it or touch it I could probably smell it too but what's the problem with all those things okay how do I know that I'm not hallucinating how do I know that I'm not dreaming do I are you reading right now [Music] how do you know you're not dreaming what if what if what if what if I'm standing here in an empty classroom and it shuts down school I'm talking to nobody well I mind you're all here how would I know you guys are like oh no do I exist I do and he actually figured out this is the one thing he figured out he was very troubled by this because he realized that everything can be basically hallucinate or your senses can be deceived so you can miss see things see things that aren't there hear things that aren't there you know taste of all those can be fooled right you don't know if you're dreaming you could be loosening from something else I mean when you're in your garden back then you accidentally grab some of those mushrooms and then now you're now you're seeing things that aren't there for sure so his assertion was I don't know if anything's real like I don't know if you're real you could be a figment of my imagination I have no idea there's only one thing I can action in fact I you know this is my body like what if I'm like I said dreaming or hallucinating or like my mind sucked up to a computer somewhere and I'm Anna totally different body this is the projection that's given to my brain from this computer program like there's all kinds of like things that could possibly be true like the whole matrix thing but there's one thing that he found out he deduced they knows for sure now I don't know this about any of you but he doesn't know this about any of you he knows this about himself he knows he does exist he doesn't know if he exists here is enough this is his body but he's independently thinking he has a consciousness alright so whether or not these are our bodies that was his body or this is actual reality or whatever I'm an independent thinker and I can have thoughts so that means that somebody else isn't controlling that right my thoughts can only really come from me so the fact that I'm independent and unconscious of my existence and I'm thinking about it and I have thoughts that it very least means that somewhere probably here but somewhere I exist all right and that's what deduction is so it's like going back as far as you can about what you know is absolutely true all right and he went back as far as existence and that was the only thing he said he could actually know for sure was that he existed because he could think he had independent creative thoughts all right that's deductive reason anyways so uh have fun with that Pandora's box of thought questioning reality or not and all that if your parents are your parents and all that so come take a quick break all right black two weeks ago gunpowder empires or you did I wasn't here the Muslim gunfire empires as well as centralization resistance to that centralization from governments and indigenous people so for my three gunpowder empires autumn an ottoman suffered salvan no Mughal yeah alright which one was in India which one was in the like last Persian dynasty yeah and I over here okay so let's do out of them first all right on that's been around for a while they used to be an emery in the pool was the seljuq empire after the Mongols came in and they're the ones that conquered the rest of the Turks and sort of started the Ottoman Empire I think those back as far as 1199 but we'll start them from when they will just say that's one let's say loved 99 even though they weren't large yet all the ways will 1922 s this is a Lhari long-duration a very and if our last a long time so Ottoman Empire alright so they're Turks they are what type what religion specifically that's important because they're gonna be at all its conflicting with a neighboring Shia Empire nice okay ruled by a I'm not sure they considered some scallops but who they're Sultan's okay cool goodbye Sultan there are quite a few great Ottoman Sultans but what was the one that expanded them the most and got the farthest into Europe or being stopped at Vienna yeah he's the guy with the onion hat you ever seen the picture so he was around in the 16th century and there was two points where the Ottoman Empire was like at their largest I think 1683 was technical artist but both times they were stopped by a Christian Coalition in Vienna in 1550 exactly thanks 1529 in 1683 so they're going to stop there but they're going to cease quite a bit of territory and they are going to be rewarded by the Catholic forces of Vienna twice and they also get our thwarted on the oceans in the Mediterranean near Greece too or is that from Lepanto yeah so stopped as far as Europe goes anyway stopped at Vienna times two and in Lepanto as far as alright cool so uh but they're gonna be a major threat to Europe for a long time but they're not just fighting Europeans they're also fighting on the Eastern Front were they fighting on the Eastern Front so the south of it right and why are they fighting these top of it we're also Muslims yeah versus the Shia stop a bit Empire and what do we call that a series of conflicts that goes on all for 200 years and depletes both empires substantially of people and resources yeah exactly and that's gonna be like I said roughly two centuries long on an officer's and complex some back and forth I think the ottomans usually had got the better end of it but there's a few times it's soft but definitely had some victories and pushed into some of their territory - so the Ottoman Safavid conflicts and those are going on - 1500s and the 1700 s okay the real struggle is the fact that they are different versions of Islam and of course they're still fighting for territory for political and economic power alright cool that's basically the expanded came to be one of the greatest rulers what about in the Ottoman Empire though how do they treat Christians don't you give me a descriptor like good or bad like tell me exactly what they're doing watching you before you even ask that what are they doing that other Muslim states used to do as far as like the old caliphates and things like that yep yep so they still had that doozy attacks and dimmi status which again is that second-class status and tax or being a non Muslim Christian or a Jew right so that is going to be maintained from the previous Muslim states the caliphate what's the different one though this is the one that gets them their most they obviously are Imperial that means they conquer and destroy other peoples and nations and incorporate them but this is probably one of their most obvious human rights violations one that you might paint them as the bad guy pretty clearly in this one so what are they doing to Christians specifically in this Balkan region which is their most troublesome region these are the people that are the least happy to be controlled yeah it's the blood tax right the dempster may your dinner also knows the blood tax this is somebody tell me what that is this terrible terrible practice think it's a lot- well gets a lot of criticism and rightfully so yeah it's almost like a human tax when they