Anatomy and Physiology of Lymphatic System

hi welcome back to educator calm this is the lesson on the lymphatic system so we look at the functions of the lymphatic system basically involves the production maintenance and distribution of lymphocytes which is a major kind of white blood cell and these provide defense of course against infections which we can call pathogens that's viruses bacteria fungi even parasitic worms even abnormal body cells your own body cells sometimes get mutations maybe get a buildup of toxins and something about them is abnormal maybe they're turning into cancer cells you want a certain class of white blood cells to ideally get rid of them as soon as possible and foreign proteins so foreign proteins which are usually associated with some kind of pathogen but not always those can cause problems as well so they're gonna be dealing with them these protective cells are found throughout the bloodstream in lymphatic organs and they can also migrate into tissues the amazing thing is scientists have tracked white blood cells changing their shape and squeezing through the border of the endothelial lining of a capillary or blood vessels in general and you know moving in and out of organs it's amazing to think about them not just being restricted to the blood stream they can actively go into tissues and deal with infections in there which is great and this immune sorry this system the lymphatic system is also known as the lymphoid system in certain textbooks and the immune system so we look at this lymph tissue the reason why it's called the lymphatic system lymph is the fluid of the system circulating around the body this is one of the least talked about systems in terms of people's general knowledge of it but it's one of the more important ones because without lymph and without sort of this screening process in your tissues you get sick way more often I mean yes people still do get sick but even something like the common cold the reason why you get better within you know a few days is because of your lymphatic system so the lymph is is really just a fluid of it analogous to plasma of blood but the precise amount of proteins in it the precise makeup of lymph is slightly different than plasma but that's found all throughout these regions the lymphatic vessels is what's actually moving the lymph through the parts of the body these vessels you're gonna hear more about them later on in the lesson similar to blood vessels there are some differences lymph nodes are these little circular pockets that you see throughout here you'll see more pictures later on but lymph nodes are kind of like miniature lymph organs little little collections of lymph fluid and where some white blood cells will be hanging out the lymphoid organs a little bit bigger we're talking organs like the adenoids or tonsils thymus gland behind the sternum and then the spleen this organ that's tucked under next to the stomach those have a lot to do with helping out with the lymphatic system and then lymphocytes these are the cells of the white blood cell specifically of the lymphatic system and then later on we'll also be talking about nonspecific defenses versus specific defenses and acquired immunity versus passive immunity nonspecific defenses is the general things your body does regardless of what's invaded at regardless of what abnormal thing is present to combat that situation things like a fever fevers gonna happen regardless of having some kind of you know bacterial infection in your respiratory tract or a viral infection in your respiratory tract the fever is gonna happen with either but specific defenses is hey for this specific bacteria that's entered your white blood cells are gonna do something very particular to combat that certain virus entering your body very particular things gonna happen so those are the specific defenses to combat particular invasions so we look at the olymic vessels we're going from thickest to smallest kind of like saying from arteries to arterioles to capillaries in this case major lymphatic vessels these are the deepest ones just like arteries are going to be deeper than capillaries do you know especially we're talking about the skin but major lymphatic vessels these are gonna be deeper and they're gonna branch off into small lymphatic vessels and finally into lymphatic capillaries basically the large lymphatic vessels contain valves for maintaining normal lymph flow similar to the reason why veins in your circulatory system or cardiovascular system are allowing blood to like continue to go in one direction it's the same thing here the reason why you have valves and lymphatic vessels is because you don't want your lymph your lymphatic fluids to be pooling in one area that can cause something called lymphedema which I'm going to talk about more at the end but you want to keep the drainage of this lymph constant and you don't want it to build up in any one area so the valves assist with keeping that you need erection alow lymphatic capillaries are present in almost every tissue of the body almost every tissue that's amazing to think about because a lymphatic capillaries they're kind of like assisting your blood stream in screening out harmful things and kind of almost like dealing like with security checkpoints in a sense so it's great that you're these tiny little capillaries containing this lymph fluid are associated with virtually every tissue but they do differ the vessels from blood capillaries because the originators pockets not as continuous tubes so if you think about how blood moves around the body it is a continuous tubular network and the origin of the you know red blood cells is gonna be from typically bone marrow but your lymph originates in little pockets and then drains out