(sinister ambient music) - [Narrator] There's a weapon
that powerful countries use to get rid of leaders they don't like, leaders from other countries. It's called a coup. It's a French word that
means a punch or a blow, because it kind of means coming in and forcibly punching out
a government from power. No elections, no process,
just power being seized, just someone being pushed
out and someone being put in. Coups happen in so many different ways, but I wanna show you how
the coup has been used by the United States of America as a tool to get what they
want on the world stage. So let me walk you through some of the major US-led
coups over the years to show you that, while
it sometimes seems like we live in a world full
of order and rules, the reality is that the
most powerful countries will often get their way by
whatever means necessary. Okay, so here's how I'm defining the US-led coups that I'm
gonna put on our list here. Number one, they were successful. There's a lot of failed coup attempts. We're leaving those out. Number two, there must be at least one US government
official involved in the coup. And number three, we need
concrete evidence that the US was actually involved,
not just speculation. While the US has been involved in tons of regime change
efforts around the world, we landed on a much shorter list. These are the coups that I think best exemplify how this tool has been used for international power over the years. Let's start here, (distorted, cheesy Hawaiian music) in the independent country of Hawaii. it's 1893 and the US is feeling
like the Hawaiian queen is a threat to American control over sugar. It's sugar that's being grown by the descendants of white
American missionaries who had settled in Hawaii over the years. So the US sends a military
ship with hundreds of troops to show up to Honolulu, and they overthrow the queen, installing one of those descendants of
the Christian missionaries Sanford B. Dole as the new president. Notice his last name? Yeah, this coup was one of the US's first, and it set the stage not only for the new
Hawaiian president's family to grow their powerful
international corporation, which was based in Hawaii, but also for Hawaii to be annexed, to become a part of the United States. I made a whole video on this
coup because it's pretty wild and there's so much going on here. And it was really a turning point in showing how the US could
remove leaders from power in far away places, something that they start
to do a lot more of. We're gonna move on to the next coup, but I need to thank today's sponsor who makes these videos possible. Thank you Nord VPN for
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sponsoring today's video. Let's get back into the map. I gotta get outta here because
things are about to heat up. We got a lot more to cover on these coups. The next coup has to do with Spain. Well, actually more like Spain's colonies. (percussive ambient music) Spain's glory days have come and gone. They are a declining empire and there is major
resistance in their colonies, especially in Cuba, Puerto
Rico, and the Philippines. Meanwhile, the US is a rising empire and they already are
pretty uncomfortable with Spain having colonies like a
hundred miles off their coast. But at the same time, they
don't love the idea of true independence for places
like Cuba or Puerto Rico. These are strategic islands
right in the US's neighborhood. And like Hawaii, American
companies have money invested, particularly in Cuba. Independence might mean
them getting kicked out. So the US delves into this fight between Spain and their colonies. They use the explosion
of an American Navy ship as their excuse, even though it was likely
an accident, not an attack. But sometimes stories
matter more than truth. So the US sends in troops
to liberate the rebels fighting against their Spanish colonizers, promising them independence, not only in Cuba and Puerto Rico, but later, over here in
the Philippines and Guam. These local uprisings eventually
drive out the Spanish, and in all of these cases, the
US reneges on their promise to give independence to these locals. And they figure out ways to
govern Cuba and Puerto Rico indirectly themselves. The US has just piggybacked off several independence movements to enact several coups at once, allowing them to install
pro-American leaders and a Navy base in Cuba, and eventually annexing
Puerto Rico and Guam, which they still control, and the Philippines, which
they held for 48 years. Again, I made a whole
video about this one too if you wanna go deeper. Anyway, we gotta move
a little quicker here because we're not gonna get
through all these coups. Let's move on. Okay, so we're over here
in Nicaragua, it's 1909. (bright, quaint piano music) There's a bunch of powerful
American companies here, but a new president comes to
power, vowing to regulate them. The US is not gonna let this happen. So the Secretary of State
starts spreading rumors to smear this guy, this president, saying that he's building a canal that would compete with the Panama Canal. But really they're just upset because Nicaragua was taking loans from Europe. The US keeps painting
