our universe contains countless galaxies of all shapes and sizes some of them are huge others are quite small most of them appeared billions of years ago While others are just in the process of formation yet each Galaxy is unique in its appearance and properties and today we invite you to go to the most amazing ones our journey begins in the middle of the Milky Way will explore its glittering Stellar arms and twinkling nebula before traveling further into the dark and mysterious Intergalactic space after traveling several million light years we'll reach the nearest galaxies including the Majestic Andromeda and the Mysterious melanic clouds and after that we'll Venture into the Uncharted expanses of the even deeper Cosmos here we will encounter to some extraordinary mindboggling galaxies then we will explore the great and mysterious dark flow which crosses the universe in a giant Stellar stream our journey will end far beyond the observable part of space in a previously unexplored Abyss infinite and terrifying let's get ready and we begin [Music] even though modern telescopes can see space objects billions of light years away from Earth Interstellar travel Still Remains an unrealizable dream meanwhile even now everyone has a chance of exploring a distant Galaxy in star track Fleet command lead a space Fleet of your own as set out into a vast open world to meet new challenges explore new worlds and capture territories fight it out in epic battles with millions of players around the world you'll be helped Along by not only some iconic characters of the universe like Captain Kirk and Spock but also quite a few new heroes from the latest update such as Rea Sloan and Deana there are also New Missions in the game as well as a new mode wave defense you used a special promo code warp speed for some benefits for new players it's giving out a Content pack which grants a player 10 epic shards of Kirk for free click the link in the description or scan the QR code from the screen and set out on your space travels and right now we'll carry on with our journey long before telescopes had been invented people could observe a light strip crossing the heavens the fascinating and mysterious phenomenon prompted a multitude of Legends but it took thousands of years of scientific progress to finally account for it it turned out that the Milky Way wasn't a path of gods what it is is the dissipated light of billions of stars too remote to distinguish each one separately the idea of the Stars around us making up part of a single structure of enormous Dimensions was first suggested by Emanuel Kant back in 1755 he also assumed that some nebula discovered by scientists could in fact be remote star clusters that is other galaxies this ingenious guess was well ahead of its time with the philosophers contemporaries initially dismissing it only in the early 20th century did the progress of observation equipment enable scientists to confirm the existence of other galaxies and in 1936 Edwin Hubble devised a classification system many of its principles are still referred to by scientists today according to the system the Milky Way falls into the category of B spiral galaxies although it took a long while before it had assumed it today's looks our galaxy is quite an old one since the stars in its Central globular clusters were born as far back as around 13 billion years ago at the same time there are some areas in the Milky Way where stars are actively born which means that there is always a fresh supply of young Stars the collected data points to the fact that the Milky Way is a comparatively large Galaxy in astronomical terms the diameter of its disc measures as much as 200,000 light years with a Halo reaching out into space much deeper yet our galaxy is home to at least 200 billion various stars as well as 25 to 100 billion Brown dwarves in addition it contains over a trillion planets countless small celestial objects as well as clouds of cosmic dust and Interstellar gas which may reach gigantic Dimensions at the same time regular matter accounts for a small ratio in the Galaxy around 90% of the Milky Way's overall mass is the so-called Dark Matter the amount of light emitted by this mysterious and widespread substance is negligible however Dark Matter plays an active role in gravitational interaction even though most of the galactic Mass remains invisible we can still calculate it to that end scientists refer to stars trajectories of movement around the center of the Milky Way according to the estimates the overall mass of our galaxy reaches 8 to 1.5 trillion solar masses the structure of the Milky Way is quite elaborate we'll start our journey today from its Center this area of the Galaxy is shrouded in massive clouds of gas and dust but by a happy chance we can observe it through the so-called bers window an area of space with lower amounts of dust just like most spiral galaxies the Milky Way has a super massive black hole in its Center which is surrounding with an accretion disc with a radius roughly three light years dubbed Sagittarius A star it is the closest object of this class to us its mass is 4.3 million solar masses and its radius isn't over 16 million km which is three times smaller than Mercury's orbit the First Data about the nature of the object in the center of our galaxy was acquired in the course of long observations and thorough calculations only as recently as on May 12th 2022 was it possible to get the first image with the help of the EHD network of radio telescopes and so the earlier hypotheses were confirmed the area in the center of our galaxy is highly populated more than 6,000 stars have already been detected within three light years from the black hole with the orbits of some of them defined rather accurately for example there is a white blue star designated s62 which is 17.8 astronomical units away from the black hole on its closest approach to it while moving at 6.7% the speed of light classical mechanics laws are inadequate for description of the trajectory of movement of a star as Swift as that because of relativistic effects just to illustrate the axis of its orbit shifts by 75 angular minutes with every completed orbit besides when Crossing this area in space space we can see several large star clusters with a total mass of around 1 million solar masses and slightly further roughly 200 light years away another massive black hole is likely to be lurking whose Mass should be around 100,000 times that of the sun traveling further on we will reach the central molecular cloud and a regularly shaped area measuring 1, 1600 to 1900 Li years whose mass is over 60 million solar masses there are great many Stellar nurseries and gas nebula as well as protostars and remnants of supernova most of the clouds matter is dense hydrogen whose temperature fluctuates between 50 and 600 Kelvin which corresponds to 223° C below 0 to 327° C above 0 spectral analysis shows the gigantic nebula