A Journey Beyond the Boundaries of the Universe

distant horizons and unconquered heights have been tempting mankind since times immemorial inquiring minds have always been restless in their search for the secret of the genesis of our world and people have always had the urge to learn about it and to try to explain it this tenacity has allowed us first to explore our native planet and then venture out beyond into freezing and forbidding space today i invite you to join us on an imaginary trip beyond the boundaries of the universe we will start out far away from the earth near the first space probes that left our planet a long while ago whizzing at super luminal speeds we will cross interstellar space in the blink of an eye and visit several remarkable stars not far from our system after that we will make beetlejuice's acquaintance a dying star that will help us understand stellar evolution better and then we'll see some of the loneliest and most mysterious space objects rogue planets the next item on our tour will be a brief visit to a few places beyond the milky way we'll take a closer look at several nearest galaxies and then go to the most dangerous formations in the universe bizarre black holes eventually we will travel as far from our native planet as to reach the limits of observable space we will not only brush the boundary but even make it beyond the event horizon in our attempt to appreciate the true magnitude of the universe this is going to be a long trip let's get ready off we go [Music] cosmo the first in outer space roughly half a year before this video was posted on the 15th of april 2021 the automatic space probe new horizons became the fifth spacecraft in the history of the humanity to go beyond the point of 50 astronomical units from the sun it was the voyages that had crossed this mark before with the probes pioneer 10 and pioneer 11 the first ever to do so none of these space wanderers are likely to ever return to the earth with some of them still active on their missions others have gone quiet forever spacecraft new horizons start of mission 19th of january 2006 distance to earth 52 astronomical units spade 14 kilometers per second or three astronomical units per year main goal pluto and sharon mission status successfully completed condition operational just like most other interplanetary space probes new horizons performed a gravity assist maneuver near jupiter before setting out to its target not only did it greatly boost the spacecraft's speed but also allowed it to capture high quality images of the largest planet in the solar system alongside its satellites besides the probe's cameras captured the first video ever of an erupting volcano on the surface of jupiter's satellite io after the gravity boost had been completed the probe made for the main target pluto the spacecraft reached the planetoids environs in january 2015. the mission's main goal was to explore pluto and sharon from different perspectives that involved taking photos of and mapping these remote space object surfaces in addition the probe estimated the magnetic fields values and the solar wind activity close to the objects and collected information about their atmospheres and surface reflection properties it goes without saying that the program also involved search for pluto's as yet undetected satellites and more accurate measurements of pluto's orbits parameters having completed the main mission the probe continued to be useful it flew beyond pluto's orbit and went on to explore objects in the kuiper belt that is how images of kawa r1 and darakoth were produced thanks to the probe's cameras the distances to the star's proxima centauri and wolf 359 were measured unfortunately the radio isotope generator on board the spacecraft is expected to start running low from 2026 and eventually all the meters will switch off one after another new horizons will continue on its way beyond the boundaries of the solar system and by the year 2038 the distance between the probe and the sun will have grown to be a hundred astronomical units by that time the energy generator on board the spacecraft will have stopped operating completely and it will be impossible to get any connection with it following a hyperbolic orbit new horizons will exit our system never to come back the same thing happened with two other probes pioneer 10 and pioneer 11. they hit an escape trajectory from the solar system a while ago in fact they were the first automatic space probes ever to be sent into interstellar space by humans spacecraft pioneer 10 start of mission 3rd of march 1972 distance to earth 127 astronomical units speed approximately 12 kilometers per second or two and a half astronomical units per year main goal jupiter mission status successfully completed condition not operational the spacecraft reached jupiter's system on the 4th of december 1973 after completing a 641 day journey through space during the mission images of the gas giant's surface and its largest satellites were beamed back to the earth and the planet's atmospheric composition and magnetic field were gauged in addition jupiter was found to emit two and a half times more thermal energy than it receives from the sun the data unique at the time became the basis for understanding the makeup of gas giants and their satellites the trajectory of the second probe pioneer 11 through space passed jupiter 2 but its main target was the other gas giant of our system saturn the probe's scientific instruments gauged the planet's magnetic field and the cameras on board took quite a few snapshots not only of the gas giant itself and its system of rings but also two of its satellites titan and mimas according