this guy as a war criminal and someone worthy of being thrown out. So, push comes to shove and the US sends ships to
both of Nicaragua's coasts. They assemble a bunch
of Marines in Panama, basically just flexing on Nicaragua and telling the president to step down. And the benefit of being a
rising superpower is that it worked, he has no
choice but to step down. And soon a leader that the
US likes comes to power. The coup is complete. And really, this is the
first of many instances of the US meddling in Nicaragua. A few years later, the
US is back in the region for another coup in next door Honduras. This one was plotted by a band
of private American citizens and it follows a similar pattern. A new president comes to town, in this case directly inspired
by Nicaragua's president, and he wants to take back
control of the country from American businesses. In this case we're talking about bananas. The banana companies were
not gonna let this happen. And it was mostly this guy, a banana businessman
named Sam the Banana Man. He's not gonna let this pesky
president run his country, no. So he assembles his own militia, he literally buys a surplus Navy ship, loads it up with weapons, and starts his campaign
to get this president out. He sails from New Orleans
to the coast of Honduras and he literally invades the country with, like, a private army. Wait, what? Where's the
US government in all this? They also didn't like the political direction
of Honduras either. So they just sort of stood back, let this private invasion happen. And then at the critical moment, the US steps in to order a ceasefire, basically bullying the
president to step down. He had no way forward, no
defense, so he resigns. (urgent synth music) And the Banana Man's leader of
choice takes the presidency, giving the banana businessman
land and a unique status to import anything he needs tax free and, wait for it, he refunds him for all of the coup expenses
using public Honduran money. This Banana Man literally
overthrew the government and made Honduras pay for it. Wow. Okay, so let's move
forward to the '50s where the coup becomes a more useful
tool in the American toolkit. There's this new US agency dedicated to collecting
and analyzing information from all over the world,
meaning for spying. They call it the Central
Intelligence Agency, the CIA. And it completely revolutionizes
the art of the coup. Oh, and at this point, the US is now a full-blown
global superpower. No longer just looking in
their own neighborhood, but rather at the whole world map, investing huge resources into fighting their global rival
and its communist ideology. So this gets us to Iran 1953,
where Iran had just elected a new star politician, Mohammed Mosaddegh. He rises the power believing that Iran must take back control of its most valuable natural resource, oil, which at the time was
completely controlled by a British company called the
Anglo-Iranian Oil Company. We know it today as BP. Mosaddegh is done with this. "Let's kick the British
out and take back our oil." But like the US, Britain is not happy with Iranians trying to take
back their resources. So they warn that if they do this, there will be consequences. So the British catch a quick meeting with the CIA's Middle East guy, who was passing through London, and they pitch him on this idea. "Let's throw out Mosaddegh." The CIA's like, "Okay." And they kind of sniff
communist vibes on Mosaddegh with this big desire to
nationalize Iran's oil. Or at least they tell themselves they do. So the CIA agrees, and they
secretly send this guy to Iran. He's the Middle East Bureau
chief, Kermit Roosevelt, he's like in his thirties. Oh, and yes, he is the grandson of another big coup guy, Teddy Roosevelt, who I have gone into in other videos. Roosevelt sneaks into Iran and is given a million
taxpayer dollars to use, quote, "in any way that would bring
about the fall of Mosaddegh." So now there's American CIA agents in Iran secretly trying to
overthrow the government. And it's a rocky start at
first, with a bunch of failures. But they start using their
money to get traction, bribing politicians, religious
clerics, and other leaders to say divisive and controversial
things about Mosaddegh. They hire locals to stage attacks
against religious leaders, making it look like they had been ordered
to do so by Mosaddegh, but really, they were getting
paid by the CIA to do this. And with enough time and money, they create an atmosphere
of chaos and hostility and distrust among the public. Oh, and there's weapons. The CIA stashes enough weapons
and explosives to support a, quote, "10,000 man guerilla
organization for six months." Like, just in case they need
to start a full-on conflict. The result of all of this is more violence and chaos
that engulfs the capitol. Shops are being destroyed,
bullets are flying into mosques, people are beaten, and thousands of paid
demonstrators flood the street. The city falls into anarchy, all of it orchestrated by CIA money. And in the end, this all results in a bloody shootout at Mosaddegh's house. He eventually gives up
and turns himself in. He's put through a sham trial
and found guilty of treason and sentenced to three years
in solitary confinement and then house arrest, where