to contain carbon monoxide methyl alcohol and hydrocyanic acid in addition to hydrogen having receded from the Milky Way Cent bit we will see that it is encompassed by a bulge a bright and massive formation of an elliptical shape with its length reaching 10,000 L years its transverse diameter is roughly 7 L years the total mass of the Bulge is as much as 10 billion times that of the Sun the exact number number of the Stars cannot be calculated because their radiation Blends and renders any estimates unrealistic being elongated the Bulge forms the so-called bar stretching for approximately 13,000 light years and serving as the base for spiral Galactic arms it is here at one of its ends that we can see the star cluster Stevenson 2 containing the largest known star today its designation is Stevenson 2-8 and its radius is 2,150 times that of the sun unfortunately chances of finding exoplanets orbiting this outstanding object are quite minuscule even if planets did exist at some point in the past the hyper giant would have swallowed them map while it was expanding the Galaxy's Center is home to billions of stars and apparently a great number of exoplanets chances of encountering a potential habitable World among this great multitude are much lower than in less populated areas of the Galaxy this is due to the fact when a big number of stars are located close together they destabilize exoplanets orbits while their powerful radiation is lethal to all living things that is why a special area in the galaxy is defined as the habitable zone it looks like a ring with a radius measuring 22 to 29,000 light years and contain ains star systems with the most favorable conditions for the Genesis of biological life worlds encompassed by the ring languish in exposure to excessive radiation while beyond the ring there's a lack of heavy elements however mathematical modeling shows that stars within galaxies are able to migrate thousands of light years away thus either leaving the habitable zone or entering it consequently with an exoplanet lying within the zone it does not automatically suggest favorable conditions on it moving on away from the center of the Milky Way we will have a chance to check out its most impressive part the galactic disc it is made up of two components with different properties the first one known as the Thin disc measures 1,000 to 1,300 Li years in thickness and its visible radius measures as much as 50 ,000 light years on the edge it gradually dissipates with the outermost Stars lying up to 100,000 light years away from the Galaxy's Center this part of the Milky Way contains around 80% of the Galaxy's visible mass and in fact it was the last component to have formed as for the thick disc its diameter is comparable to that of the thin disc but is four times a stick and is much more rarified it is made up of old stars and is is practically devoid of interstellar gas observations of some stars in the Milky Way as well as mathematical modeling show our galaxy to have swallowed up another one in the period from 11 to 8 billion years ago this hypothetical Cosmic structure was dubbed Gia Enceladus it is thought that it contributed several billions stars to the Milky Way as well as great amounts of interstellar gas and dark matter it is thanks to this tremendous event that most of our galaxies thi disc formed and an additional supply of gas led to a stellar Baby Boom there is no doubt that spiral arms are the most noticeable structural elements of our Galaxy's disc usually two major ones a single out the scum Centaurus arm and the pereus arm and two minor ones the Norma arm and the Kina Sagittarius arm sometimes a fifth large arm is taken into account named after the signis constellation Galactic arms are areas of especially High star count most of interstellar gas is also concentrated here which is why the rate of star formation in the arms is 3 to five times higher than in the Galaxy on average they spend the first millions of their lives in open clusters but gravity forces are too weak to hold the Stars close together for a long time this destabilizes the Clusters and young Stars gradually drift away from each other traveling along the Kina Sagittarius arm we will reach a fork that links it to the pereus arm the length of this Stellar structure reaches 11,000 Li years and its width measures roughly 3,500 light years it is referred to as the Orion arm and it is here 27,000 light years away from the Galaxy's Center that the solar system is located from our planet's perspective the Galaxy's Center is seen as a dark abyss this is the great drift an area of space that shuts out the greater part of the Milky Way from our gaze it is filled with massive clouds of interstellar gas and dust and its total mass is as much as a million times that to the sun even though the Great Rift is practically not transparent in the optical range its matter actively emits radio waves and thermal energy spectral analysis data reveals that the clouds are mostly made up of hydrogen with a small percentage of more complex compounds ammonia alcohols and amino acids the Great Rift is thought to be a potential Stellar Nursery but it is going to take a while until the first Stars light up in that area while it is still not quite active let's move on beyond the Galaxy disc even though it's bright and clearly defined arms attract a lot of attention there is more to the Milky Way than that if we look closer we will see the vastest and the most rarified of its components the Halo its visible part spherical in shape stretches for up to 260,000 light years away from the Galaxy Center but accounts for just a few per of the total mass the Halo contains a great number of globular clusters made up of remarkably old Stars over 12 12 billion years of age and several tremendous Stellar streams the Sagittarius stream for example made up of several thousand stars encompasses our galaxy in an elongated Ellipsis which is almost perpendicular to the main plane modeling shows that all these stars are highly likely to have been gravitationally captured by the Milky Way from a dwarf satellite Galaxy designation Sagittarius D it lies 500,000 light years away from the Milky Way is Center and is going to be swallowed up by it completely within several billion years another dwarf galaxy has already met a similar fate lying in the canus Major constellation it was almost destroyed by the Milky Way which pulled out millions of its Stars by gravity forces stretching for 200,000 light years and mixing with other stars this string of stars with a total mass of roughly 100 million solar masses has already wrapped around our galaxy three times apart from Bright but rare stars and clusters the Halo contains great amounts of gas whose temperature reaches millions of Kelvin also great amounts of dark matter are thought to be scattered in the vicinity of the Milky Way forming the so-called dark Halo stretching for up to 2 million light