to the estimates the current distance between pioneer 11 and the center of our system is around 106 astronomical units on completing their main mission both probes continued on their way moving further and further away from the sun unfortunately both of them are out of range now with the last signal from pioneer 10 received back in 2003 the last signal from pioneer 11 was received in 1995 supposedly both of them are now rapidly moving beyond the boundaries of the solar system incidentally having no chance of ever catching up with either of the two probes we're going to talk about next the pioneers were launched at a much earlier date spacecraft voyager 1 start of mission 5th of september 1977 distance to earth 154 astronomical units speed around 17 kilometers per second or 3.6 astronomical units per year main goal jupiter and saturn mission status successfully completed condition not fully operational the contribution of voyager 1 to the solar system's exploration can hardly be overestimated it is thanks to this probe that several new jupiter satellites were discovered alongside its ring system which was big news the voyager's cameras captured volcano eruptions on io and provided hard evidence that jupiter's great red spot is an enormous storm the probe beamed back hundreds of photos of the largest planet of our solar system and its satellites after the spacecraft crossed neptune's orbit the meters on board sent back a great amount of valuable data about interstellar plasma voyager 1 left both the kuiper belt and the heliopause behind a long while ago and is now rapidly crossing the area of the solar system's scattered disc making for the inner boundary of the hypothetical oort cloud it is not only the remotest man-made object in space but also the fastest of all the spacecraft on their way to exit our system being the first space probe to have traveled that far from the center of the solar system voyager 1 offered scientists a unique opportunity to study the heliopause this is the area around our sun where solar wind pressure and interstellar gas pressure balance when the charged particles emitted by the star collide with rarefied plasma elaborate structures form out of elementary particles and magnetic fields studying them is crucial for understanding processes taking place in the universe unfortunately by around the year 2025 the power of the radioisotope thermoelectric generators on board the probe will have run out completely and the connection will have been lost in 300 years voyager 1 is estimated to reach the inner boundary of the hypothetical oort cloud it will take the spacecraft approximately 30 000 years to go clean through and after that it will fly beyond the boundaries of the solar system 10 000 years later still the probe will fly by the star glissa 445 at a distance of 1.6 light years and then it will eventually get lost in the infinite depths of outer space [Music] speaking about voyager 1 we can't but mention its twin launched from the earth on the 20th of august 1977. voyager 2 had saturn uranus and neptune for its targets but it also approached jupiter for a gravity boost it's the images taken by this probe that allowed scientists to assume that there are subsurface oceans on ganymede and europa on reaching saturn voyager 2 gauged the gas giant's temperature and magnetic field and discovered several new satellites it goes without saying that lots of snapshots were taken of both saturn's surface and its rings next in line on the probe's way were uranus and neptune the flyby yielded a great number of unique snapshots and in total 17 of the two planet satellites were discovered also it was found that both uranus and neptune have ring systems neptune's gravitational influence the spacecraft changed its trajectory and left the ecliptic plane this meant that voyager 2 wouldn't be able to approach the other objects in the solar system but it still had other exciting things to look forward to thus the probe was to collect invaluable data about interstellar plasma and cosmic wind as well as to measure distances to stars and explore the heliosphere the probe is currently as far as 120 astronomical units away from the center of our system with a distance growing by 15.37 kilometers every second it's going to take it around 42 000 years to approach ross 248 a dim red dwarf in the constellation andromeda the minimal distance between voyager 2 and the star will be about 1.7 light years and around 300 000 years since its launch chances are it will fly by sirius at a distance of 4.3 light years unfortunately it is impossible to distinguish such a tiny object from the earth that far away we live at the dawn of space exploration and interplanetary space probes are just mankind's first timid steps in exploring the infinite universe it is hard to predict their fate they may be smashed on collision with the celestial body or they may be recaptured by our distant descendants who will have advanced interstellar travel technologies to the point of being able to catch up with the probes for all we know they might recover them from space and put on display in a museum but it is more likely that the fragile apparatuses are destined to drift on for years and years through the lifeless expanses and millions of years later radioactive rays and rare particles of cosmic dust whizzing through the probes time and time again will eventually wear them down to threadbare debris to be scattered across the depths of the universe without a trace there are approximately 1 400 stellar systems in space within the radius of 50 light years from the solar system some of them are multiple and contain two and more objects which makes the overall