before the age of 8 they come into these Christian areas and they take their sons and what do they do with their son something not all some lorem you castrate yeah so the harem guards which is looking like the the female government official royal family wives and children they're gonna be in the harem protected by castrated guards yeah not all over castrated though yes that does happen to some yeah what does that group of fighters called though genitive Janissaries right so they're gonna take a a your old Christian boys do they've even Christian now they converted to Islam but by force and they are going to make a an elite military unit there's the Janissaries all right and these Janissaries what's the purpose of these why would I why would I be what is the purpose to obviously want to delete military you know like why are they forming this out of the blue because they are we were doing well militaristic way what's the purpose of this other than to keep the Christians from or to try to keep Christians from rising up against them why they are already willing to fight the south of it it's actually not so much to fight external powers is internal oh why why what's the point I know I wasn't even explained this to you but I see if you know defeat there we go so the Sultan is going to be of course challenged by a wealthy Tim ours or other nobles whether the Christian or Muslim could be terrific but it could be Christian regardless the Sultan wants a force that's oil just to him so that if these Tim ours or nobles or Christians try Gravelle they're not hopefully going to help them out they're going to be trained to be loyal just to the Sultan to maintain his power and they're gonna be the best most well equipped units to so their purpose was to protect Sultan versus internal not so much external internal struggles I mean it's not like they're not going to use them against foreign powers but they're more so there to keep people in the Empire straight all right cool we understand the blood taxes purpose noise next since we're to mention them anyway Safa bid Empire this one's the 15 years decision under the exact year 6 to 17 36 alright this is the last speaking square actually this is the last unified independent Persian Empire all right and we're to mention they are Shia Islam right Shia and this is going to form the modern day at any of which country Iran yeah Iran nice and who's it's not something that rules them who's gonna rule this dynasty the Shah right and that's not gonna fall until 1979 during the Iranian or Islamic Revolution because the Shah was financially supported by the United States and they did not like that so they kicked him out and started a Sharia law theocracy all right so Shah was demonic and uh they're gonna storm here in this central area of Persia region and they're gonna be embroiled caught up in this exact same conflict obviously because they're the other side of it during this zone this Ottoman Sultanate conflict and what's the impact of these conflicts on both empires we just wanna know like what it is gonna like its historical impact it depletes both of the resources yep and leaves them vulnerable to what or who that one do you who does it leave it one rule to they become imperialize by Western forces and honestly so do these guys as well just takes a little longer all right so you eventually have the British and Russians coming in and carving up this and you have many different European powers the French the British the Italians the Russians the Austrians all carving up the Ottoman Empire as the centuries go on so does anybody know by the way this is this is a head does any know the event or series of events that propels Europe far ahead of the rest of the world technologically and allows them to sort of take over the world at least for a period of time yeah industrialization right so first commercialization and industrialization then they start rolling out with a bunch of highly advanced technology cheaply so that all of them have it and they have a massive advantage for these other empires so that's gonna weaken them obviously and it's gonna get much easier for European powers against the sovereign Empire the British and Russians and against the Ottoman Empire pretty much everybody except for maybe Germany because they're a little late to a game carving them up so that's how those two are going to rise and fall and last with the Mogul levels all right then the 59th stage they're just bought on the exact years it's 26 257 87 all right this is gonna be the last independent Indian empire but they're not going to be Hindu they are what okay that's that's true we're talking about ethnicity their tutor kamongo but uh what religion Islam right there are an Islamic empire or Muslim state ah but what was the old empire that was there that was also Muslim that struggled to uh I guess coexist with the Indian population abilities yeah the Delhi Sultanate so what one of the moguls do that's so much better because they are a lot more cohesive yeah I realized that the duration of the Empire is about the same but they are marked by far less conflict yeah they're much more tolerant of the majority Hindu population all right in fact also they have a great system for making sure those local Indian Prince's and officials don't try to kick them out how do they keep them happy in fact how do they actually make their lives more powerful and enjoyable what does this system they set up along the central government to keep these local rulers happy and loyal yeah that's how you say yeah I was called Amador but it's a mean dark so zamindar's are local officials or princes most than hindu non-muslim but they were still loyal to the Mogul of central government even though they were Muslim and they were Turkic monk olek they're gonna be what why would they still be loyal to these guys what are they doing how are they how are they benefiting this was explaining about this sub or Julia actually to her still okay that's true but that's not gaining anything that's just keeping what you have how do they gain government position okay what's their role you guys have to know this this is like super important it's one of the major objectives of the AP world pretty one thanks yeah okay so the tax collectors essentially for the central government so these guys mostly Muslim earth turco muggles know what are they mostly a new rulers right so they're gonna be tax collectors or the moguls and they do get to keep their local authority alright so they're rewarded for this with property and money of their own so did their situation get better or worse it got better right so they more or less likely to cooperate with the central government right yeah more at least I hope you save more but like think about it you get to keep your religion you keep your local authority and you actually have more power and wealth does that sound like a good recipe for keeping them happy yeah it does right Delhi something was the opposite they lost power they lost their religion I mean they had to fight for centuries that made it a lot less cooperative okay and that's going to define larger this mobile empire that's gonna lead