so in these little pockets is where you're producing the lymph fluid and then it's it's exiting out constantly and kept going that direction thanks to the valves they typically do have larger diameters than the blood vessels but thinner walls and also the endothelial cells of these lymphatic vessels overlap so if you looked at the endothelial lining of blood cells there those cells are flush with each other there they're directly adjacent not like it's so you're gonna see some overlapping and know--they lleol cells if you zoomed in really close on a micrograph or microscopic picture of the lymphatic vessels the inner lining alright these lymph nodes these are the small lymphoid organs that vary in size depending on which one you're looking at some of them are one millimeter in diameter some are 25 millimeters in diameter which is quite large most are concentrated in the neck armpits and groin and you generally don't think about them until you're the doctor when you're sick the reason why the doctor would like feel this area of your neck if you're claiming that you have some kind of coffee won't go away or a sore throat is there really checking whether or not your lymph nodes are swollen here so if your lymph nodes are a little bit inflamed and a little bit puffy in this area that tells you that your lymph nodes are kind of working overtime that inflammation those regions means you're probably combating some or fighting against some kind of infection and they're also going to be looking in the armpits and in the groin region but they are scattered throughout it's just they tend to be more concentrated in these regions and the lymph nodes they function like a kitchen water filter in terms of filtering out bad stuff before it ends up going back into the bloodstream so it purifies the lymph that fluid that is associated with the lymphatic system before it enters into the veins macrophages which means giant eaters a kind of a white blood cell in the lymphatic sinuses just pockets of the lymphatic system and Gulf or swallow foreign bodies like antigens we'll talk more about antigens later which are presented to lymphocytes and this process here the antigens presenting presenting them to the lymphocytes that's a major part of you enabling your white blood cells to know what the bacteria has on it what the virus has on in terms of protein structure and being able to identify quickly and and kick its butt get rid of it out of your body so this is a little drawing of the pelvic region near the groin and you can see all these little brown circular objects these are lymph nodes scattered throughout and the lymph nodes are connected to each other by lymphatic vessels all right now in terms of the larger lymphoid organs one of them is the thymus to hear more about the thymus if you look at the endocrine system lessons I talk more about the hormone function of the thymus but here is more structural information so it's located in the mediastinal posterior to the sternum near the heart it contains lobules and these lobules they're about two millimeters in diameter here's a little cross-section so if we if we took a slice through the thymus and look down into it this is a lobule or lobe you'll hear these different low Buell's and each one has two distinct layers kind of like in the kidney or the adrenal gland once again we're using the terms cortex and medulla so the cortex is the outer region the medulla is inner so if we look at the outermost part that's where lymphocytes are dividing lymphocytes making more lymphocytes making more lymphocytes and those daughter cells the products of those mitotic divisions as they move into the medulla that's where they're gonna undergo maturation so the T cells is the specific ones we're talking about here and the way that I remember that is thymus starts with the T so T cells mature in the thymus there's another kind of lymphocyte called b-cells we're going to talk about more later at the end of this lesson so these T cells as they migrate into the medulla they tend to leave and actually go out into the vessels after about three weeks they're ready to go and there's different types of T cells which we're gonna go over in a bit hormones from this gland promote the maturation of lymphocytes specifically the T cells the spleen another important but not vital organ it contains the largest amount of lymphoid tissue in the body it's red because of the large amount of blood flow the thymus has a reddish appearance too but the spleen is much more a deep dark red it's about 12 centimeters long about 160 grams and over 5.6 ounce weight and lies lateral to the stomach on the left between ribs 9 and 11 so it's kind of a next-door neighbor the stomach the stomach is right in this region so ribs 9 and 11 that's almost all the way down because rib 12 that's the last pair so it is protected by the bottom of the thoracic cage this is one of those organs that I said it's not a vital organ because sometimes doctors will do a splenectomy taking out of the spleen if let's say you were in an accident you fell on it a collision in some kind of contact sport ruptures the spleen and there's internal bleeding you got to take it out because that can kill a person if you do get a splenectomy if it's taken out you can live perfectly fine life but you're gonna be a little bit more susceptible to certain illnesses because it's a spleen does assist your lymphatic system in dealing with different infections so there are areas in the spleen called pulp and you can see from this cross-section this is a transverse cross-section looking down into it you can see that there's white areas and there's red areas the red areas the reason why the red is because red blood cells that makes sense the white areas is where you