number of our stellar neighbors over two thousand these are all sorts of stars from dim red dwarves to dazzling giants whose temperatures are beyond our imagination the incredible scale and great abundance of space objects and all their diversity can't but amaze life's too short to give account of each and every one of them right now we're going to travel at incredible speeds by far faster than the speed of light it will take us just a few minutes to cover dozens of light years of space we'll get to check out quite a few remarkable space objects around the solar system other worlds and stars are already waiting after we fly round proxima centauri a detour of 11 light-years that would have passed in the blink of an eye we're in the environs of the dim red dwarf known as ros128 we can't see it from the earth with a naked eye on pre-possessing though it may seem there is an earth-like exoplanet dubbed ros128b orbiting this star this exoplanet is one of the closest to us unlike the yet closer and cooler proxima centauri b the temperature on dros 128b is relatively moderate ranging from -60 to plus 21 degrees celsius assuming its surface to be identical to that of our planet which absorbs 70 percent of the light shed on it the equilibrium temperature of ros 128b is estimated at around 7 degrees celsius it is 8 degrees cooler than that of today's earth but quite enough to sustain life the exoplanet's mass is roughly 35 percent bigger than that of the earth the radius hasn't been accurately measured at this point but provided the planet's composition is similar to our earth's its diameter is supposed to be roughly 10 percent bigger than that of the earth the free-fall acceleration on its surface is expected to be just 12 percent bigger than that on our planet if all these estimations are correct then the conditions on the surface of ros128b are supposed to be comparable with those on the earth besides the system is rapidly moving to meet the sun in just 79 000 years it will be closer to us than proxima centauri which is moving away from us quite like most exoplanets we know of ros 128b is located quite close to its host star the distance from it to the center of the system is just 0.05 astronomical units or 20 times shorter than the distance between the earth and the sun it takes the exoplanet slightly under 10 days to complete a full orbit around its star it is also thought that it must be tidally locked speaking about its host star ros 128 its mass is approximately 17 percent that of the sun with the radius measuring around 0.2 that of the sun the star's surface temperature is twice as low as out of the sun at 3192 kelvin and its luminosity is roughly 300 times lower than that of the sun it's worth mentioning that dros 128 is a comparatively quiet star with its luminosity quite stable and regular it hardly ever flares up or emits stellar matter so pernicious for all living things moving on through space 12 light years in the direction pointing away from the sun we will see lightens star also known as gj273 it boasts one of the largest planetary systems detected in the space nearest to us the star itself is a red dwarf of an orange hue whose mass is just 25 percent that of the sun its radius is three times smaller than that of the sun and its luminosity is 435 times lower so it's hardly surprising that it can only be seen through a telescope it is quite an exciting star because there are as many as four objects detected in its environs two of which are confirmed exoplanets the other two are still prospective candidates awaiting confirmation the first confirmed exoplanet was dubbed light and b it was detected thanks to high precision measurement of the star's proper motion the object's mass is estimated to be about 2.89 times that of the earth its radius is 35 percent bigger than that of our planet this makes the object a super earth and its surface gravity may turn out to be suitable for humans the distance between the system's center and light and b equals roughly 0.1 astronomical units although the amount of light received by the exoplanet from its parent star is comparable with that received by us from the sun thus light and b lies in its star's habitable zone and may well be considered a potential candidate for searching for alien life the equilibrium surface temperature of the planet is 259 to 292 kelvin or minus 14 to plus 19 degrees celsius this makes the conditions on light and big quite suitable for humans the other confirmed exoplanet in the system is light and sea with this space object's mass similar to that of the earth it lies much closer to its host star the exact parameters of its orbit haven't been defined yet but it is known that it takes the object just 4.7 days to complete a full orbit around its system's center it is likely that this is a scorching hot and harsh celestial body without any atmosphere with one on the same side facing the star at all times the two other objects in the system were discovered in 2019 and are still awaiting confirmation of their status according to preliminary estimates there are ice giants with masses from five to 15 times out of the earth with the radii of their orbits lying within 0.8 astronomical units their orbital periods cannot be over 558 days lighten is a relatively cold star and with these two objects lying beyond its habitable zone their temperatures are almost certainly extremely low it goes without saying that at this stage these two candidates still want further exploration moving on and away from the lighting system we will come across a star known as out air lying 16.8 light years away from the earth it is a bright white blue star its mass is around 1.8 that of