to a lot more stability and when things are more stable what tends to happen inside of these states chain rules yes the economies amount may get better just because my government is stable yeah you're not so worried about being invaded in or dying in defending your territory because there's laws and rules and people to enforce it you can focus more on your individual and family life and your career or whatever cuz I mean like that's how our lives are now you don't wake up thinking man I hope the person next to me and just kill me take my stuff and burn my house down like yeah it's a possibility but it's really rare because we have a series of laws and police force that would punish them for that so stability is gonna also increase economic growth now it's not quite the indian golden age like it was under the Gupta which actually I'm gonna talk about because it hacked an offering P world but it's still gonna be a good era for Indian culture however there's two main groups that are going to pick away and chisel away at this Empire until it's gone completely and owned by a company actually what are these two groups you probably know one of them at least yeah the British East India Company a charter company is going to through warfare diplomacy slowly take all the territory away from the moguls and later Maratha Confederacy it's the second one by the way and they're going to control what is now Bangladesh Pakistan and India as a company a charter company is going to control all of that which is pretty crazy actually so chiseled away I'm skull chiseled by the way missile away by British East India Company and a group of Hindu states in the West known as the Maratha Confederacy ah see I first formed about those in Age of Empires and no idea who they were but I learned about them I was 19 when I played video games so and then already building here like oh I know them for the video game all right so that's them any questions about the Muslim states real quickly how did the Ottoman Empire Sultan's demonstrate their power and authority how did they do it through a culture or architecture or art or however they did many portraits right and what about the Mughal Empire should I stay yeah good son yeah and Taj Mahal will be an example of what art architecture architecture grand architecture by the way - okay cool any course about the Muslim states all right sweet we're going to the good pace hopefully we do this in less than the two hours that we have a lot I think we can I want to alright so moving along one of the big themes in the de beber talk about Louie the fourteenth and Philip even like on the study hall or did you just talk about it with the tiny make sure I don't want to actually skim over this and skip it for YouTube oh yeah we didn't cover it in the study also I'll cover that real quick one of the major themes of is early modern era 1450 to 1750 is going to be increased power of the monarch and centralization except for one place actually - but one place is an exception right here and also the other ones too but those two places are going to be the exceptions to this centralization theme so centralization what does that mean exactly unified political entity yes so we're not talking like a bunch of like local fuel kingdoms or tiny empires or city-states we're talk about one single state that's unified under a one government in this case give me mostly monarchs all right so that's gonna be a major theme here so again not local rulers but a unified central authority and overwhelming majority that are gonna be monarchs in this case all right so ooh so the old feudal system actually it's still going the hierarchy we don't care what these right now talk to monarch is the monarch dependent on the nobles yes yes he is how is he or she a dependent on the nobles okay yeah so they're gonna get to be troops right when they when they're uh what do they call when they call for when they it's fuel to steer the term for the Allegiance there's a term for like when they call on them for a decanter what it is whatever it is when they call in for a they're supposed to send soldiers all right and then what else do they rely upon them for taxes so are people like dishing out money printed money in Europe at the time no not really what is most of their currency in the form of grains grains yes so that's a definitely the monarch has the authority but at any point that they want to they could just say no right and potentially ally against the monarch and overthrow them could that possibly happen yeah havin 20 times so a lot of the Monarchs of Europe don't like that idea so they're going to try to take some of that authority from the nobles and give it exclusively to them so things like the right to tax things like having a standing army loyal just to the monarch cannot spread amongst all the Lord's all right and that's going to greatly enhance their power so to monarchs in Europe so I talked about it outside of you know Oh kind of the Sultan to monarchs in Europe are going to start this process so who's my monarch in Spain who's my monarch in France Louie 14 philip ii yeah so who's in Spain which one is baby yeah alright and he's the 16th century and Louise the 17th century let's talk more about them in Euro but let's actually get some alright so Philip is going to control his state of Spain through control of religion so what is he gonna do in Spain Julia tried to talk about it but then she got the Inquisition things screwed up what what happens in Spain specifically that's going to strengthen the Monarchs control of that state particularly in particular around either Christians Jews okay there you go that's actually for an Isabella but yes okay it does have to do Christianity and unifying Christianity so before him Fernandez Abela are gonna unite the Christians of Spain against the Muslims that are there from the old lumion invaders and Moors yep taking them out that's about Reconquista but there's still a bunch of boy show you tell me who might be in Spain that is not a Catholic in the 1500s Jews Jews yes this is they're from the old Jewish Diaspora absolutely who else might still be there yep you've still got some Arabic or Muslim people there right what else might be there the 1600s that the Catholics might not want to be there process any Protestants not there's a ton of them but there are some okay so what is a Philip going to begin using against these Protestants Jews and more mores Muslims essentially say welcome guys just be nice and you guys can stay yes this is where we start seeing the Inquisition being used okay I know we were talking about yet the prosper information I think I did mention that actually the Council of Trent for the huge 20-year meeting decide that no they disagree with everything the cross is it yeah so at that point they tell every Catholic monarch just like Phillip a second to get rid of all non Catholics right and then they use the quick Inquisition to do that so he enforces two things he enforces what's called the index of primitive books i me know that is its name artists and scientific literature wait why scientific yeah scientific ideas back then contradicted the Bible