he stayed until his death. The previous ruler of Iran, Mohammed Reza Shah,
which just means "King," had fled the country. But now, with the democratically
elected Mosaddegh gone and with the backing of the US and UK, he could charter a flight back
into Iran and take control. - [TV Reporter] The Shah crowns himself in a tradition which
goes back 25 centuries. His title is King of Kings, and he becomes emperor of his nation. (suspenseful string music) - [Narrator] The US really
came out on top here. They got what they wanted. They now have an
American-friendly dictator in a powerful country in the Middle East who is now welcoming
American oil companies to get in on one of the
largest oil reserves on Earth. Under the Shaw, Iran becomes
a brutal police state. He executed military
officers, student leaders, anyone associated with Mosaddegh. He set up a secret police
force, and life was brutal. So brutal that in 1979,
the frustration of Iranians burst forth in mass protests that ran the Shaw out of office and replaced him with
an inspiring new leader who would turn Iran
into an Islamic Republic built in part off a
foundation of resentment for the US having
meddled in their country. The Islamic Republic has
held power ever since, and has morphed into the
oppressive theocracy we know today, though maybe not for long. Before we go on, a quick
reminder that all of these coups, these plans to overthrow
leaders in other countries, did not require American
votes or consensus or approval of Congress. It was usually just a few key men in government buildings in Washington DC making this happen. These people would go on
to define the Cold War and shape so many covert
operations around the world, many of which we'll never know about. Okay, let's keep going.
(urgent drum music) The next year in Guatemala, the CIA tried to pull the same playbook that they used in Iran, once again targeting a leader
that the people had elected, but who wanted to take back
the country's resources for the people, to break up these American monopolies that controlled the country's
electricity and railroad. The president even starts to seize land from one massive banana company. It was often unused land that
he wanted to redistribute to the locals who could farm
it and feed their families and hopefully climb out of the system of endemic
poverty in the country. Once again, I made a whole video on this, the geopolitics of bananas
in Central America. But the fact is that the US decided that they had to defend the banana companies or else more communist
reforms would spread. So the US president and secretary of state ordered an overthrow, and the CIA got right to work. The CIA hand selects a leader
that they want to be in power and then they start giving
equipment and training to a bunch of Guatemalan
exiles and private soldiers. They set up a secret operation base on the outskirts of Miami. They start delivering
weapons to the Panama Canal. But like the other coups, it can't just all be about weapons. They gotta own the information space. So they create a radio station that sounds like it's a local
Guatemala radio station, but really it's being operated out of a small town in Florida. And they start publishing fake news about an uprising, unrest, a rebellion. And then at the same time, the fighters that the
CIA had trained and armed invades Guatemala. Pilots start dropping bombs on fuel tanks and military
posts and airports. But they weren't starting a full-on war. They weren't trying to cause real damage. They wanted it to feel
like a domestic uprising, like a war was on the horizon, to freak people out, and
for many it totally worked. They thought that this was a real uprising and had no idea that the
CIA was behind it all. But the president knew what was up. He had messed with the USA
and now he's hearing about it. Military leaders in his circle
are feeling the pressure from the big bully from the north and they turn on him and
he eventually surrenders. On his way out, the president
addresses his people, makes it very clear that, quote, "The United Fruit Company, in collaboration with the United States, is responsible for what
is happening to us." And just like that, one president is out and the handpicked CIA option is in. This new regime is brutal and
goes on to do horrible things, detaining people they
thought were communists, killing prisoners,
breaking up labor unions, and in the process restoring
the banana company's land and ensuring that they maintained their hold on this economy. This kicks off an era in Guatemala of more political
assassinations and instability, something that still
plagues the country today. And yet to this day,
there is no evidence that the Soviets were ever slightly
interested in Guatemala. Communism was once again the excuse, but really this was about securing American business interests, tearing a country apart for bananas. ♪ Bananas taste the best
and are the best for you ♪ All right, let's go to Africa. So, it's 1960 here in
the center of Africa, a country called Congo. They just gained
independence from Belgium, and they have an election, and this guy Patrice Lumumbau wins, becomes the prime minister. But immediately, over in Washington, the communist alarm bells