the sun and its age is estimated at around 1.2 billion years this star's luminosity is 11 times that of the sun which makes it one of the most conspicuous objects in our night sky another curious feature about air is its rotation which is remarkably fast thus it spins on its axis approximately 67 times faster than the sun it completes a full rotation within slightly less than 9 hours the velocity of star material at the equator equals about 286 kilometers per second due to this outstandingly rapid rotation the star's shape is far from an ideal sphere the star's equatorial diameter is 22 percent bigger than the distance between its poles and is roughly twice the diameter of the sun the star's shape can't but affect its temperature and luminosity which also differ in its different areas the stellar matter in the equatorial zone of the star is noticeably colder and darker than in the poles the temperature of the equator is just 6900 kelvin the poles meanwhile are as hot as 8 500 kelvin which is around 8 200 degrees celsius interestingly the fact that altair has an irregular shape was first arrived at following theoretical calculations only later in 2007 was it finally confirmed after an image of the star was produced where it is seen to have a disc-like shape actually altair happened to become the first star beyond the solar system whose surface had been imaged unfortunately no planet has been detected in altair's environs still observations show rings or a fog of gas enveloping the star altair's light is dispersed in these structures which produces a curious effect this major interference of light results in a humongous rainbow around the star on the downside however even though it looks fascinating and majestic it partly conceals this star and so greatly hampers studying it as we carry on on our way through space we will get as far as thermal health lying 25 light years away from the earth this stellar system consists of three components for a long time the three components making it up used to be considered mutually independent space objects then in 2013 evidence showed that they are in fact gravitationally bound forming a large and single structure in space thermal howd is probably the widest multiple star system located close to ours the biggest distance between its components reaches 3.2 light years incidentally almost 11 lunar disks may be placed in our night sky between the remotest objects in the thermal health system the largest most well-known and well-seen component of the system is referred to as thermal health a it's a young and hot star whose mass is 92 percent bigger than that of the sun with its radius measuring around 1.85 times that of the sun it was this star that people have referred to as thermal health since ancient times quite unaware of the fact that there are other not so easily observable components in this system the star's luminosity is remarkably high at 16 times that of the sun its temperature is estimated at roughly 8 500 kelvin or 8 200 degrees celsius thermal health could be as old as 400 to 480 million years according to today's models of stellar evolution the star may grow to be around 1 billion years old on reaching this age it will more likely than not go supernova and turn into a white dwarf thermal health a is surrounded by a disk of protoplanetary gas and dust divided into several segments its inner radius is 133 astronomical units with a width measuring about 25 astronomical units this disk is thought to be an active stellar nursery with celestial bodies regularly born there that is why it is an area of keen interest for astronomers it used to be thought that there was a massive planet lurking somewhere in thermal health's environs it was even given a name dagon however further observations showed that there was hardly any planet there after all it must have been a wide cloud of dust that was taken for an exoplanet it would have originated on collision of asteroids and comets point nine light years away from the main component of the system there lies former held b also known as tw pisces or striny it's an orange dwarf with a mass around 70 percent that of the sun with its radius roughly 63 percent that of the sun the star's surface temperature is estimated at approximately 4700 kelvin which is 4400 degrees celsius interestingly the star's luminosity is much lower than that of the sun our host star is five times brighter in 2019 on carrying out spectral and proper motion analysis scientists put forward the suggestion that there might be a celestial body as heavy as 0.6 to 1.9 jupiter masses orbiting the star the existence of this body still remains to be confirmed and its exact orbits parameters calculated precisely at this point preliminary estimations show that it should take the hypothetical planet 25 years to complete a full orbit around its host star the third star in the thermal health system is lp876-10 it is a red dwarf lying two and a half light years away from the main component of the system the star is five times lighter than the sun and its surface temperature is slightly over 3100 kelvin it takes lp 876-10 approximately 20 million years to complete a full orbit around thermal health a apparently the red dwarf would have orbited its big brother just 22 times since the birth of the system as for planets or exoplanet candidates none of these have so far been detected near the star still observations allow us to suppose that there is a cloud of gas and dust around it whose radius is anything from 10 to 40 astronomical units our next and final destination for today is 37.3 light years away from the earth that's the distance we would have covered now to reach arcturus the