AP European History Unit 6: Industrialization and Its Effects

[Music] hey there students Thom Richie here with Marko learning in this video I'm going to give you an overview of unit six of the AP European history course which addresses industrialization and its effects now first of all what is industrialization and what we're looking at here is the mechanization of production starting around 1750 now why is that important now what we need to remember is even the word manufacturing which we think about factories and mechanized production the word actually means to produce something by hand and so when we're thinking about this that before 1750 nearly everything was done by hand so what we're seeing between 1750 and 1914 is that goods are going from being made by hand to being made by increasingly automated processes and so we see a few branches of the industrial revolution first of all the more efficient production of textiles the production of iron and steel transportation and communication the Industrial Revolution began in Britain in the 18th century now there are a lot of reasons for that first of all we need to consider the natural factors involved in Britain as a starting point the predominance of rivers in Britain also lots of natural resources like coal and iron ore there are also human factors in Britain such as a more advanced state of property rights lots of inventions that came from Britain a favorable political climate and the presence of surplus labour because all of these folks who are no longer needed on the farms because of the British agricultural revolution now the Industrial Revolution began gradually at first what we see is the system of cottage industry where a lot of these displaced agricultural workers are actually manufacturing textiles at home and we see them using inventions such as the spinning jenny now other inventions such as the water frame they facilitate the transition to the factory system as we move toward water power where we have lots of these water frames set up in a single factory where workers can be supervised dand production can all be in one place now of course production escalates with the invention of the steam engine and the perfection of the steam engine by James Watt um who was an inventor that you'll want to remember and because of the steam engine we see the foundation of industrial cities once the steam engines there we don't have to put a factory by a river and then we can get all kinds of factories in one place in a very convenient location and the industrial city of Manchester is a place that is good for you to remember for that now even though Britain industrialised very quickly industrialization was slower to catch on in continental Europe in France the industrialization was much more gradual it happened with more direct government support and because of the gradual nature of the movement it caused less havoc now Germany was at first also slow to industrialized but under Bismarck started to industrialize much more quickly and by 1914 Germany had replaced Britain as the largest industrial producer it's important that we understand the divisions between the first and the second Industrial Revolution the first Industrial Revolution began around 1750 and went to about 1830 whereas the second Industrial Revolution began around 1870 sometimes we see 1850 but we see in the AP euro course they like 1870 so let's just go with it and lasts until 1914 which is of course the beginning of World War one now what makes the Second Industrial Revolution unique is the Bessemer process which facilitated the mass production of steel now we see steel swords going all the way back to the Romans but not the sort of mass production where we can now build railroads now railroads were around as early as the 1830s but it's not until the Second Industrial Revolution that the Bessemer process makes it possible to build railroads all over the place and another thing that we see is the internal combustion engine which is of course the same engine that you have in your vehicle today the invention of Telegraph's facilitated communication and when we're thinking about Second Industrial Revolution technologies we want to think basically world war one technologies because you can think of also chemicals you think about if they used it in World War one chemical weapons well they had been experimenting with chemicals before World War one moving on now to the effects of industrialization now first of all the Industrial Revolution began the migration of large populations from rural areas to urban areas we see these large cities such as Manchester spring up and in these cities there is this wide gap between rich and poor people start to develop a class consciousness we see the rise of the bourgeoisie as the dominant class these people who are professionals and they're not the landed gentry or the traditional nobility these are people who own the factories these are people who are merchants involved in this new industrialized economy the people who control the means of production then we see this large urban middle class which Marx referred to as the proletariat the proletariat these are people who basically have nothing now conditions in industrial cities were atrocious especially at first but they did eventually improve around the mid 19th century we think about the 1840s 1850s we start to see laws being made on that are protecting especially women in children we see the beginnings of child labor laws an example of a child labor law would be the 10-hour act now the 10-hour act limited the amount of time that women and children could work in British factories limited it to ten hours a day now as all these things are going on as we see people moving from rural areas to cities and as we see these new classes springing up the rise of the bourgeoisie and the urban working classes we need to also place the Industrial Revolution within the context of the age of Medtronic between 1815 and 1848 we see the continued dominance of the conservative noble and rural gentry and this is creating a lot of conflicts that are going to eventually lead to the revolutions of 1848 on the continent and in Britain several parliamentary reforms resulting in the expansion of suffrage and in improved conditions for the working classes now the revolutions of 1848 they were a Continental revolt against aristocratic control of France Italy and the German states these revolutions ultimately were put down in conservatives regain control but we do want to note that this is the end of that age of metonic now there were no revolutions in 1848 in Britain or Russia but for different reasons there was no revolution of 1848 in Britain because Parliament had been responsive with legislation maybe not as responsive as some folks would have