in the Catholic Church's position so those were reticle and so were Protestant books so this index of prohibited books was enforced if you were caught with those books you could be punished by imprisonment or death all right and then you guys already mentioned the Inquisition what's the Inquisition do it means to question what's the Inquisition do it's kind of like a SWAT team without the guns what's the equation do don't know I'll give it a whole explanation about how they did all these things these people and you rate it they basically like punish or kill anyone that isn't catholic how though it's forced them it's more complex than just oh and a punishing opponent they capture them and then torture them until they confess that there heretic yeah so isn't just like we catch you in prison we catch you and if we caught you you're guilty they catch you and they torture you to be the best right and anybody hanging about torture you're eventually gonna confess to things you didn't do so the torture stops it's they torture until they confess another soul is clean then go home no mistake right exactly alright so next vivid book books in the Spanish Inquisition are gonna be used to chase out any non-catholics and you're like well how does that strengthen his power well number one the fact that you can order these things to happen put into law using position to chase out any non-catholics that's a large demonstration of one's authority but also if you remove I'm not saying this is a good thing because it's actually a bad thing if you remove all people that disagree with your beliefs that's going to make you and your group that remains and in this case Catholics more unified because they they all agree with each other essentially that I'm worrying about them being heretics or mischievious because they they're sort of a a bond or trust that's put into place so that's how Philips been enhance his power makes Spain almost entirely Catholic and he also demonstrates he had the authority to enforce this index perfect books and use it Inquisition against his dubs at least religious enemies all right through the 14th we're complicated but we don't too much time to go over exactly what he did he's going to take the nobles who were sharing power and he's based gonna say no that's all my power now so just like actually it's very similar to what happened with the mobile Empire with the zamindar's so what he's going to do is he's gonna take these Nobles that could be a threat to him and he's gonna say all right I'm not gonna just like kill you because then you'll just hate me and fight against me for sure so he's actually going to enhance their enhance power and wealth and he's gonna do that by including them in the government the central government so not only they get to keep their old estates their old manners they still are like the Lords of that area and they have local authorities that stays but they also gain central authority too so he makes them part of the bureaucracy remember two bureaucracies right I get part of the government tax collecting for example but he also was going to put them into the military so he's gonna have one standing military as loyal to him but who do you think the generals and Colonels and lieutenants are gonna be Nobles exactly so he's gonna make them loyal by enhancing their power so they keep local authority check but they actually gain power and again one of the two major ways they gain power the central position scheming example tax collectors okay so the part of the bureaucracy administration all right they're in the central government that's more power and authority than they had before over just their territory so they're part of the central government so tax collecting is an example and was the other way that is enhance his own power there's military for Jefferson okay they're gonna be the officers but uh is there gonna be a bunch of troops he has to call from his fellow Lords that were they gonna have now in France one army one standing army that's their job they're professional soldiers loyal to the king all right so it's not like a Janissary force necessarily but it's a group of professional soldiers that are loyal to the king not their individual Lords alright so standing army Plus Nobles as officers and that's going to go for a long time until Napoleon figures out it's stupid to just make officers no bowls because some of them are idiots it's better to promote people who are good at what they do and that's why he starts wrecking everybody in Europe along with the fact that he's really good himself that's not so later okay to understand Louis and Philip yes all right what's at Mr fule and grant nice we're on fire too okay they're cold Sumerians when they get it but like yeah someone said soldiers that's the reward for participating in that's not the right word sir to serving thank you serving in the Ottoman army that's a land grant but the problem was these are two variants that people are getting too powerful they're like a new social class and they're becoming too powerful themselves before that they might challenge these Sultan's so what does he start doing that the Sultan's start doing that limits their power what is it these tomorrow's he doesn't get rid of them but what does he do with them yeah he starts dividing them so instead of giving you like this here to shuck the land and get your own thing he starts splitting it between them and he also makes it so that they're not like continuous like you don't get a whole city you get part of a city in the land out of it so you don't like own that entire area alright so he's gonna start splitting these land grants to reduce power and hey you guys probably remember this there was a Russian monarch who didn't like the boyars the local rulers and Nobles that had a lot of authority who was he yeah I'm the chairman the fourth what's he gonna do about these uh boyars that he doesn't like people rich Oprah Gina was that it's kind of like a secret police force in that he would go out and persecute and take the land and possessions and life of these boyars so he's gonna essentially wipe out out boy or glass or at least a lot of it and again that's called the opportunity er alright so those are all examples of centralization all right so then we're to talk about resistance to that and then we'll we'll take a brief break and finish after so you want to start with thanks or the throne and the cattle and revolts it's a dude in the gentry okay all right not all Nobles are going to take this lying down in fact in Spain and in France we're gonna see examples of the nobles actively resisted like took their armies what they had of them and tried to fight them off forces of the moment and the other nope all right so there's two examples they both go different ways first one is the Catalan revolts during the Thirty Years War all right and the other one is what's the one in France the program in Prague yeah actually they're both during 30 years more so in both cases the nobles are very much tired of this 30 Years War cos it's very expensive cost him a lot of soldiers a lot of money a lot of death a lot of famine all these issues