brightest star in the northern hemisphere and the fourth brightest star in the night sky the star is the main component of a binary star system it is an orange giant whose life is now slowly drawing to a close most of its hydrogen has already been transformed into helium and now the star is busy burning the remains of its stellar fuel and gradually expanding in size arcturus is also the brightest star of a great stellar stream named in its honor this gargantuan structure is in fact the debris of a dwarf galaxy absorbed by the milky way some 2 billion years ago it contains 53 stars most of them are old and dim and not nearly as impressive as arcturus arcturus emits 170 times as much luminous energy as the sun although its surface temperature is much lower at just 4251 kelvin it is thought that this giant used to be quite like our sun because its mass is just 10 bigger but what with the inevitable depletion of its stellar fuel and the inner pressure of its scorching hot plasma the star turned into an orange giant whose radius is now 25 times that of the sun according to today's theory of stellar evolution this is something that our sun is expected to go through in the distant future too actress's age is gauged at anything from six to eight and a half billion years it is hard to predict when it will go supernova at the end of its life cycle but it will happen quite soon in astronomical terms shedding its outer layers arcturus will become a scorching hot white dwarf destined to slowly cool off in the course of billions of years to follow the second component of the system is barely visible against the background of its giant companion this small star with luminosity 20 times lower than that of arcturus lies so close to it that it's hardly possible to define its parameters even if some planets did manage to form in this stellar system many millions of years ago they must have been absorbed by arcturus itself either way no objects have been detected in the stars environs at this point the end of 2019 astronomical observatories report a sudden decrease in the luminosity of the star known as betelgeuse observations show that its luminosity dropped to 36 of the standard value within a matter of a couple of months some scientists are talking about an upcoming supernova which will be the brightest object in the night sky disturbingly the gamma-ray flow emitted by the explosion is thought to be potentially dangerous for life on our planet april 2020 astronomers assure the general public that beetlejuice has recovered its luminosity to the standard value it may still go supernova at any moment but there is no way to predict this event with any degree of certainty assumptions about reasons for such anomalous fading are put forward according to the most popular hypothesis it was caused by a giant cloud of gas and dust ejected by beetlejuice in the direction of the sun very recently june 2021 the assumption is confirmed by data from earth-based telescopes astronomers keep observing the object while astrophysicists model out the processes occurring in its interior before we attempt to get to the bottom of what was taking place it's a good idea to be aware of what beetlejuice is like this object falls into the category of red supergiants and is in the final stage of its life cycle according to today's theory of stellar evolution with its luminosity and radius constantly changing its outer layers are highly unstable the star regularly emits millions of tons of scorching gas into space and this forms gargantuan prominences as they cool off they contribute to the gas nebula surrounding beetlejuice the star's mass is around 17 times that of the sun and its diameter has by now been gauged only roughly at 700 to 880 times that of the sun hypothetically if beetlejuice were to be placed in the center of our system it would swallow up all the planets as far as mars as well as most of the asteroid belt it should be mentioned that the star has no clearly defined edge because its outer layers are extremely rarified besides the object is shrouded in a gargantuan gas nebula made up of cooled off prominences or protuberances and particles of stellar wind at the same time the density of stellar matter on the conventional edges of the star is only slightly higher than that of the nebula beetlejuice is a remarkably bright star its minimal luminosity is 90 000 times higher than that of the sun while its maximal luminosity is a staggering 150 000 times higher interestingly the star's temperature is not that great considering it ranges from 3400 to 3800 kelvin which corresponds to the red spectral band there are barely predictable processes running in the unstable outer layers of the star they are capable of elaborately changing the object's luminosity the main pulsation period of the star is approximately 420 days but less distinct cycles of longer and smaller periods can be singled out too besides unpredictable flares and dimming of the star can be observed from time to time because this star is so unstable it is extremely difficult to calculate the distance between us according to the estimates offered by the coriolis satellite in 2020 the distance between the sun and beetlejuice is anything from 500 to 650 light years according to today's notions of stellar evolution betelgeuse would have formed around eight and a half million years ago and its original mass wouldn't have been over 20 solar masses its life cycle would have started in a giant cloud of interstellar gas that would have been gradually compressed and heated up by gravity forces that is how the protostar the progenitor of beetlejuice was born at a certain point the temperature and pressure in its