have sort of that lymphoid section the area that has a lot more lymphocytes kind of screening the blood that's coming in and dealing with harmful things that don't belong there so it's like a highly patrolled security checkpoint area in general those little lymph nodes they're like little security checkpoints but this is where a lot of security is going on in terms of locating the harmful stuff that doesn't belong in your body and kicking its butt all right now in terms of the different kinds of defenses we could talk first about nonspecific defenses and I mentioned these earlier that the response in terms of your nonspecific defenses is the same regardless of what's invading and they also call it nonspecific resistance so one example is physical barriers if you think about all the layers and parts of your body that like let's say air has to go through to finally get into your bloodstream you have a lot of physical barriers think about the air you breathe in in terms of you know dust getting caught in the hairs of your nostrils in the mucous membranes of your nasal mucosa then you swallow it sometimes and it goes into the stomach where it's very very acidic and it's probably not gonna survive that if it's not being swallowed and it's actually being inhaled down into the trachea and bronchi etc you've got those cilia that are sweeping up mucus you've got lymphatic patrols of the different alveolar bundles there's so many physical barriers to finally you know that has to pass before it finally gets into the bloodstream so physical barriers regardless of what you're being exposed to virus bacteria fungus there's a lot that you have protecting your body phagocytic cells you have white blood cells patrolling the body whose job it is to just swallow up stuff that doesn't belong there and the classic examples monocytes they're analogous to macrophages macrophages tend to be like kind of restricted to certain areas outside the bloodstream but monocytes constantly patrolling and just swallowing up stuff that that doesn't belong there and phagocytosis is the surrounding of some foreign body or even large molecule by wrapping the plasma membrane around it and bringing it in and a little vesicle and then attacking it killing it immunological surveillance this is pretty much equal to what the natural killer cells are doing NK cells natural killer cells these are white blood cells whose job it is to kill your own body cells that are becoming abnormal they aren't they are abnormal this happens all the time and there are some people out there who the inference they might be smokers for 40 50 60 years or more and never get cancer they just die of attack in their 90's or older and you wonder how did they not get cancer it could be that they have genetic factors making their natural killer cells just really awesome at their job so anytime that something abnormal cell growth happened in the respiratory tract the natural killer cells nipped it in the bud and just you know destroyed it before could turn it to cancer some people's natural killer cells are not doing the best job and they tend to be more susceptible to cancerous growths occurring so this is a way that you keep body cells in check if they're if they're not doing what they're supposed to do interferons these are chemicals that actually make it harder for something like a virus to keep spreading and it actually will make cells in the region of where that virus is less susceptible to getting that virus coming into them so interferons regardless of of what kind of virus infection you're exposed to these secretions these little peptides these protein bits they're going to make it so that you're more likely to defeat the virus inflammation whether it's an allergy bacterial virus whatever information is your immune systems response to like it just it's a swelling thing if something is in your bloodstream it doesn't belong there there's gonna be a stimulation to expand the blood vessels in the area get more blood flow in terms of volume and that's going to get more white blood cells to the area and the more white blood cells go to the area the more likely it is you're going to get rid of that infection quickly fever you know fevers happen and they're very uncomfortable but it serves a purpose so here's the Celsius scale normal I mean it depends on the person if we're talking Fahrenheit it's gonna be a different number obviously but you know 37 degrees Celsius that's that's high 90s 98.6 is what a lot of people say is normal my normal is ninety eight point two you know some people might be ninety eight point three is their normal baseline but regardless of where you are in that ninety eight degree range your regular body temperatures gonna be about 37 degrees Celsius if it gets up into high 37 or 38 degrees 39 degrees Celsius you're talking a fever and that usually means that you are sick with something substantial so the fever if you're wondering why does it happen why does my body heat go up it makes it harder for the virus or bacteria to spread and in that hotter environment so it does serve a purpose even though it causes us some discomfort and we had up sweating a lot and it's just not pleasant it does serve a purpose there are medications that will reduce your fever but still enable white blood cells to get the job done all right specific defenses so depending on the particular type of pathogen you're gonna have very specific kinds of reactions to that so this is known as immunity when you become immune to something that we're talking about a specific defense so this is the coordinated activities of b-cells and t-cells two major types of lymphocytes so here's the the two kinds of immunity innate immunity means you're born with it you're born with the ability to react