liked but responsive nonetheless and in Russia the government was so repressive that people just didn't even bother they remembered the Decembrist revolt in the early nineteenth century which was brutally crushed by the Czarist autocracy and speaking of Russia we want to note in the context of the Industrial Revolution that Eastern Europe was very slow to industrialize in comparison to Western Europe and because of the Industrial Revolution we see new political philosophies coming around now we've already addressed ilysm and nationalism now liberalism and the Industrial Revolution really go hand in hand especially when we look at what happened in Britain where the government is largely supporting industrialization but not with a lot of regulations remember liberals wanted an unregulated laissez faire economy in the next unit overview we will get more into nationalism and its effects in the nineteenth century we also want to remember radical movements now when we talk about radicalism in the context of the nineteenth century what we're essentially talking about is democracy okay people like the Chartist in England who were asking for the expansion of suffrage they wanted universal male suffrage now that's not seen as a radical idea today but in the early 19th century the idea of the un-- propertied working classes voting that was very scary to a lot of people and it's important that we note that classical liberals weren't necessarily fans of democracy because remember that liberalism is about the protection of life liberty and property and when you let the unprovoked that threatens the protection of property at least in the eyes of the classical liberals who were trying to protect their own property now beyond the radicals we see various socialist movements coming up the most high-profile would-be Marxism Marxism is a form of scientific socialism now Marx uh put together an analysis what he said here what why is calling this scientific is that he says there's this whole process that Marxism is based on this idea of history being a cycle of class struggles and we see as people are starting to become class conscious Marxism is coming about that there have been all of these class struggles and finally we see the current class struggle between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat and the proletariat according to Marx would eventually rise up on its because it forms its own sense of class consciousness and in a violent revolution will overthrow the bourgeoisie and put an end to this historical cycle of class conflict and that would be as Marx called it the end of history and so we would see the establishment of communism now as far as how that's happened later on we'll get into in other units and let's not forget anarchism which was another philosophy that was actually in the 19th century more common than Marxism as far as the number of adherents and anarchist wanted to eliminate centralized government and replace this with a form of voluntary cooperation a form of socialism but not the sort of authoritarian socialism that we see in the 20th century industrialization also transformed Europe in terms of politics and society I've already made an allusion to the beginning of mass politics by the end of the 19th century universal male suffrage is pretty much a given throughout at least throughout Western Europe and we see the beginnings of labor unions labor unions of course being these associations of laborers who are getting together to try to protect their rights to promote higher wages and better working conditions and then we see the foundation of labor parties so labor unions are about protecting the economic interest of labor and labor parties to protect their perceived political interests now labor parties in the late 19th century started out largely as democratic socialist parties now when we get into the 20th century we'll see labor parties transition into center-left parties but they began largely as democratic socialist parties meaning that they wanted to implement socialism through the democratic process so when we think about this it's not Marxism because Marxism is about a violent revolution and then we see feminism in the 19th century now feminism focused on two things in the nineteen century first of all better working conditions for women so we see things as I've mentioned the ten-hour act and also the women's suffrage movement now one name that you want to remember there is Emeline pan cursed who was a prominent British suffragette and then the abolitionist movement we see things which at the same time are happening in the United States for any of you've had US history movements to end slavery and other movements to basically promote a more just society not only in Europe but around the world in this age of mass politics at the turn of the twentieth century we also see divisions within the liberal movement remember that classical liberalism was largely about the government staying out of the economy and keeping taxes low regulations low staying away from social welfare policies whereas as the electorate increased liberal parties in order to make themselves more relevant started to endorse government interventions to help the lower classes one of the best examples of this would be David Lloyd George I'm in Britain and then we see also the advent of public health Edwin Chadwick was a British reformer who was very instrumental in having public health measures and advocating for the people in these industrial cities and having things like vaccinations and clean water and sewers and all of these other things to make urban life less unhealthy and then we see the foundation of compulsory public education in most European states in order to promote public order and a spirit of nationalism and to summarize unit six which focuses on industrialization and its effects we want to remember that the Industrial Revolution was about the mechanization of production going from hand power to machine power and ultimately to full-on automation the Industrial Revolution began in Britain because of both natural and human factors we see increase urbanization during this time as large populations move from rural areas to urban areas we see the development of a sense of class consciousness in these urban areas which is leading to new ideologies and political reforms during this period we see unprecedented economic growth and while conditions were not that great for the lower classes at first we see the expansion of the middle class and by the time that we turn into the 20th century an improvement in the quality of life for these working classes and that sums up unit six it's always a pleasure [Music]

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Length: 16min 25sec (985 seconds)

Published: Wed Apr 01 2020