years it hardly emits any electromagnetic radiation and can be detected only by Gra gravitational interaction the dark Halo remains an unsolved mystery yet it greatly contributes to the global stability of our galaxy predictably enough the term Intergalactic space is generally used to refer to parts of space between galaxies It is believed that certain portions of these areas are practically devoid of any matter which makes their composition quite close to that of absolute vacuum with some of its areas stretching as far as millions of light years in all directions Intergalactic space is for the most part filled with ionized gas generally this gas is hot hydrogen whose density here is 10 times less than that an Interstellar environment namely less than 1 atom to 1 cubic decim there are also heavier elements to be found here as well like carbon oxygen and silicon some part of Intergalactic gas is concentrated in clouds differing from each other very much in terms of density and temperature interestingly the chemical composition of their gas is diverse it may contain atoms of hydrogen helium carbon nitrogen oxygen sulfur and various Metals it is this gas that more likely than not feeds Stellar formations in all galaxies there are also much larger objects to be found in Intergalactic space for example stars were spotted there quite recently the total number of Intergalactic stars in the observable universe may reach several trillion within the Milky Way alone around 650 of these Rogue stars have been pin pointed so far as a rule Intergalactic matter doesn't emit any light and is mostly invisible to the potential Observer that is why its Discovery was actually made by pure chance it all started with quazars which were discovered in the 1960s very soon scientists noticed that the light from the quazars had certain missing pieces in some Spectra these particles were absorbed by something in between quazar and astronomer telescopes it later transpired that this invisible matter was the gas of The Intergalactic medium the IGM in the decades that followed vast accumulations and filaments of gas and heavier elements were discovered in Intergalactic space and even though at first glass it appears to be empty its dimensions are so mindblowing that there must be more matter evenly distributed around it than there is matter in all the galaxies of the observable universe combined it is safe to assume that some part of Intergalactic gas G has been left out there after the hypothetical Big Bang still as there are heavier elements in its composition it may only mean that many of these elements used to be part of Interstellar dust lost by other galaxies Intergalactic gas actually plays an important role in the process of the universe's Evolution under the influence of a Galaxy's gravitational pool gas is gradually sucked into galaxies at the rate of one solar mass a year which is quite close to the the rate of star formation in the dis of the Milky Way apart from that matter exchange among all galaxies occurs thanks to this process the point is that stars in a given area of the universe collapse and release part of their matter in Intergalactic space having been released the matter becomes part of Intergalactic gas and so later takes part in the processes of star formation in other galaxies consequently star formation in G gxes will not stop while there is still Intergalactic gas around pulled by gravity a substantial portion of Intergalactic gas is matter remaining after supern noi which is why temperatures in some areas of Intergalactic environment are extremely high sometimes reaching as much as several million de C the high temperature of some areas may also be accounted for by electromagnetic radiation emitted by Intergalactic black holes following matter accretion on their surfaces or else by powerful streams of energy emitted by still more massive black holes Intergalactic gas plays the role of raw material in Star formation while Intergalactic space is some sort of a tank used for its storage the mechanism of Intergalactic gas recirculation hasn't been studied deeply enough first of all because unlike galaxies which are bright and easily seen this G emits no light to speak of in their attempt to study this phenomenon astronomers have devised supercomputer foggy foggy modeled the patterns of Intergalactic gas movements and it is possible to observe how gas traveled around galaxies in the course of 13 billion years most of this matter is carried to Intergalactic environment by Stellar Wind that is thanks to the process of matter flow from stars to areas beyond their galaxies it should be mentioned that this occurs when particles in a star's atmosphere accelerate to speeds exceeding the escape velocity of this star Stellar Wind is crucial for Stellar Evolution as a result of this process the mass of a star diminishes and the intensity of this process has a direct impact on this particular star's lifespan also Stellar Wind is capable of carrying matter enormous distances through space away from its departure point as were moreover it may have an impact on matter around it by sharing some of its kinetic energy results of this process may be clearly observed in the shapes of some galaxies or nebula for instance the emission nebula NGC 7635 nicknamed bubble assumed its shape as a result of this process and in the case of Galaxy M82 also known as the cigar Galaxy we can observe how Stellar Wind from a great number of stars caused clearly seen matter rejections from the Galaxy apart from the debris left over from supern noi there is also Intergalactic dust to be found in this environment today it is posited that it is Intergalactic dust that is to blame for jinxing estimations of distances on the intergalactic scale for example when supern noi quazar or other galaxies are being observed among its many properties it is capable of forming clouds by 19 1880 four such nebuli had been pinpointed within several meapar 6 from the Milky Way as for Intergalactic Stars they are rather difficult to detect and explore some of them have been spotted in the X-ray Spectrum with the help of the Chandra x-ray Observatory many of them are binary systems made up of one regular Star as one component and one compact heavy object like a black hole is the other when such celestial bodies lie close to each other the more massive component attracts matter from the regular star while flowing to its new host matter spirals away from its source to form an accretion disc this disc compresses and heats up to extremely high temperatures and as a result it does not simply become luminescent but starts emitting x-rays it is next to impossible to spot most objects of this kind using regular telescopes meanwhile Rogue St STS inhabiting voids may eventually prove to be quite a common thing rather than something extraordinary and perhaps about half of Starlight is actually emitted by stars lying beyond the boundaries of