that come along with long drawn-out Wars so some of them aren't you happy especially the peoples of Catalonia which is roughly this region right here and that is Spain's most lucrative wealthy powerful province all right lose these guys is bad it's gonna be bad for Spain so they're going to rise up against Spanish monarchy and for the same reason the French Nobles are gonna rise up against the French mark all right how does the Fromme go rebellion rebellion losses you know what's important though is there was a very young prince at the time we've got to see all this happening who would later become a king and control these Nobles louia 14 yeah so we've the 14th was it but the we mental child whom these were going on and he remembered how his dad had to deal with these rebels and how they had to move and they were worried about losing and dying so he is to make sure when he's King they're not able to do that all right so that's a big motivator for him regardless what's gonna happen here is a victory for the monarchy so is that gonna help or hurt noble power in France it's gonna hurt obviously lost actually let me rephrase that help Herbert summon Arkell power the power of the monarch it's a hell yeah monarch Spain different very different result the cattle people of Catalonia being on the border France get some help from France how do we know that the French don't like the Spanish by the way cuz that's true but give me an actual example where they acted against Spain when they probably should have at least the illogically help them out 30 Years War right they joined the Protestant side just to take a piece of Spain which they do successfully so they help out the fetal cattle people of Catalonia they are victorious and what we're gonna see here is some nobles of cat' victorious so too bad to to negative development here number 1 Spain loses their vast province their most lucrative multi province Chavez I can't speak and what happens in the narco power up or down yeah I'm up the end is being slowly in the beginning of France slowly as well alright cool that's two examples we have one more example that doesn't necessarily weaken the country but it definitely weakens the monarch alright and that is already circle it was that was the country that succeeds in taking power from the monarch but not destroying the country itself Britain yeah England hey guys into that it's circle better than that England did it talk about the Civil War well mentally anyway so English Civil War 1642 day 1650 something earlier mid 17th century uh here's how this one goes so we have a really rich merchant class that self-made they own property they trade with a new world they got really rich all by themselves and they have a lot of power they're not Nobles though what does that call Gentry Gendry you know that lease gentry so after a while this Gentry class are they allowed to participate in the government and rule and have authority no even though after a while they start becoming more wealthy and powerful than the nobles right that have this power course so Gentry not happy with that all right but they have a lot of money so who's gonna want to collect taxes from them the monarchs specifically yes but to do that they have to be in Parliament but they can't join part of it because they're not noble so like ah what's the problem here so this is where Parliament's gonna change in European history and this is the beginning of the 17th century I think so James the first don't quote me though part of its gonna change so it was all nobles and clergy before everything matures no regular people right peace nobody good people didn't happen but if the king wants to tax him he's got to have them in Parliament so he knows who they are and they participate the government and then he can collect taxes revenue from them so they have to split Parliament to two houses so what happens to this these Nobles and Accord you what house they become that's why this becomes sweet now now the king can tax these people hooray gave for the monarch a little bit bad a tomorrow because who now has some authority and say in the government w the regular people right and the gentry class are always changing you always getting new people who are rich and falling out of it so it's gonna be never ever changing but also these guys are a bit more what's we're looking for Stuber i guess because they earned it themselves so they're not stealing - it's one thing if you're handed a bunch of money in the States from your family like your your dad or your mom or whatever like okay that's cool yeah I don't mind giving up some of it or whatever well it's different when you like start from nothing and work your way up like you don't really just want to give away stuff so these guys it turns out are gonna be way more what's the word I'm looking for miserly like wisely means like penny pinchers kind of oh so they're they're not like they're not so willing to give you money all right so when the monarch later monarchs like Charles the first for example starts blowing a lot of money on stuff for his estate and in wars against Scotland they're gonna be like hey you're bad with money we don't want to give you any more in fact we want actually to change things so that you can't just collect taxes from us we want to be able to say you know all right because they couldn't detect Elysees now at the time that's what's gonna start this English Civil War all right so I realized in time with the Monarchs and all that but just know this there is a monarch in the 1640s his name is Charles the first and he's bad with money blows it on himself and his estate blows it against the Scottish in a series of wars against them it didn't necessarily need to happen so now in the House of Commons is like no no no no whatever one does hand you money you're wasting it we want to be able to tell you no all right so how do you think the King Charles the first likes this news that the House of Commons wants the ability to tell him no he's not gonna like that all right so what he's gonna do is I don't knows I'm explaining a really complicated event a very short amount of time but what he does Wayne uh so we've got the gentry and House of Commons they're in Parliament now Charles the first is bad buddy and they're like no we don't want to scan you anymore what the ability to say no so Charles's response to that is going to be to not break up when you uh disperse I guess just dispersed he's gonna try to end a parliament and he's gonna arrest some of these House of Commons members all right which is I don't know if it's necessary legal in England at the time but they did not like it so what's Charles the first attempts to uh attempts disband that's the word I was looking for attempts to disband and arrest the common house of commons or at least certain members of them how do you think the gentry are going to receive that the message that they have to go home and the ones that were really loud actually gonna be arrested how do you think they're gonna do you take that sit down like oh dang we tried no no they're more than protest they're actually going to use their superior money and power to fight