to two different things that you're exposed to you can't change that that's based on genetics but a lot of immunity is acquired it's picked up just by living by you being exposed to different pathogens or foreign bodies so when we talk about acquired immunity what you gain as as life goes on you could talk about active acquired immunity versus passive acquired immunity so active acquired immunity how do you naturally acquire it well a good example of that is think about a baby that's just been born and they get exposed to something some germ that's an example of how a baby can naturally acquire active immunity so the babies you know sucking on something that had germs on it well introducing that bacteria from that toy whatever they had in their mouth that's gonna allow their white blood cells to identify be like oh okay now we know what this is we'll be able to prevent it spreading in the future so that's just being exposed to stuff in your environment induced active immunity is vaccinations so if you get an immunization is another term for it a lot of kids these days are immunized against chickenpox when I was a baby they didn't have that in wide distribution in terms of getting a shot that gets rid of the chickenpox thing in the future I got chickenpox when I was about seven or eight and chances are I'm not gonna get it again because I have cells that have retained a memory of what that chickenpox virus was like so if I'm exposed to it from someone in my environment I'm not gonna get sick however some people do get sick with chickenpox more than once because sometimes the second exposure the genetics of that particular chickenpox virus was slightly different so that it's not quite the same kind of signaling that your body is used to so you might get sick a second time but if you've been vaccinated you've been exposed to too bit to the dead virus it's like exposing your body to the non active form of the virus they look at the proteins like oh okay that's what this thing's made of and they're able to kind of retain a memory of what that's like so if you are exposed to the live active virus from somebody touching you or whatever then you're probably not gonna get sick here's another interesting example of vaccinations I found this image I wasn't sure of the exact year but it's probably from the 60s when smallpox was still an epidemic that was a problem so this little announcement be vaccinated this new year against smallpox you know they say that smallpox has been completely eradicated so as of I believe it was late 70s the CDC Center for Disease Control they had for years been doing this campaign where they were trying to distribute smallpox vaccines all over the globe places like Africa Asia Europe etc and even here in the United States and then when you get to the point where enough people have been vaccinated so that they won't get sick with smallpox and the people who currently have smallpox are no longer spreading it to others the people with smallpox once they pass away the smallpox has has no humans to to be inside of and pass along to other individuals so we now consider this to be eradicated there are smallpox samples in labs around the globe hopefully they stay there and aren't exposed to anybody because we don't vaccinate people against us anymore we do vaccinate with a lot of other kinds of things that that are still out there now moving on to passive acquired immunity one example of passive acquired immunity in terms of it being naturally acquired is when you're a baby getting antibodies from your mom so not the actual you know surface of the virus or surface of the bacteria you're getting antibodies either through the placental connection which you hear more about in the embryo logical lessons but the placenta is how a baby gets its blood and I'm going like this with my fingers because there's these connections that allow the mother's blood to end up going in into the the placental side that goes with the baby in through the umbilical cord and that's how the baby gets all its oxygen nutrients while it's developing sometimes you can have antibodies crossing through the placental barrier so the baby is born with antibodies against some kind of bacteria and that's amazing the thing about also breast milk can sometimes have antibodies coming out from the mother through the breast milk into the baby's body so that's a naturally acquired passive immunity and then induced passive immunity would be something like you can actually inject antibodies into somebody rather than injecting like the surface of a virus or something like that so rabies if somebody may have been exposed to the rabies you can inject antibodies into that person's bloodstream to help them deal with that particular infection all right t-cells what are these guys so they're responsible for cell mediated immunity meaning not based on antibodies so this is triggering cells to know how to conquer and defeat some kind of infection so cytotoxic t-cells is one of the kinds of t-cells these are just going up to places where there viruses are bacteria in peripheral tissues like just you know in the layers of your skin in you know parts of your liver they will migrate into those areas and just destroy them they'll just eat them up and destroy them and that's why they're called cytotoxic because they have certain packages little little vesicles you can call them lysosomes that contain enzymes that are designed to help like eat up and destroy some kind of virus or bacteria now helper t-cells the reason why they're called helper t-cells is without their signaling other t-cells and b-cells another kind of lymphocyte would not be successful and helper t-cells is the main kind of cell that HIV or AIDS is going to invade and destroy suppressor