instantly start sounding off, because we're in the
middle of the Cold War and Congo is a place full of
tons of natural resources, including loads of uranium, the main ingredient for nuclear bombs. This is at a time when Americans are keeping gas
masks next to their bed and have hordes of canned
goods in their basements. And officials in Washington can't risk Congo falling into the
influence of the Soviet Union. So they start focusing
on this prime minister. The CIA director called him, quote, "An urgent and prime
objective" that should quote, "be a high priority
of our covert action." So they pull a more political
coup than the ones before. They start allying with
Lumumbau's political enemies and Congo's former colonizer, Belgium. They bribe politicians, they fund protests and labor movements, and they circulate propaganda, similar ingredients to the previous coups. And when the moment is right, all these bribed politicians
do what the CIA asked them to. They'd remove Lumumba from
power, and the CIA is right there giving money and intelligence and advice to the new government. This political solution was
actually not the first try. The CIA had tried to assassinate
Lumumbau in the past, but all of those attempts failed, which is why they turned to hijacking and manipulating
Congolese politics, a brand new democracy, supporting the people who
would eventually go on to put Lumumba in front of a Congolese and Belgian firing squad, making this effectively
a political assassination supported from an ocean away. And yet there's so much
gray area in these coups. In this case, it's really tough to prove that the CIA's support was the key factor in
Lumumbau's assassination. It's debated to this day. An effective foreign-sponsored
coup works like this, operating in the shadows,
fueling divisions, appealing to the worst demons
of the people on the ground through money, through influence. All right, let's move on to
the Caribbean in the 1960s. (urgent synth music) There's a brutal dictator here
in the Dominican Republic. I mean, this guy's really bad. He's rumored to feed
his opponents to sharks. But anyway, what the
US cares about is that there's fear that a communist revolution could happen at any moment. So the CIA sends weapons
to a group of of hitmen who go assassinate this guy. It ends up being an
ambush and a car chase. They're successful in taking him out, ending his 31-year rule. And eventually the US sends
in forces to occupy the DR, to make sure that a leftist
candidate doesn't come to power. They restore order, and eventually a US-friendly
candidate is elected. Okay, so now we have to head
over to Vietnam in 1963. (suspenseful string music) And boy, this is a way bigger
one than we have time for, but we're trying to focus
on the coup element of this. Vietnam was divided in two, between communist and
pro-Western governments. The US needs the South
to stay on their side, but Washington starts to
lose confidence in this guy, the South's leader, he's
losing a grip on the country, and the US fears that communism will take over the whole country of Vietnam. So the CIA rolls up its sleeves,
it's time for another coup. This time they focus on a
South Vietnamese general who also doesn't love the president, and he agrees to do the CIA's bidding. And when given the signal, the
general directs his military to seize the airport and radio stations, and they block off highways. They march to the presidential palace, a bloody shootout goes down, and this president,
President Diem, escapes. He happens to be with his brother, but it's not going well for
them, so he realizes that he needs to set up a meeting to surrender. They're gonna meet at a Catholic church. This was probably gonna
be a peaceful meeting, but when the generals arrive, they just kill him on
the spot, saying, quote, "To kill the weed, you
must pull up the roots." Meaning in order to solve
the problem, Diem must die. Exile was not enough. Now the US actually didn't
plan for this to happen. They didn't want to kill this guy. It was not an official
order from Washington. But they made this coup happen. JFK is said to be really
distraught about this. The first American Catholic
president behind the coup that killed the first
Vietnamese Catholic president. And incidentally, JFK was
assassinated 20 days later. And one national security journalist argues that Diem's
assassination actually had a greater impact on American
history than the murder of JFK because it locked the US into a decade of conflict in Vietnam, which ballooned into a long war ending in an embarrassing defeat and a political crisis at home. One of the few coups where the US actually had to
deal with the aftermath. Okay, let's blast through a
few of these really quickly. I'm gonna skirt over some details here. It's 1964, and Brazil is potentially veering off into communism, with the rise of a new leftist leader. Lucky for the CIA, there's already a coup
being plotted against him. So the US military just
shows up with ships off the coast of Brazil. They airlift in a bunch of
ammunition and supplies. They didn't end up having
to do much, actually. Instead, they just stood