interior reached high enough values to unleash a chain reaction of hydrogen transforming into helium moments later the thermonuclear interaction consumed the entire astronomical body and a new star flared up in the night sky this is how the longest period in the life of any star begins the main sequence stage throughout this time merging of hydrogen atoms nuclei that produce helium is the main energy source for them admittedly the heavier a star the faster this process runs life expectancy of massive stars like beetlejuice is a measly several million years whereas red dwarves remain active for billions of years either way over 90 percent of a star's life passes in the main sequence stage gradually accumulating helium is drawn to the object's center to form a helium core what happens to the star next depends almost entirely on its mass for example stars with masses not over 20 percent that of the sun do not go supernova at the end of their existence unlike more massive stars having eventually run out of almost all of their hydrogen they slowly turn into blue dwarfs hot and comparatively small astronomical objects however the minimal time it takes to complete this transformation is around a trillion years which is 72 times the assumed age of the universe which is why it is doubtful that any blue dwarf will be discovered today after hydrogen supplies are depleted thermonuclear reactions in the star will stop and it will become a white dwarf made up of 99 of helium ahead are trillions of years of slow fading and cooling until a tepid black dwarf is left instead which is barely visible through telescopes if an object's mass lies in the range from 0.2 to 8 solar masses its evolution goes through more elaborate processes helium which is produced as a result of thermonuclear reactions adds to the star's core while gravity forces compress it and heat it up more and more at a certain point there occurs a reaction of helium nucleis merging which produces carbon the star begins to expand its radius grows as well and the temperature of the outer layers drops in this case the object turns into a red giant or sub-giant comparatively light stars with masses not exceeding 50 percent that of the sun can at sustain conditions necessary for the chain reaction of helium and carbon transformations like these are quite irregular in such objects as for heavier objects reactions occurring the star's core may run longer and produce not only carbon and oxygen but also heavier elements like nickel and iron eventually the star sheds its outer layers and what is left is a white dwarf enveloped in a planetary nebula if the initial mass of the original star wasn't more than half that of the sun it will mostly be made up of helium with just a small ratio of heavier elements in its composition if on the other hand the star was heavier than that the white dwarf would be mostly made up of oxygen and carbon however with the original star having been heavy enough it will include neon magnesium and even iron evolution of massive objects has its laws the heavier a star the more massive its core with the mass of a star eight or more times that of the sun its core might get over the so-called chandra shaker limit which is 1.4 times the mass of the sun in this case forces of internal electromagnetic repulsion are not strong enough to compensate for gravitational compression it takes a few seconds for the core to shrink pulling the outer layers in its wake the exceptionally powerful compression heats up the core to temperatures of hundreds of millions kelvin and literally crams electrons into atoms nuclei this turns part of the electrons into neutrons and produces great amounts of neutrinos even a dense material like that is not able to hold back the most elusive particle in the universe in a few seconds time neutrinos break away from the collapsing star and escape taking some thermal energy with them as a result the star experiences extremely powerful internal pressure as the closely packed protons repel each other with a great force that is why the core goes on to expand as rapidly as it shrank a few seconds previously and this produces a tremendous shock wave in the material surrounding it as a result a tremendously powerful explosion occurs which is capable of hurling the star's outer layers enormous distances away its flames can unleash reactions that are impossible anywhere else that is how heavy elements are produced like gold lead or uranium the nebula formed as a by-product gradually cools off and disperses to form separate clouds which are later compressed by gravity forces and transform into new stars and planets where the star has been there remains a tiny but extremely heavy object referred to as a neutron star if the original star's mass was over 18 to 20 times that of the sun on explosion its core is supposed to shrink to form a black hole a bizarre object that distorts time and space around it mathematical modelling shows that particularly large stars with masses over a hundred times the mass of the sun may hypothetically be destroyed by the blast completely in this case all the material they're made up of will be scattered by the shock wave many light years around or else be transformed into extremely powerful electromagnetic radiation an electromagnetic impulse from a supernova is capable of covering hundreds of light years at first the radiation is characterized by incredible force annihilating all living things on its way [Music] however with the covered distance growing the density of the flow decreases and the lethal rays gradually disperse in space estimates show that a star similar to beetlejuice may be a threat to anything within the radius