T cells kind of the opposite of what T cells are doing so helper and I meant helper T cells the opposite of this one because helper T cells they're helping out T cells and B cells in terms of stimulating them to do their job but suppressor T cells they they tell them hey back off that they'll be responsible for stimulating them to kind of hold back and not have as many cell divisions and you know if an infection is over if it's been defeated suppressor T cells are going to turn off that reaction so to be activated T cells must be exposed to an antigen and an antigen is usually some kind of protein or proteinaceous kind of surface molecule so if you look at a plasma membrane there are these little proteins sticking out the surface of them those are antigens bacteria are going to have antigens on them viruses gonna have antigens on them even the surface of a parasitic worm is gonna have certain proteins that are unique to that species the reason why I says abnormal plasma membrane proteins is it's abnormal to you so you have your own particular proteins on the surface of all your cells based on your genetics unique to your body even your brother even your parents are gonna have slightly different proteins so the introduction of abnormal membrane proteins your body that's antigens and your body will respond to those antigens t-cells and and their butt-kicking abilities the major histocompatibility complex proteins are MHC proteins are would allow your body to identify friendly cells versus abnormal cells so friendly cells meaning your own normal body cells abnormal cells meaning virus and that's not really a cell but viruses bacterial cells parasitic cells this is going to have a certain protein composition certain kinds of antigens that are not normal and MHC proteins actually present foreign antigens you're gonna see a demonstration of that in a little bit that MHC proteins they they will present an abnormal antigen so let's say a cell got invaded by a virus and that virus is actively making new viruses it's using the machinery of that host cell to make a bunch of new viruses that means they're making a bunch of abnormal proteins to your body their virus proteins well the MHC will actually take antigens and present them outside of the cell and it's kind of like a flag like a little white flag like you know help us so that means some T cells are gonna notice that we exposed that antigen and then kind of signal other ones like hey we have a problem here there's abnormal proteins in this cell that means there's some kind of invasion from foreign bodies all right so here's this antigen presentation that I was just trying to kind of act out for you here is a cell that's been invaded let's say it's been invaded by a virus so this is the antigen presenting cell MHC major histocompatibility complex protein so you have a couple different classes of MHC s but this MHC is gonna take antigens and be like look here it is when they say immature T cell it's kind of like saying currently inactive so it's a T cell that's looking for these abnormal antigen presentations and rather than a white flag it's better to say it's kind of like a red flag we have a problem here so this immature T cell once it comes into contact with that antigen then it's going to become activated and this is going to tell chemically sells and it's gonna cause cell divisions that are gonna tell other t-cells hey this is what you got to do so a helper t-cell it's going to secrete things like inter Luke or interferons I almost said interleukin so interferons are those particular chemicals peptide based chemicals that are going to signal cells like hey we have some kind of viral invasion be ready for this cytotoxic T cells these are the ones that are going around and actually like actively eating up all of these other cells that are gonna have the similar antigen presentation you know even if the virus has just invaded one cell that virus is gonna bust out of here and invade thousands of other cells so if it wasn't for these cytotoxic T cells eaten up the ones with the abnormal antigens you'd have a problem and then virus could destroy tissues B cells there's another kind of lymphocyte these are responsible for the antibody kind of side of the story responsible for antibody mediated immunity and antibodies if you watch the blood lessons from before those are those like Y shaped looking proteins that will attach to antigens so the body your body has millions of these populations of B cells and each kind of b-cell has its own antibody molecules matching certain classes of bacteria activated when they receive the okay from a helper T cell so remember in the previous slide about sort of that signaling of like hey we got a problem here so a helper T cell is going to be activated when there is a need for antibodies and if there's no need then you're not gonna have the activation more about antibodies in a bit but memory b-cells these are similar to the class of t-cells that eight is able to retain a memory in terms of the antigens that you've been introduced to but these retain a memory on how to make antibodies so when you are vaccinated against something the reason why of Maxo nation will sometimes last like ten years is memory b-cells can live up to 20 years in your body that same cell I mean compare that to red blood cells red blood cells will live like hey maybe two months if that but memory b-cells last decades and sometimes they say hey you need a booster shot so I was vaccinated against meningitis little over ten years ago a doctor would tell me like hey you need another meningitis vaccine because the B cells in my body that were able to retain a memory of what that meningitis actually looks like on the surface it terms the antigens and what