galaxies it is hard to tell how big their number may [Music] be the exact number of galaxies in the universe is not known for certain yet it is supposedly well over several hundred billion galaxies may be of all sorts of different shapes as for the main varieties they include elliptical spiral lenticular and irregular galaxies there are subcategories for these as well the Milky Way for example is a barred spiral galaxy since any Galaxy consists of a great number of stars these objects masses May reach incredible values the mass of the dwarf Galaxy segue 2 for example is just 550,000 times that of the Sun as for the super giant elliptical galaxy ic101 it is 1,700 times heavier than the Milky Way together with its immediate neighbors our galaxy comprises what is known as the local group it includes over 50 galaxies three of which are quite large in comparison to the others these are the Milky Way the Andromeda galaxy and the triangulum Galaxy the diameter of the local group measures approximately 10 million light years and its mass is about 3 trillion times that of the sun together with a few other Galaxy clusters of more modest Dimensions the local group in its turn comprises the local sheet a flat cloud with a diameter measuring approximately 23 million light years it is about 5 million light years thick the local sheet forms part of the Virgo super cluster a vast element of the large scale structure of the universe the local group is conditionally divided into four parts the first one is the subgroup of the Milky Way comprised of our galaxy and its satellites which may be either dwarf galaxies or Star clusters the Milky Way is the second largest galaxy in the cluster according to today's estimates it contains 200 to 400 billion stars as well as from 25 to 100 billion Brown dwarves our galaxy has a spiral structure and appears to be a disc with a diameter measuring about 200,000 light years at the same time its thickness is just around 1,000 light years still there is a bulge at the center of the disc with a diameter of around 27,000 light years a super massive black hole with a mass of as much as 4.3 million times that of the sun is supposedly concealed inside the Bulge a smaller black hole is said to be orbiting it whose mass is anything from 1 to 10,000 times that of the sun it is posited that it is dark matter that accounts for most of the mass of the Milky Way which is why it is impossible to estimate it at this point according to the latest estimates however the mass of our Galaxy is approximately 1.5 trillion times that of the Sun going slightly further from the Milky Way we can observe its 31 satellites these are mostly irregular-shaped dwarf galaxies they get so twisted and bent in Every Which Way on account of the gravitational influence of their massive neighbor our closest satellite is the dwarf Galaxy CMA dwarf which can be found in the kis Major constellation it lies 20 5,000 light years away from the earth and 42,000 light years from the center of our galaxy appearing like an nongated ellipsis this dwarf Galaxy contains supposedly around 1 billion stars most of which are red giants due to the gravitational influence exerted by the Milky Way the canus major galaxy has almost broken apart tidal forces had the following disrupting effect the Stars torn out from the Galaxy came to form the so-call monoceros ring an elaborate ring-shaped structure that traps around the Milky Way unfortunately observation of CMA dwarf is greatly thwarted by gas and dust clouds floating between the Galaxy and our Earth the largest satellite of the Milky Way and the fourth largest galaxy in the local group is the large melanic Cloud it is located as far as about 163,000 light years containing approximately 30 billion stars it has a diameter of just seven times as little as that of our galaxy at the same time the Cloud's mass is 300 times as little as that of the Milky Way the explanation for such a stark contrast is this the large melanic Cloud does not happen to contain a super massive black hole in the center besides there are great amounts of dark matter in the Milky Way's Galactic Halo the large melanic cloud is is an sbm type which is in between dwarf spiral and irregular galaxies even though the gravitational influence exerted over it by its massive neighbors has as well as erased almost all traces of its former spiral structure the bar in the center remains to be clearly distinguishable there are a few especially notable objects located in the large melanic Cloud for example the star r136a1 lying 16 65,000 light years away is the heaviest star ever detected this blue super Giant's mass is 35 times that of the Sun and its surface temperature is as scorching as over 40,000 Kelvin the Luminosity of r136a1 is 8.7 million times that of the Sun the large melanic cloud is also home to one of the largest stars in the investigated parts of the universe the diameter of the red giant giant wg64 is over 1 and a half th000 that of the sun this is just 25% less than the diameter of the largest super giant ever detected Stevenson 2-18 according to today's accepted concepts of Stellar evolution wg64 is currently in the final stage of its life and is expected to go supernova at any moment in the next several thousand years when speaking about the Milky Way subgroup of course we can't but mention the Virgo Stellar stream occupying approximately 5% of the entire Sky it appears as an exceptionally scattered and dim flow of several hundred, stars on the outskirts of our galaxy according to the overwhelming majority of scientists the Virgo Stellar stream is remnants of a dwarf spherical Galaxy that has at some point almost completely been swallowed up by the Milky Way moving yet further we will soon encounter the galaxy known as Andromeda or the Andromeda nebula together with its satellites it forms part of the local group referred to as the Andromeda subgroup the Galaxy lies as far as around 800 kilop Parx or 2 and A2 million light years which earns it the status of our closest neighboring Galaxy which isn't a dwarf one the diameter of the Andromeda nebula measures approximately 220,000 light which is slightly more than that of the Milky Way with its star count of around a trillion there are three to five times as many of them in it as they are in our galaxy interestingly the masses of the two galaxies are more or less the same at around 1 and a half trillion solar masses the point is that the Stars forming the Andromeda nebula are an average older and lighter than those of the Milky Way Andromeda is one of our closest Neighbors appearing as an elongated light spot it is also one of the few galaxies visible to the naked eye interestingly its angular diameter is six times that of the Moon the Andromeda nebula is a spiral galaxy with two clearly defined arms it is peculiar for its binary core when we observe it through a telescope we notice two clearly seen star clusters in the center of the