directly against the king so they're gonna build up their armies and they're gonna have some support from the nobles who also don't want the King doing as much as he does and some Nobles are gonna stay loyal to the king and you're gonna have a fight between the gentry and some Nobles versus the monarch and some Nobles alright yeah they do and they proved to be more capable on the battlefield too they got named Oliver qualms Cromwell who by the way turns out to be kind of a tyrant but really good militaristically and they're going to defeat the Kings forces and not only did they defeat them they shocked all of Europe when they declared him a a traitor and decapitate him they in public and so Europe has never happened in Europe at the time they're like what regular people rose up beat the king and then chopped his head off like they couldn't believe it cool so I'm just giving a lot of events like the period timer Oliver Cromwell kind of ruled as a Republican authoritarian we don't care about that what we care about is the king in this conflict this English Civil War he loses his light foot all right and they do invite his son charles ii to come back and be king but there's an asterisk on it what do you think the asterisk on coming back to me the monarch is gonna be if they allow him to come back and rule what is he gonna have to do or not do you think yeah exactly so the gentry the House of Commons is going to have a lot more power authority so the monarchs gonna lose power and that the Parliament House of Commons are going to gain power all right so that's an example of successful resistance against the monarchy but that doesn't like not in the case in the case of Spain like that weakened them all all around this actually strengthens England because they're gonna start passing a lot more laws that help the gentry do what they do best and that is get rich and make good armies all right so that's English the war increase in power for the Parliament decrease for the monarch all right English or English Civil War kind of makes sense a little bit all right you know all the details just there's a House of Commons King said give me more money house comment said we don't want to they fought King lost now House of Commons can say no make sense to the last two exams before take a break our resistance to colonial powers actually play out one in Angola I'm just not that large it's a unit states against the Portuguese and we also have a fight here in the English colonies versus the American Indians they're so together what the name of the conflict versus these settlers in the English colonies was just made of columns war it's also known as King Phillip's war by the way because that was also his name he was so friendly with the settlers at one point he adopted their name but then he got upset obviously later enough to go to war with them and then he had met a commes war and that was the most destructive settler versus American Indian war by the way in English history that's where there were heavy losses on both sides the settlers ended up winning but they lost a lot of towns and settlement homes and things like that okay medic calms war example of resistance unsuccessful but resistance than the less new colonial powers and who was the resistor here in Angola who actually was a really good diplomat but couldn't muster up the numbers and technology to take on the Portuguese directly yeah it's a thing I'm sure it's pronounced something different in the region of Angola but that's how my very American English is gonna pronounce it all right and that's nice 17th century no 16th century and again who's she leading resistance against Portuguese I guess you got an unsuccessful but they they like putting examples of resistance even if it doesn't work I don't know what but they just do so any questions about resistance to colonial powers cool well the society stuff after the break let's check back in seven minutes there's some African states I'm going to talk about we've got a the some honey or something it's on fire so hey we have the Asante something as well as the kingdom of the Congo [Music] these your major African states in the early modern era so I and the Kingdom of the Congo for the K all right cool so man they're going to have a shred the years ago many exact years ago Barack 1592 oh yeah there are the ones that get knocked out by Morocco correct all right so it's actually 1464 Asante 1620 I do believe there was some interference with the British and French colonial powers but they still weren't able to maintain drawers 97 Congo from the 16th to 19th centuries all right okay so so me I will do them first this wasn't last for a music to are added this here this is the last year's curriculum so so hey there in West Africa the only ones that replace Mali a declining Mali tower and they've come out of the trade city of gal and that's in more of the eastern portion and they're going to conquer what is essentially what was Mali and take over that area so a couple things are the same the things are the same was they're gonna be rich to buy the transit here and trade network trade and what are the most lucrative commodities over here in West Africa slaves gold ivory and slaves Oh ivory just like the Mali and for them ghani's but this would be the one difference they are gonna have the Aslam just like Molly did but what's the difference with Islam here you know right they're going to bless me the same action who'd they'd enforce it on though deletes exactly so before it was not enforced on anybody now it is enforced on the alleles so Askia the great one of the most influential powerful rulers they're great he's part of this program where they're going to force the elites their wealthy people or used to the nobles to convert to Islam but why why would he force the horse and leads to convert to no hands for that okay but like how does that enhance the power of the monarch leader yeah exactly if they're if they're Muslim right exactly so if you have a Muslim ruler you were supposed to obey that state hierarchy right and a little reason for this again is to promote obedience to King because that's part of this long if your ruler is Muslim then you're supposed to adhere to that state hierarchy because if it's a if it's a Sharia or Muslim government's supposed to be a good and virtuous government all right cool all right and in the song hang of course the later gonna fall because the combination of the fault is translated hair tread trade network and the invasion of Morocco into they thought they were wealthy but they found out that the goal did pretty much run out it was pretty much just the slave trade at that point alright so with the Asante down here was now modern-day Ghana on the Ivory Coast they're gonna establish an empire what are their greatest Wars was a say or a side to two and their symbol of power isn't gonna be a scepter it's actually the golden stool of the Asante so the monarch that holds and possesses that is the ruler of the Asante people and they're going to do rather well isn't it it's expand the states or foreign military and again they're going to be controlled by colonial powers later