antibodies match it maybe they're all dead and so I need to introduce reintroduce that vaccine in my body to enable the new memory B cells to retain that antibody making ability so B cells B cells in general I remember antibody B cell so that's how I remember that antibodies with a B come from B cells and when stimulated these memory B cells will divide and differentiate and secrete massive amounts of antibodies so let's say I do get a booster shot for meningitis my body's initial response the primary response to that is gonna be a fairly decent immune response but if you compare that to the time that I'm actually introduced to the live active meningitis pathogen the secondary response is gonna be whom a flood of antibodies like hey this is our chance we've got an invader and we know how to kick its butt let's secrete millions and millions and millions of antibodies and that's how you won't get sick with meningitis thanks to that vaccination so what are these antibodies look like these are proteins secreted by B cells remember an t body b cell for the purpose of attaching to antigens on abnormal cells so member antigens an antibody will match up to it and the reason why it happens is because see this little looks like a puzzle piece here a puzzle piece here on this big y shaped protein there is a matching the antigen to this so it's kind of like that lock and key mechanism I mentioned in previous lessons where the surface of an antigen has a unique protein conformation or protein shape and this matches that so what are the antibodies do well the antibodies that are attaching to some kind of pathogen on the surface of it they're not only helping to mark it like hey this is a sitting duck that needs to be eaten up but it also prevents them from further damaging tissues so antibodies serve a few different functions but there are five types of or classes of antibodies and the reason why we say that is you've got the heavy chain the the blue part here and then this little orange ish reddish part is the light chain down here it's always going to be the same but the variable region is due to different kinds of light chains that you're gonna add on to modify what the shape of this here is on the tops of the Y shape and another nickname for antibodies is immunoglobulins and and it's because this is a globular protein that's gonna be found in your bloodstream and it has to do with immune immunization so immunoglobulin that's what the IG means IgG IgE these are the five different classes of antibodies in terms of their types and in more advanced classes you'd have to know like an immunology class you'd have to know exactly what these are for but I just want to introduce you to the terms so this is a type of antibody type of antibody and IG is immunoglobulin and I mentioned this in the previous slide about primary versus secondary response primary response is when you are let's say introduced to a vaccination the initial flood of antibodies is it's it's fairly significant in terms of you know your b-cells reaction to it but the secondary response if you were to measure how much of immune response there is in terms of the flood of antibodies this is way bigger and that's a good thing that primary response introduction of that pathogenic antigen from the dead pathogen or inactive pathogen is preparing your body for when the real thing could possibly be introduced to you all right immune conditions and disorders an allergy there's probably a lot of genetics having to do with this so an allergy is an umbrella term for a reaction your body has to some kind of stimulation some kind of stimuli that is going to irritate your immune system in a sense so I have minor allergies to grass minor allergies to pollen and and pet dander but I had a dog growing up I didn't get full-on anaphylactic shock or or you know a deadly kind of allergic reaction all that would happen is I would get a stuffy nose so I have minor allergies to certain allergens to certain particles that if I inhale them I get a little bit of swelling in in the nasal cavity that's it so allergies it probably has a lot to do with genetics in terms of how sensitive your body is to these different things in your environment but the irony of allergies is that it's it's your immune system overreacting to something that is actually not deadly so some people are deathly allergic to bee stings the average person when they get stung by a bee it's like it's like no big deal your body deals with that little amount of venom that's injected into you but not a big deal peanut allergies there's nothing that's deadly about peanuts but it's the allergic reaction to that chemical that is deadly so allergies you know that there might be some environmental triggers early on in life that also have to do with it but we can't ignore the potential genetics in terms of why certain people's bodies react in a crazy way so anaphylactic shock is when somebody does have a severe allergic reaction to something like a bee sting or something like even penicillin which comes from a certain kind of mold or or peanuts like I mentioned earlier I've worked with students that were so deathly allergic to peanuts that just the airborne oils some some of these kids couldn't even go in in older planes where they used to hand out peanuts you know every flight to the passengers because the oils from the peanuts are in the fabrics of the seats and being exposed to just those oils causes their body to react so severely that you get massive inflammation all over the body and swelling in areas like the throat could suffocate them completely and I mentioned earlier I believe it was in the hormones lessons that from the endocrine system an EpiPen an epinephrine pen if somebody is at risk of going an anaphylactic shock