by with reinforcements and watched the Brazilian coup go down. The leftist leader goes down
and a new leader comes in. In 1973, there's a coup in Chile that is a very complicated
story with conflicting accounts and we went down a super deep rabbit hole and we've decided that because the evidence is not rock solid, we're going to cut it for time, but definitely some crazy shit went down, I'm not saying it didn't. (urgent jazz drum music) Okay, we're back in Africa
and it's the eighties. And over here in Libya, the
dictator Muammar Gaddafi was making lots of trouble in the region, funding terrorist groups and working to expand his
influence all over the region. Then he gets a call from his neighbor Chad asking for help against a rebellion. Gaddafi eagerly sends 4,000 troops to occupy a huge part of the country and makes friends with the new president by helping him exile his rival. And soon Gaddafi is getting greedy and threatening to merge Chad into Libya. The US is not into this. So Ronald Reagan fires up
the well-oiled coup machine, launching a covert war, sending weapons and
cash to rebels in Chad, and supporting that political
opponent who was ousted, helping him fight back, and it works. The president of Chad has to flee and the US backed and
supported leader comes to power and now there's a conflict, and the CIA continues arming the war even after this guy is in office. The new US-backed leader
rules brutally for eight years until he's eventually overthrown
by a military officer. And in 2013, he was charged
with crimes against humanity, torture and war crimes. Okay, now let's go to this
little island in 1983. (percussive jazz music) It's communism again, and
the US sends 2,000 troops to invade this small remote island and remove their communist leader. They didn't really know much
about this small island, and they literally had to use tourism maps to plan their invasion. Anyway. American forces move in,
overwhelm the Grenadian fighters who happen to be joined
by their Cuban allies, the government collapses and the US-friendly leader comes to power. Okay, back down to Central America. It's 1989 and we're here in Panama where the US has control
of a very important canal. And luckily the Panamanian
dictator has been very friendly to American interests. But the US starts losing
confidence in this guy, wondering if he's really the best choice, ensuring the US maintain easy
access to their vital canal. Oh, and it didn't help that
this guy was indicted in Florida on drug trafficking and
money laundering charges. We gotta get him out. But the straw that broke the
camel's back for this guy was when Panamanian troops killed an unarmed American
soldier in Panama City. The US is done with this guy, so they invade Panama with 27,000 troops. Panama's military is crushed and the dictator is eventually arrested and sentenced to 40 years in prison, and the US ensures access
to its canal after all. Okay, so now it's the end of the 1980s and the Soviets are invading Afghanistan (urgent string music) and are meeting resistance
from a bunch of fighters from all over the world who
have come to Afghanistan to fight back against
the Soviet occupation, many of them with fundamentalist
religious motivations. But the US doesn't care
about their motivation. They just care that that
they're willing to fight against the Soviets and the Soviets' puppet,
the Afghan president. And it totally works. With the help of the US, these fighters push the Soviets back and successfully run the
Afghan president out of office. And as he's being run out of office, he forebodingly warns the Americans that if they leave Afghanistan in
the hands of these fighters, that it would, quote, "Be turned into a center for terrorism." And his prophecy was completely fulfilled. Those US-funded fighters were people whose names we know
today: Osama bin Laden, Abu Musab Al-Zarqawi, the
guy who started the group that would eventually become ISIS. Those same weapons that the
US sent to counter the Soviets and to effect regime change in Afghanistan would go on to be used against
American soldiers years later when the US was back orchestrating yet another
regime change after 9/11 against the very groups they once enabled. The US would eventually leave
Afghanistan, only to find the country immediately
falling back into Taliban rule. We're almost to the end of our list and we're now in modern day, it's 2003, and 150,000 American troops invade Iraq. They say that they are
there to find and destroy weapons of mass destruction, but their main focus is taking
out this guy, Saddam Hussein, which they do in a matter of weeks. Saddam fleeing into hiding and President Bush declaring
"mission accomplished," establishing an American-friendly
government in Iraq, creating once again a negative byproduct by alienating huge swaths
of the Iraqi people and army who form a bunch of
anti-American rebel groups that go on to fight against
the American occupation, some morphing into groups like ISIS who wreak all kinds of havoc
on the region to this day. Once again, I made a whole
video about this topic. Go check it out. Iraq remains a place of
deep political instability. Trust in government is extremely low. And the question of