on the French and the British but they do still maintain their own rulers throughout most that era so they're gonna have course the golden stool and they are also much like a song I going to profit from the slave trade slaves ivory I don't think they were as wealthy regarding gold but I'm sure it was still present all right so the slaves are every gold I think copper - but they're pretty much just gonna benefit from trading with Europeans for the most part in the area and that's the Asante Empire Kingdom got that alright and the at least the religious unifier of the kingdoms of the Congo was money Congo in 1491 I realized that perceived the 16th century because they weren't yet large but there was a group of Europeans that had already mapped out and explored and we're establishing trade posts along this coast here who would that be Portuguese Portuguese right and the Portuguese are going to bring tooth ala sysm and after many Congo the pupils of the Congo and roughly this region here are going to convert to Catholicism so Catholics after contact with Portuguese right with the three motivations for Europeans to explore was glory and converting Cold War got right remember the goal is to get wealthy the caloric God is to one mission a missionary were to spread Christianity and the glory is for those I think I told you this does conquistadors that would go in and they weren't like powerful Lords in Europe but if they conquered the area they would get their own Kingdom their own fuel kingdoms that was the glory all right cool and also the Portuguese are gonna of course begin trading a slaves at them but it already existed there was already a trade network regarding slaves just like in West Africa who hadn't been trading slaves at each other and with the Arabs for I mean like a five hundred years at that point there was already an existing slave trade market although obviously the Portuguese coming in with their wealth and personal slaves gonna enhance that but we already know that so Portuguese enhance an already existing slave trade and they knew it already existed because of the first one of the first contacts of this guy named Afonso who was one of the kings of the Congo he's going to mention their slave markets letters to Portuguese again letting know they have a slave markets and that the parties are course and interested in purchasing those slaves later on so those are the African states of the early modern era songhay Asante in Congo in these three regions in West Africa and Central Africa guys give you got that okay sweet so we moved again was pretty quickly cuz it's almost summarizing what we already know so examples of syncretism in the early modern era of course which is when you are mixing local beliefs with these major religions like Christianity or Islam so where's my the West Africans that are brought over to the America is especially the Caribbean and what is now the south Louisiana air area what's the syncretism that's going on there yeah the Boden beliefs brought over from Africa plus blood Christianity and what are they gonna borrow from Christian incorporate into their foreboding beliefs yeah candles altars exactly all right what about in Africa and South Asia the more mystical and spiritual Dance Center chant centered less reading liturgical Islam Sufi ISM yes and of course is gonna be led by a Sufi which is a mystical or spiritual leader and you're gonna want to know where these were popular so again this is gonna be in the Caribbean and the Americas most of the Caribbean though and this is gonna be popular work not excited South Asia Southeast Asia to the South and Southeast Asia and okay alright so that's a syncretism alright as these religions spread obviously okay cool Oh next up on the list of stuff next even if I don't I'm doing with it you're next so why are especially Europeans but also Chinese and also Ottoman of tamar's and whatnot how come people are so much more easily able to afford luxury goods like art and literature what oh cool so we got we got wealthy from this triangular trade Columbian Exchange thing Europeans yes and then of course you already have decently wealthy land empires all right so what are they doing this extra wealth they've got to show how wealthy they are besides building grand architecture and roof paint for portraits besides that what okay they're hiring people to write plays okay cool what are some examples of playwrights nice so we got Shakespeare Cervantes for Spanish Shakespeare Hamlisch obviously so they're gonna be patronized who was a major patron of Shakespeare someone's legalism yeah and again the reason why we have wealthy especially Europeans at the time there's a gentry quest back they're gonna kick you out in about five seconds oh shut up thank you so Elizabeth were patrons are sorry she was a patron of like Shakespeare and they're going to be wealthy because of this exchange system so it's mean mostly gentry another merchant class folks across the world are going to be enriched by triangular trade all right so that's the literature speaking of literature how does the Renaissance impact literature because obviously you have a bunch of old Greek and Roman stuff coming over the Middle East and North Africa how does that actually change the way people are writing and thinking that's true so okay all this is gonna be spread including Renaissance works yeah spread faster and more cheaply the printing press nice okay what about literature that was going to change it's gonna shift from focusing on something to focusing on something else it's gonna be more humanism because that I get more human like we're talking about more human and not work on good you said human like five times a day oh cool so Renaissance is going to result in literary works and education centered around humanism so before we talk about what that is obviously we're humans in it why all of a sudden is humanism gonna pop up this focusing on regular human people rather than like the divine or superhero is essentially why is that going to be popular during this era when these other classical thanks for coming back okay that's true yeah but like what about these Greek and Roman texts cause them to you know question it or or or move away from the Catholic Church in this whole divine perfection focus okay just skepticism first of all yeah okay so there's gonna be partially pushed forward by skepticism from the Greeks and Romans but also this - did they have Christianity back in the days of ancient Greece and the majority of ancient Rome no they did not so they were focused a lot more on regular human and political life than they were about God or the afterlife or things like that all right so it's very what's called a secular tone secular meaning worldly not focused on the afterlife but focused on this life right here that's what the Greeks we're focused on that's the most the Romans were focused on as well so not only skepticism but secularism where - secular means none really just worldly exactly so again instead of having these figures that are either religious or divine or perfect it's gonna be very irregular humans so they're given these subjects of art the