from severe allergic reaction they're gonna carry around a pen that's close to this size that's an injection kind of emergency item and it's an epinephrine pen they're injecting adrenaline to constrict their blood vessels and save their life they still need to go to the hospital though an autoimmune disease is something like rheumatoid arthritis is an example that's where unfortunately your white blood cells are attacking healthy tissues and rheumatoid arthritis over time you actually have white blood cells attacking joints and in terms of the tissue within the joints autoimmune diseases typically don't have a cure but there are treatments that can help you know delay the long term effects of them hiv/aids so HIV is human immunodeficiency virus AIDS is acquired immunodeficiency syndrome HIV is the actual virus this is a picture of it a computer-generated image of it that's a virus that either enters your body because of a sexual fluid exchange or blood contact blood the blood contact so the ways that people typically get it is unprotected sex blood transfusions where there was an accident where the they didn't know that the donor had HIV unfortunately accidental needle sticks sharing needles with drugs or you know tattoos outside of a tattoo parlor but HIV this virus is really good at invading helper t-cells and over time as the virus makes more viruses invades more helper t-cells eventually your white blood cell count gets low enough to the point where that person gets AIDS and that's where ironically you end up dying from something like the common cold or chickenpox or pneumonia those those illnesses that the average person the average healthy person can beat but if you have this virus in your white blood cells that are allowing you to beat it it's not gonna work out HIV is an RNA virus more specifically a retrovirus which means it has RNA and then makes DNA within your cells which is kind of like backwards transcription if you took biology you may remember that eventually I believe there will be a vaccine or cure to AIDS there are lots of issues in the way of that but there's a lot of money being pointing to pour it into it and I'm the time will tell cancer cancer I have it here in the immune conditions disorders because cancer is basically cell division out of control abnormal cell division so if you have healthy natural killer cells you may not get cancer you know well into until your 90s or hundreds even and by then you know it might be a heart attack that kills that person but cancer can happen in virtually any tissue of the body usually it's exposure to carcinogens which are cancer-causing chemicals or radiation that causes damage to the DNA that's regulating the cell cycle and if that cell cycle the the regular amount of cell divisions will happen is out of control that tissue can become a malignant tumor that's going to spread potentially through your lymphatic tissues to other organs and that's how cancer ends up killing a person so yeah the Western medicine approach typically is radiation projected on the cancerous tissue chemotherapy but there are other methods that people try to get rid of cancer lymphomas lymphomas is a disease has to do with abnormalities in terms of your lymphocytes being able to deal with infections one example is Hodgkin's lymphoma but there are many different classes of lymphomas a disease that impacts the lymphocytes lymphedema is edema of the lymph so I mentioned edema before with with blood circulation but this has to do with the lymphatic vessels so let's say those valves I mentioned the valves that keep lymph going in one direction and from pooling if those valves start being dysfunctional the pooling of of lymph the backup of lymph can cause severe swelling in lymph tissue and that's known as a lymphedema graft rejection if you get an organ donation maybe it's a kidney maybe it's a new liver they will give you immune suppressing drugs to keep your immune system from freaking out because remember that MHC thing if those proteins are not exactly as they should be from from your normal DNA you're gonna get what's called graft rejection where your immune system is going to attack that newly introduced tissue and it could be something as simple as a skin graft maybe the person was a burn victim and needed skin grafts from a cadaver tonsillitis that's an infection of the tonsils and they also call them adenoids they're collections of they're like miniature lymphoid organs in the throat region if you get you know a lot of throat infections especially as a child you get a lot of swelling of the tonsils because the swelling is your body's response to that pathogen in your throat it can be very uncomfortable and really irritating so they'll go in and sometimes take out your tonsils a tonsillectomy yeah so it depends on the person I was not I did not get a tonsillectomy when I was a kid I guess I didn't get enough tonsillitis to qualify but taking out the tonsils it's not a vital tissue it's just something to get rid of that annoying swelling and pain you'll still be able to combat that particular pathogen without the tonsils thank you for watching educator com

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Keywords: lymphoma, leukemia, lymph nodes, immune system, lymphedema, autoimmune disease, lymphatic system, lymphoma symptoms, lymphoma cancer, blood cancer, what is lymphoma, symptoms of lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, lymphatic drainage, lymph nodes in neck, what causes cancer, what is lymphoma cancer, lymphoma survival rate, hodgkins lymphoma, lymph glands, lymph node cancer, what are lymph nodes, lymphoma treatment, glands in neck, non hodgkins lymphoma

Id: J16x57fdhMU

Length: 44min 23sec (2663 seconds)

Published: Mon Nov 23 2015