Vsauce! Kevin here. This ant needs to get to the end of this 20cm
rubber rope. It’s really more of an elastic latex string
but… work with me here. If he moves 5cm per second, he’ll get there
in…1, 2, 3, 4 seconds. Okay. Uhh. No. No paradox there. But what if, as the ant walks 5cm per second,
I stretch the rope 10cm per second? Will he ever get to the end of the rope and
fulfill his ultimate ant ambitions? Ant-bitions? It doesn’t seem like it. It actually seems completely impossible. How could he ever reach the end of the rope
if I’m increasing the distance he needs to travel by more than his progress? Oh, also this ant’s name is… Billy. Speaking of ants, I started reading about
them and found out that some ant queens can live for 28 or 30 years. Which means there are ants alive today that
were 10 years old when the first Harry Potter came out. My voice cracked. Okay, back to stretching. At 0 seconds, Billy starts walking. And at 1 second, he’s 5cm toward his goal. That’s when we stretch the rope another
10cm. And then Billy moves. Billy moves Uhh… I can't stretch the rope and move Billy at
the same time I really need like another arm or something Ahhhh! Woah! Hey! No! Come back, come back, come back. Come back, mystery arm. I need your help. Look, just hold this end of the rope. Like that. And then. Yeah! This is frightening but helpful! Now after this stretch, the rope is 30cm long. And look! Billy’s no longer at 5cm because the key
to all of this is that the ant is on the rope and he stretches with the rope. So to make sure he moves exactly 5cm every
second I’ll just grab another ruler. There we go. Billy moves another 5cm. And now we stretch to 40cm… Billy moves another 5. 50cm. Another 5 for Billy. 60cm. 5 more for Billy. 70cm. And you can see that despite stretching the
rope much more than the ground he covers each second, Billy is making progress toward the
end. So a 5cm speed and 10cm stretch really isn't
much of a paradox here either. But. What if the rope is 1km long and Billy moves
at only a 1cm per second pace? And we stretch it 1km every second? Then can Billy ever reach the end of the rope? Obviously not! Or definitely yes? And there’s our paradox. Ant On A Rubber Rope is a veridical paradox,
which we learned about in my What Is A Paradox? video. It’s the type of paradox that packs a surprise,
because obviously the ant can’t reach the end of the rope if we stretch it that much
every second… but that certainty dissipates as we ponder the proof. Actually, if I stretch it 1 kilometer per
second and the ant only moves 1cm per second, he will still reach the end. As long as old Billy here lives forever. Okay. Let’s ponder that proof. It’s important to think about this as the
fraction of rope that Billy has left to travel instead of the raw distance. I’ll show you. Let's put Billy at the halfway mark of the
rope. Like that. And I'm just gonna mark where he's standing
with a Sharpie on the rope. Okay. So that mark is our Billy. And this time Billy doesn’t move at all. He just stands there being Billy. Every time we stretch the rope, distance is
added behind and in front of the rope, but he’s still at the halfway point because
his relative position doesn’t change. Which means that in spite of the stretching,
every time Billy steps forward from this point, he’s making progress toward reaching the
end of the rubber rope. By continuing his journey forward, he can
only get closer to the end, and eventually he will. Because he’s always shrinking the fraction
of the rope he has left. If you still don’t believe then this we
can totally get algebra-y and calculicious. First I want to briefly mention the harmonic
series. It’s a divergent series, meaning it’s
infinite and the partial sums of the series don’t have a finite limit. It was first proven over 600 years ago and
there’s been a whole list of different proofs since that I'll link you to down in the description
below. But the important thing you need to know is
that it’s like a neverending addition problem where the sum of these fractions eventually
surpasses 1. Okay let’s talk about Billy and his stretching
rope. Let’s say the rope is initially c units
long, and the ant moves a units towards the other end of the rope every second but the
rope itself stretches v units longer every single second. During the first second, the ant will have
moved a units forward and the rope will have stretched to c plus v units long. Cool? Cool. In the second second, the ant will again move
a units forward and the rope stretch another v units longer, making its new length its
original length c plus v plus v again. Which we can just write as c+2v. In the third second, the ant will have moved
another a units forward and the rope will be c+v+v+v units long or c+3v. During any second, the fraction of the rope
the ant covers is just the ratio between the two lengths in that second’s row. After the first second, the ant covers a units
of the total c+v units the rope is long. During the second second, the ant covers a
units of the rope’s now total c+2v units of length. And so on. If you add these two fractions, you get the
fraction of the rope covered after the first and second second. The number of fractions we add corresponds
to how many seconds have elapsed and their sum tells us the total fraction of the rope
the ant has covered after that many seconds. One way to think about adding fractions to
represent a sum is eating pizza. Okay? Take one big bite of pizza and then a smaller
bite of pizza, add those two bites together and their sum equals the total amount of pizza
you’ve just eaten. So if we represent seconds as k, during the
kth second, the ant covers 1 of the total c+kv units the rope is long. Okay cool story, Kevin. But the question is: if we wait long enough,
if we add up enough of these diminishing fractions of the rope’s length the ant covers during
each next second, will the sum ever equal 1? One whole of the rope’s length? YES. And we can prove that by using a COMPARISON
TEST. Let’s compare this series with one whose
behavior we know: the harmonic series. We can do that by creatively tweaking the
general formula for the fraction of the rope the ant covers during any given second k. If we multiply not only v but ALSO c by
k, then for any natural number k, like 1, 2, 3, 4, etc., this new formula will give
either the same result as the original formula . Well, it'll give us the same result when
k equals 1. Because if k equals 1 then this is just c
and if k equals 1 here that's just v so that will be the same so that will be equal. Or it'll give us a number that is smaller. And this new formula -- a/(kc+kv) -- is equal
to a over c plus v times 1 over k. Because 1 times a is just a and we still have
the k times c and k times v. Okay? Got it? And if we generate a new series using this
formula, when we start plugging in number for k we get a over c plus v time 1 over 1
plus 1 over 2 plus 1 over 3 plus 1 over 4 and so on... Which is the harmonic series! Exciting! So this new series we’ve created diverges. As long as you keep adding in new values for
bigger and bigger k’s, the sum can reach any number you want -- including 1. That's a big one. Because this is a big deal. And since every single element of this new
series is always equal to OR LESS than an element in the series that describes the ant’s
progress, our ant’s progress MUST ALSO DIVERGE. So no matter how tiny the fractions get, no
matter how long it takes the ant to cover any proportion of the rope, he will eventually
cover 1/1th of whatever the rope’s length has become. H will reach the end. But it will take A LONG, LONG TIME since a
smaller and smaller portion is covered every step of the way. In our example of an ant traveling 1cm every
second and a rope stretching 1 km longer every second, the ant will reach the end after about
8.9 × 10 raised to the 43,421 years. To put that number in perspective. The known universe is about 13.8 billion years
old, which is 1.38 x 10^10. All the known atoms in the observable universe
number is about 10^80. A Googol is still only 10^100. So what does a number with 43,421 zeroes actually
look like? This. The real world analog to the ant on a rubber
rope would be light from distant galaxies traveling through space. If photons are traveling through a universe
that is constantly expanding, will their light ever reach Earth? The ant on a rubber rope teaches us that yes,
yes the light will eventually reach us, or it would, if the universe were expanding at
a constant rate. But the metric expansion of the universe is
actually accelerating, which means there are ant photons traveling through the universe’s
rubber rope that will never crawl into your eyes. So be sure to enjoy the starlight that does
make that journey. And as always -- thanks for watching. Free. Do you like free? Well, I have a brand new free podcast for
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