Galaxy with a distance between them round five light years according to one of proposed theories at some point Andromeda swallowed up another Galaxy capturing its core another supposition has it that there is after all just one core with some part of it obscured by dust cloud it is estimated that the overall mass of the central part of this galaxy is over 140 million cellular masses there are approximately 400 globular clusters in the Andromeda nebula which is about 2 to three times as many as there are in the Milky Way this means that it probably swallowed up quite a few dwarf galaxies in the past and the Clusters it contains now are the remnants of their cause Andromeda has around 30 satellites the ones that stand out are dwarf spiral galaxies designations M32 and m110 some theories suggest that M32 rammed the Andromeda nebula several billion years ago leaving a gargantuan hole in its structure this had a serious effect on M32 as well with a substantial part of this galaxy becoming andromeda's Galactic Halo the Milky Way is estimated to collide with Andromeda in around 5 billion years time today it is still quite impossible to model this tremendous encounter and its consequences accurately but it is bound to be a truly spectacular site the the third large representative of the local group is the triangulum Galaxy it is twice as little as The Milky Way in size and has no confirmed satellites but some dwarf galaxies of the local group May well be gravitationally bound to it the triangulum Galaxy is not likely to boast a super massive black hole in its Center the diameter of the Galaxy measures approximately 50,000 light years the distance between triangulum and the Milky Way is 2 .7 to 3 million light years the Galaxy also contains the NGC 604 nebula which is the largest known area in space where stars are actively born the Stellar nursery's diameter reaches 1,300 Light Years Around 200 super Giants with a total mass of 100,000 solar masses are compactly grouped here these stars are young and hot with their powerful Luminosity ionizing the gas the star veloc is enveloped in this gives the gas a bright glow which in its turn makes the nebula appear quite bright apart from the objects mentioned there are other ones in the local Group which don't fall into any of the mentioned subgroups as a rule these are remote dwarf galaxies and star clusters not tightly gravitationally bound to any of the three large galaxies the Galaxy ic10 can be singled out here lying approxim o imately 2.2 million light years away from the Sun it is the only galaxy of the local group where stars are actively born ic10 is shrouded in a hydrogen outer envelope whose radius is much bigger than that of the Galaxy itself the Stellar disc of ic10 meanwhile rotates in the direction opposite to that of the outer envelope distances from the Milky Way to other other galaxies are by all accounts mindboggling as a rule it is anything from Millions to billions of light years due to the universe's cosmological expansion the distance between the Earth and any remote object in the universe is constantly growing which makes the light emanating from this object look rder than it actually is this phenomenon is known as a red shift it is of great help engaging distances and velocities on the astronomical scale alternatively some galaxies spectrum is blue shifted which means that they're not on an escape trajectory from us but on the contrary are moving to meet us one of these unusual space objects is the galaxy m86 in the Virgo cluster roughly 52 million light years away from the Sun it is moving towards the Milky Way at a speed of around 244 km/s which makes it one of the fastest moving blue shifted galaxies by moving at a high speed through the scattered gas the Virgo cluster is filled with m86 is constantly shedding its own Interstellar matter as a result of this process it leaves a trail of long lines of warm ionized hydrogen behind m86 is connected with the almost destroyed spiral galaxy NGC 4438 with several of these filaments these two galaxies are thought to have collided at some point in the distant past which was the smaller ones undoing interesting L m86 is known to have destroyed its other neighbors in the past as well several Stellar streams have been detected in its Halo that are likely to be the remains of smaller galaxies absorbed earlier an impressive number of globular clusters in its structure is another outstanding feature of m86 observations show that their number is upwards of 3,800 which is around 25 times as many as in the Milky Way There is a theory that claims these clusters to be the remains of dwarf galaxies that m86 would have absorbed in the past if it really is the case then it would have destroyed tens or even hundreds of other galaxies having said that m86 looks anything but unique the Galaxy ESO 137 dw1 which we'll be looking at next has a similar shape but unlike m86 it appears more outlandishly original located 227 million light years away from the Sun it is as heavy as 5 to 14 billion solar masses as for its Stars most of them are young and bright blue giants ESO 1371 in its turn is part of Abel 3627 a large Galaxy cluster moving to its Center at an incredible speed of almost 2,000 km per second the Galaxy collides with Interstellar gas pressure inside the cluster as a result its own gas is blown out leaving behind tails that stretch for up to 260,000 light years incidentally the mass of interstellar gas in those areas is due to four times that of the gas inside the Galaxy it is hardly surprising that star bursts are a common thing here that is Stars don't stop forming in these enormous streams made up mostly of hydrogen when seen from the side ESO 1371 appears like a giant jellyfish floating thre endless expanses of space unfortunately as the Galaxy is continuously stripped of its Interstellar gas its life expectancy diminishes too with not much material left no new stars can form here which greatly affects the structure of the Spiral arms and Central bulge of the Galaxy on the bright side scientists have a chance of finding out more about dark matter and its interaction with other space objects by observing the behavior of the gas streams left in the Galaxy's wake speaking about the formation of newer stars there is a galaxy with a name that speaks for itself Baby Boom around 4,000 Stars Are Born here every year which is about 400 times more than in the Milky Way straightforward calculations show that on average a new star lights up in this area of space every 2 hours the baby boom Galaxy lies around 12.2 billion light years away from the earth this means that what we see when observing it is what was happening just 1 and a half billion years after the hypothetical Big Bang it was a time when the universe was still in the process of forming its structure what is taking place in the Galaxy now is drastically different from what we expect to observe there in theory based on what