how and why we did this expensive, horrific, destructive coup is still something that there
aren't really good answers to. Again, you can go watch
my video for more on that. (pensive piano music) And this gets us to the
final coup on our list. It's 2011, during a wave of protests spreading throughout this region, trying to take down all
these strongmen dictators, one of which was this guy Muammar Gaddafi. The same Gaddafi we were
talking about earlier who was like taking over Chad? He's still here and he's
still a very horrible dude. And there's worry that
he's gonna potentially massacre all of these
pro-democracy protestors. So the US feels like it must get involved to save these protestors. They rally their NATO allies to help them, but at some point the mission switches to total regime change. We don't know exactly how this happened, only the people in the room do. But is it surprising? We've seen this long arc
of the US using the coup as a force for getting their way in an international conflict. It's a tried and true tool in the American foreign policy toolkit. So it's not surprising that
a coup becomes a solution during these difficult
decision-making processes. So anyway, the target becomes Gaddafi, and now NATO drones are
firing missiles at his convoy and he eventually gets captured
and gets killed on the spot. Libya has been in chaos ever since, but it's not like it was a
great place under Gaddafi. And once again, we're in a gray area where we don't know the history
that didn't happen or how things could have
turned out different if the US didn't get involved. That debate lives on. Okay, so that's our list. These are our coups that we decided to go over in this video. And there are so many more
that we could have mentioned. My purpose in doing this
broad back-to-back history of American led coups was so that we can see
patterns that emerge. How a rising superpower became really good at removing leaders that didn't align with their
way of seeing the world or, in a lot of cases, who were not friendly to
American business interests. But let's be clear, the
US didn't invent this. This is something that powerful countries and
empires have always done. What characterizes US-led coups, especially during the Cold War, was how the overthrow of these governments often stamped out new democracies, budding democratic movements, replacing them with authoritarian leaders who would go on to oppress the people with the support and backing
of the United States, and in the process, redirecting
the country's history. Lately, Russia has been meddling in the election process of the United States, and I've been reflecting on
my feelings towards that. The violation of having an external power sowing doubt and polarization and fear in my own democracy, in my own society. It feels like such a violation, and it is. This is giving me just a tiny
taste of what it feels like to have an outside power pulling this strings in your country, tearing it apart for their own purposes, and in the process, creating
more problems for the people and for the United States itself, undermining any semblance
of democracy or development, all in the name of keeping the US on top and dominant over the globe. (wistful ambient music)
Didn't work so well in Iran long term
My high school history teacher made our summer assignment to read Overthrow by Stephen Kinzer. Was very eye opening.
Overthrow: America's Century of Regime Change from Hawaii to Iraq
General Smeadly Butler wants a word.
I don't get why he's lumping some outright invasions in with coups. By the logic of including things like Iraq in his list, he should be including Germany and Japan too. The U.S. and it's allies refused to negotiate with the Axis Powers and made regime change part of their post-war plans.
Hate how this guy feels the need to insert himself in everything he makes. He always talks about how he spoke to locals and then narrates over footage of the locals speaking. You have the footage, let them speak for themselves.
If this interests you, I'd suggest you read Confessions of an Economic Hitman. It's "semi-autobiographical" so it's difficult to tell what is embellished but I think it's safe to say that at least some of it happened. From Wikipedia:
According to Perkins, his job at the firm was to convince leaders of underdeveloped countries to accept substantial development loans for large construction and engineering projects. Ensuring that these projects were contracted to U.S. companies, such loans provided political influence for the US and access to natural resources for American companies, thus primarily helping local elites and wealthy families, rather than the poor.
Considering how it went with Iran, I'm not sure we really "perfected" it.
My favorite part is when John Bolton admitted to this on camera
Great video but it felt really wrong hearing that the US basically saved the Dominican Republic from Trujillo's dictatorship when in fact they ousted the democratically elected president right after (Juan Bosch) and installed Joaquin Balaguer, Trujillo's right hand man, in power who was basically an undercover dictatorship all over again. There is so much we don't know.