subjects of writings of stories stories that usually had like some meaning about you know how to get to heaven or how to become a perfect human or whatever but now there may be much more regular like oh here's a criminal and a prostitute and a doctor and a liar right and here's them going on this adventure trying not to die from the Black Death alright that's basically what's he to Cameron was so that's what writing styles how they're going to evolve in the Renaissance we talked about that maybe hero but that's how the greco-roman texts are going to influence a change literature alright that's covered next up is a little ice age disruption oh yeah you know what otherwise the demonstrate power actually so I said no earlier but I forgot that's actually a part of this too so we mentioned we got monarchs that are patronizing art and plays but we also have some examples that we were recovered before we can just sum them up monarchs demonstrating power power wealth all right so examples of architecture give me a monarch in a building or a piece of architecture that embodies this Palace of Versailles yeah Versailles louis xiv of france absolutely almost bankrupt france doing it okay there was MVP in the grave yes peter the great's remember unless somebody's dying horribly it's probably not Wade oh yeah unless somebody's dying horribly is probably not i'm terrible.i peter the great's winter palace nice of Eurocentric examples guys jeez was it non Europeans oh my goodness - mojo there you go ok cool so we got architecture so we have vino gold we have the Taj Mahal what about portraits meeny miny portraits work Clara my autumn apart who opposition Sultan's nice there you go some Ching life-sized portraits Ottoman miniature board paintings nice okay so in this era from 1300 to 1850 there's a cooling of the globe a natural cooling of the globe so it's very very cold up here in the north you have a lot more ice form winters are longer you can't grow crops as well certainly not this far north you can even grow crops at all for the most part and then it's still growing crops in these regions but they don't last as long not as long around the year so what is this a recall and what's the impact on the populations up here in the north nice little ice age I should have written it over here attention a point do you know people are gonna hate that oh well little ice age and again so people up in northern territories are gonna have to move or die because they can't grow either put it all or they can't grow it as throughout as much of the year so what are some examples of settlements that had to be abandoned to go for the south okay Greenland Iceland Norway even Scotland up there northern England part of the British Isles Scotland are going to abandon settlements to move some 40 united states far bolt the colonies anyway so it's what a lot of people had up go to the colonies as well they have to if there's religious wars over here fighting and dying or they're dying of starvation and freezing in fact in England the Thames river is going to freeze over a couple times completely which doesn't happen all right and lastly we also get some examples of social unrest usually because of either too many taxes or because of the loss of common land rights so we think closure moving they're kicking peasants off they normally had the right to use the land as they pleased as long as they paid their corbeil labor their land their labour taxes but in England in the 16th century there's a rebellion because so many peasant have been displaced they are happy they want things to change they want their common land rights protected what is the name of that rebellion kids for the kids for billion height that's going to be an anti enclosure rebellion again they're losing their common land rights I think I explained that in a study hall but I can't remember if I did talk with the enclosure movement and say okay alright and what about an example where colonists are being deprived of resources because the Europeans because it was going over here because the Europeans are using those resources to fight against each other in Europe and across the globe and Boston breadlines yes that's in the seventeen tens all right and that's opposed resource misuse I'm totally off the breathing rage realized is blind to posed resource misuse nice rebellion you can't see it on the video later and lastly we have a peasant rebellion in southern Japan due to increased tax hikes to pay for fortification for the ports because they're starting to ban foreigners another really gonna ban forms after this one what is that 1837 rebellion against the Tokugawa Shogunate coal shoe bar what's the impact of that yeah they finalized what they're already beginning that's a cuckoo isolation period at least by 1639 Shimabara is gonna be a rebellion against Tokugawa taxes and of course that's gonna result in Japanese isolation sakoku why did they do that though why did they think that this in particular was an event which they needed to close the Japanese off from the Western world they'd already kind of initiate this process but now they're about yet for sure why because the people that rebelled we're Catholic and they thought the Catholic influence caused into oh yeah they've got foreign influence and ideas were causing unrest in a relatively peaceful Tokugawa central state so that's it bye there's only a couple of topics though so who was my if you remember the is in Southeast Asia to be women ran the markets which surprised a lot of Muslim and European merchants when they got there and some of them even had their own businesses and ships what was the one example of a lady in Jakarta or Indonesia that would that had that and oh no close though it was at me again be the African lady who's a diplomat with the morning these how about there was one group of women in the Muslim world that had some influence on the Sultan whether their family members or liking the mother for example yeah so it's not sometimes they would rule as um like Queen region's type thing like a fee Sultan was too young or whatever they were temporarily a rule for them but they also of course had a direct connection with the Sultan being like you know either the mother or or the wife or whatever and the there was actually a title called the unify lead Sultan which is the official white mother of the Sultan so they added their own protection and someone would say depending on the particular Sultan in politics but also women in the Ottoman Empire had some property rights to which was rare in the Muslim world just the world in general back then so yeah that was some of the advances by powerful women in period 2 [Music]

Channel: Morgan AP Teaching

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Keywords: Ap euro, ap European history, a.p. euro, a.p. European history, Ap world, ap world history, a.p. world, a.p. world history, apwh review, ap world review, period 1, period 2, period 3, period 4, period 5, period 6, leq, dbq, saq, apush, review, ap us, ap us history, united states history, history, whap, whap review

Id: 522J3xszNbE

Length: 207min 22sec (12442 seconds)

Published: Sun Dec 08 2019