we know about star formation the reasons why stars are produced here at such an astounding rate are not known yet but it is beyond any doubt that baby boom is able to provide us with a lot of information about the early stages of our universe's Evolution one of the few galaxies one can observe through an Amer telescope is the so-called Sombrero Galaxy official designation m104 it lies 30 million light years away from the Sun and its diameter is roughly 4 times smaller than that of the Milky Way the sombrero Galaxy's outstanding feature is a massive ring of dust and cold hydrogen enveloping it observations show that it is here that most young Stars Are Born In addition to The Peculiar ring the Sombrero Galaxy is also remarkable for its elaborate inner makeup observations with a spiter Space Telescope show that most stars in this galaxy form a structure typical of elliptical galaxies the Stars here are mostly rather old yellow and red dwarves the other stars here on the other the hand form spiral structures concealed within an elliptical Cloud it is thought that this phenomenon is a result of two galaxies collision with their Stars subsequently and almost inevitably mingling together it is incredible that the galactic structures survived a merge of that scale with minimal damage are none the worse for this tremendous collision and can still be observed another peculiar feature in the Sombrero Galaxy is exceptionally powerful x-ray radiation emanating from the center it is assumed that the accre disc of a super massive black hole may be its source the mass of the hole is estimated to be over a billion solar masses which makes this enormous object one of the most massive black holes known to science today there are also several sources of tremendously high frequency or terahertz radiation detected within the Galaxy although today their nature is still a mystery our Galactic parade today is concluded with yet another object boasting an elaborate inner structure the Eerie m64 Galaxy rather aply dubbed the black eye Galaxy the nickname comes from a dark band of cosmic dust that partly conceals the Galaxy's center from The Observer on the earth due to this line of cosmic dust as well as the exceptionally bright active nucleus it is impossible to estimate the black eyes number of stars even roughly what we do know is that it is comparatively small and not so remote its radius measures 25,000 light years and it lies approximately 17 million light years away from the Milky Way the black eye Galaxy is made up of two well- defined Parts interestingly the inner disc with a bulge rotate in the direction opposite to that of the outer ring the most likely explanation for such a bizarre makeup is that the Galaxy formed after two smaller ones collided and merged in the distant past admittedly it would take a combination of a number of mutually independent factors for such a fascinating and well- defined structure to form for example the progenitor galaxies would have moved at specific velocities and come together at a certain angle the odds of a success would have been minuscule the dark flow is a term referring to a probable coordinated motion of Galaxy clusters it was identified back in 20 8 when the cosmic microwave background radiation was being studied this phenomenon is often easy to confuse with the motion caused by the greater tractor the dark flow on the other hand is a unique process whose nature is quite buffl and Elusive according to the standard cosmological model of the universe the motion of Galaxy clusters is supposed to be random and chaotic this is deduced from the fact that all objects in space are located in their unique places and none of them have masses is completely identical to others however not so long ago a collected motion of at least 1,400 clusters was discovered in the universe and the reason for this anomaly is still not identified the discovery was made thanks to the analysis of data collected by the Wilkinson microwave anisotropy probe or the W map whose mission was to study the cmbb radiation the discovery was made possible thanks to these people Alexander kashlinsky Fernando atrio barandela Daniel kvi and Harold debling in order to register this phenomenon the team of scientists cated the W map data and x-ray observations and so it turned out that certain Galaxy clusters move at velocities reaching 1,000 km/s in the direction of a certain area of space aiming to cross the border of a cosmological horizon the flow stretches for up to 3 billion light years the process should be exclusively accounted for by the presence of a large object in that area whose Mass must be bigger than the total mass of a really great number of star clusters it goes without saying that this value must be extremely big as the average mass of one cluster is a staggering 10 to the power of 14 solar masses if this really is the case here is the first Paradox we're faced with in order to reach the border of the observable universe and go beyond it one has to move at Super luminal speeds which according to physical laws is impossible besides the Big Bang Theory implies that any Cosmic structure is supposed to be distributed evenly that is why there is no way there is a sole Celestial giant out there beyond the boundaries of the observable universe if however this assumption proves to be correct then we are faced with a truly unique anomaly whose nature should be explained by a completely different set of laws when attempting to account for the phenomenon of the dark flow scientists had to question certain points in The Big Bang Theory supposing the newly born Universe used to be comprised of a multitude of spheres the matter at hand assumes a totally different aspect and then the existence of phenomena like so gargantuan objects would be feasible some scientists believe that at some point in the distant past our part of the universe could hypothetically have been something like a giant sphere tucked away among a great number of similar ones then it exploded and rapidly began to expand the explosion in question could have been the hypothetical big bang and the growth of the sphere could be what is now known as the expansion of the universe according to a few finer points of the same Theory the for foros spere that is our part of the universe has not lost all of its former properties and continues to interact with other universes the latters being of the same shape and it is this interaction that causes star clusters to move in what we now call the dark flow this description of the universe is of course just another attempt to account for this episode of its Evolution any concrete information about it is effectively unavailable nevertheless it is studing anomalies that is able to reveal the most puzzling nuances of this process there is another hypothesis about the nature of the dark flow put forward by cosmologist and theoretical physicist laara merini hton the University of North Carolina according to her the dark flow may be indicative of the existence of a parallel universe the towers used to be connected with on a quantum mechanical level billions upon billions of years ago and then at some point it broke free as a result of the Big Bang this way the dark flow could have to do with the rupture in the outer wall of the universe's structure this rupture would have been formed as a result of our hypothetical Detachment From Another Universe and as for the dark flow itself what we see is matter flowing through the rupture unusual as it is even though this hypothesis may not be supported by all astrophysicists around the world at least the possibility of the existence of something out there beyond our understanding of the universe's laws isn't dismissed as too fanciful or incorrect for example The prominent theoretical physicist Steven Hawking went as far as to build a mathematical model proving the hypothetical possibility of there being a Multiverse containing a great number of universes similar to our own but in order to find out in which of the proposed hypothesis its author is likely to have hid the nail on the head we have our work cut out for us first we must Define what all space around us is made of there are two basic principles regular cosmological models are based on the universe is isotropic that is it has been developing in all directions and must have a spherical shape if any at all and it is homogeneous that is it has no directions or shape isotropy means uniformity in all orientations while Al anisotropy means that properties vary with the direction from which they're measured as for homogeneity it means uniformity from point to point in space it could be Illustrated in the following way wherever you were to find yourself in the universe the space around you would be more or less the same consequently the universe is isotropic and homogeneous however if on your journey through the universe you were to bump into a great body of matter moving in some Direction or other this would mean that some parts of the universe are anisotropic thus the cosmological model would not apply to those areas the cosmological principles effectively Define the foundation for physical laws for instance if the universe is homogeneous physical laws would apply in any part of it wherever you were to gauge them and large scale structures like the dark flow are actually not supposed to exist in it the results the universally accepted theory of a hierarchical universe according to this Theory originally all large objects in space used to be Tiny But as time passed they emerged thus growing to form enormous galaxies however on discovering the dark flow anomaly we realized that these phenomena don't fit in the general picture the dark flow isn't supposed to exist in the model of an isotropic Universe apart from that this phenomenon isn't the only example of a structure this large and inexplicable for example here are a few more large scale structures which are not homogeneous and which by far exceed the estimated maximum size which places the metods with a general cosmological principles the large quazar group spotted in 1991 measuring 580 megapx the Sloan Great Wall discovered in 2003 measuring 4 423 megapx the Hercules Corona boreales Great Wall measuring a staggering 10 billion light years all these objects urge us to question the generally accepted theories of the origin and evolution of our universe and by the looks of it the dark flow could prove to be the most exciting of all the mere Assumption of its existence prompted a number of new hypotheses about what the observable universe is made of if there is a motion of galaxies taking place in it and this movement is heading in a particular direction and is not random this means that the universe is able to move in some direction or other it means that assumptions that there are huge irregular structures Beyond The Cosmic Horizon May hypothetically be correct be it as it may today all these thoughts and ideas are confined to theories only and it is going to take a lot of time to prove them true or Force but even if the dark flow becomes a common truth it is a foregone conclusion that it will only spawn a new panoply of riddles the solar system is just one of the countless multitude of planetary systems scattered across our galaxy as we know it consists of a single star in its main sequence stage and dat planets with their satellites in addition our system contains over a million small celestial bodies like asteroids comets and meteoroids the planet in the solar system lying furthest at least that we know of is Neptune its orbits radius measures around 30 astronomical units which is equivalent to approximately four Li hours amazingly only a tiny portion of the solar system is encompassed by Neptune's orbit the remotest object in the system discovered to date is the so-called far far out lying 132 astronomical units or 18 light hours away from the Sun still even this object barely visible against a dark background of unfathomable space is not at all close to the hypothetical or Cloud whose inner boundaries lie approximately 2,000 astronomical units away from the center of our system according to some estimates its outer boundaries stretch for up to 60,000 astronomical units at the very very least which is around one light here these limits are predefined by the sun's gravitational influence and what lies Beyond is Interstellar space moving further away we will notice over 50 of all kinds of stars within 20 light years from the Sun these stars are really diverse from dim and cold Brown dwarves to Bright and widely known objects like Sirus proon and D some of them have their own planetary systems with objects potentially capable of Nursing and sustaining life for example the object known as GLA 832c which is 16.1 light years away from the Sun is similar to our Earth more than any other planet within the solar system that we know of the average temperature on the exoplanet surface reaches 253 K or 20° C below 0 and it takes the astronomical body just 36 Earth days to complete a full orbit around its parent star in astronomical standards the distance between us and gleer 832c is relatively small however a space probe setting out from our system at a speed of roughly 17 km/s would take as much as 300,000 years to reach the exoplanets environs at our current level of technological advancement it is impossible to design an Interstellar spaceship capable of completing as long a journey as that the solar system together with its neighbor stars is part of the Orion arm the latter in its turn is part of the Milky Way it contains around 400 billion stars and potentially over a trillion exoplanets of All Sorts can be discovered there according to estimates today the main diameter of the Milky Way measures around 100,000 light years and the Stellar Halo may be twice as large even though the thickness of the main disc measures about 1,000 light years there is a clearly defined bulge in the Galaxy's Center this bulge is roughly 3,000 light years thick the Milky Way is part of the so-called local group this is a vast structure comprising over 50 galaxies concentrated within an area of space measuring around 10 million light years in diam the Andromeda galaxy the triangulum Galaxy and the Milky Way are the largest of the lot some estimates show that the mass total of the cluster May reach as much as 3 trillion solar masses with our galaxy and Andromeda accounting for the major part with a distance from the Earth to Andromeda around 2.5 million light years it is considered to be our closest galaxy not counting smaller or dwarf ones moving on to the the next order the local group forms part of the giant Virgo supercluster made up of over 30,000 galaxies the supercluster is located within an area of space with a diameter of around 150 million light years its mass total is as much as a quadrillion solar masses or in other words around a thousand galaxies like the Milky Way the super cluster is quite flattened and around 60% of all the objects is made up of appear like a flat sheet around 10 million light years thick staggering though it may appear on the face of it this value is actually small in terms of the large scale structure of the universe as we zoom out still more we have a chance of seeing a giant supercluster of galaxies approximately 520 million Li years in size called lakia it includes several Galaxy superclusters among others the Virgo supercluster and the great attractor the overall mass of this formation measures approximately as much as 100 quadrillion solar masses the great attractor lies roughly 250 million light years away from our planet and is the gravitational Center for all objects lying close by astronomical standards it cannot be observed from the earth directly as The Milky Way is playing thwarts it that is why the nature of the greater tractor Still Remains an un solved mystery today lanaka is part of the large scale structure of the universe an elaborate system of Galactic filaments walls and voids gargantuan areas of emptiness in space some of these objects are really incredibly enormous for example the Hercules Corona Borealis Great Wall stretches for around a staggering 10 billion light years ever since his Discovery in 2013 this super structure has been considered the most gigantic component of the large scale structure of the universe to all appearances it must be home to millions of galaxies and the number of stars it contains will probably always defy calculation the mere existence of a structure like that is a mystery to science as according to today's accepted theory of universe's Evolution gargantuan clusters like that are simply not supposed to form but incidentally this wall so enormous that the human brain cannot fully appreciate its Dimensions is still just a tiny portion of the observable universe according to today's cosmological Notions space in the universe is continually expanding with a speed of expansion depending on the distance between objects the further an observed object lies away from The Observer the faster the distance between the two increases the rate at which the two mutually recede is not limited lied by the speed of light because it's actually space matter that is expanding which means that at a certain point the two objects will be mutually unobservable Relic radiation observation shows that the area of the observable universe is a sphere with a diameter roughly 93 billion light years according to the theory of relativity we can see and interact with only those objects that are within this sphere this conventional spherical area in space is called The Meta Galaxy and it may be either all of the universe or again its tiny portion for all we know hypothetically there may well lie some unknown structures beyond the visible boundaries of space such entities are referred to as extr metagalactic objects and unfortunately it is impossible to study them today with scientific methods still some astronomical bodies on the edge of the visible Universe appear to be moving in ways different from what we would naturally expect judging by the data we have instances of anomalous movements like those may be evidence of the presence of some massive structures beyond the mattera Galaxy boundaries their attraction pervades the space around and influences objects around too there is a whole plethora of hypotheses as to the structure of the universe beyond the matter Galaxy but most of them are rather of metaphysical nature for example some people believe that time and space as we more or less know them are non-existent beyond the boundaries of the universe the physical laws we're used to do not apply there either and Notions of matter material or energy are virtually senseless this hypothesis is further elaborated on by the following idea The Meta Galaxy accounts for just a part of a yet more complex and larger scale super structure in space whose makeup and dimensions are too incredible for us to imagine it is quite possible that this structure could be in a multi-dimensional space or else be based on physical principles we have no idea of this makes the matter Galaxy just an insignificant addition to or a partial reflection of this mindboggling super structure According to some interpretations of the anthropic principle there are other worlds out there beyond the boundaries of the observable universe in those Worlds the values of the fundamental constants like the speed of light or the electron charge are completely different this hypothesis is in many ways supported by the idea of a Multiverse which schematically appears as foam with lots of bubbles separated from each other by thin walls but these walls are impenetrable this makes every Universe a separate space with its own physical laws and for all we know these laws may be totally different from the ones we're used to the most radical hypotheses go as far as to deny our World any objective reality whatsoever according to these the universe is just a simulation like virtual reality in computers but on an incredibly advanced level as a rule ideas like that imply that there is some super beings or super civilizations out there beyond the reality we're used to whose level of advancement is infinitely higher than ours and whose goals and capabilities are Arcane and incomprehensible however it goes without saying that it is hardly possible to either confirm or repudiate these [Music] hypotheses the cosmic scale is so enormous that individual planets and stars seem to be only microscopic specs of dust against its background but despite this all celestial bodies are connected into a single system by invisible threads of gravity that permeate space we call it the universe and hopefully in the near future we will manage to solve at least some part of its Mysteries and [Music] [Laughter] [Music] riddles