of up to 100 light years it is absolutely impossible to tell when this star will go supernova but it is likely to do so in the nearest hundred thousand years according to some estimates beetlejuice may flare up as brightly as the full moon the dying star will remain the dominating object in our night sky for a while and then will gradually fade the object will not be visible to the naked eye anymore and only the most powerful telescopes will be able to distinguish the radiation emitted by the tiny neutron star if the mass of beetlejuice is actually bigger than is assumed now it may leave a black hole after going supernova in this scenario the energy flare will be by far smaller and the site much less impressive either way there is no threat to the earth beetlejuice lies too far away from the solar system and a gamma-ray flare that will accompany the supernova will not cause us any harm the material ejected by the explosion will reach the environs of our system only in 6 million years its speed is estimated to be around 13 kilometers per second and will be thwarted by solar wind before getting as far as the inner areas of the system with all today's successes in science the dark depths of limitless space still harbor myriads of mysteries and hazards that is why people keep studying the sky as diligently as thousands of years ago in search of answers to their questions and the gloomy boundless abyss of interstellar space is as scary as it is appealing who knows maybe at some point it will provide an answer to a really major question assumptions about the existence of space objects the size of a planet which are independent from any star have been around for a long time such celestial objects freely drifting around interstellar space are referred to as orphan free-floating or rogue planets astronomical bodies of this kind emit very little thermal and light energy into space around them it is suggested that there are no bodies in their close proximity they could clearly interact with or be bound to that is why it is hardly surprising that these objects are so difficult to detect the first potential representatives of this class of planets were spotted as recently as in the early 21st century the warmest rogue planets can be detected with infrared telescopes and others thanks to something called the gravitational microlensing effect as one would expect this class of celestial objects is one of the most mysterious and understudied today only three astronomical bodies can be classified as rogue planets with a sufficient degree of certainty with the overall number of rogue planet candidates over two dozen incidentally according to the analysis of data collected in the course of the ogle project the milky way may supposedly be home to up to a hundred billion objects of this class this may only mean that right now we're at the very beginning of an upcoming series of discoveries in this field our notions of what rogue planets are like have long been based purely on assumptions and hypotheses with the technological advancement of highly sensitive observation equipment there arose opportunities to put them to the test in practice the rogue planet lying closest to the earth among those already confirmed is known as wise 0855-0714 7.27 light years away from the sun it was detected in 2014 with a wise orbital infrared telescope the astronomical body cannot be seen through optical telescopes as it emits no visible light to speak of the reason for this is its extremely low temperature from 225 to 260 kelvin or 48 to 13 degrees celsius below zero in terms of its parameters it resembles a cooled off gas giant and its age cannot be under a billion years the rogue planet is mostly made up of hydrogen however in 2016 the gemini observatory produced evidence of the presence of large amounts of water in its atmosphere it is suggested that water is condensed into clouds made up of tiniest particles of ice today it hasn't been established for certain how this object came to be there are currently two versions suggested by researchers according to the first one a celestial object like that starts its life cycle in the protoplanetary disk of a regular planetary system mathematical modeling of this process shows that if the original cloud of gas and dust is heavy enough it is highly likely that at least one planet will be ejected beyond the system the celestial object may also be forced out of its stars environs if another massive star passes it by or else if its planetary system collides with another system the chances of events like that are admittedly comparatively small the other version has it that the space object was born just like any other star on compression of interstellar gas at the same time the mass of the object proved to be too small to unleash any thermonuclear reactions in its interior it goes without saying that in this manner it may turn out only as a gas giant or a brown dwarf but not a rocky planet similar to the earth some researchers don't agree that these objects should be seen as rogue planets and classify them as sub-brown dwarfs instead others suggest using the term planimo for all interstellar wanderers that don't show any thermonuclear activity bearing in mind today's notions of the makeup of brown dwarfs and gas giants we may estimate the mass of wise 0855-0714 at anything from three to ten jupiter masses this rather falls short of starting a thermonuclear reaction but quite enough to keep the heat effectively trapped inside the planet taking into account our knowledge about natural laws we can predict what the conditions on the astronomical body's surface are like for example according to research by david john stevenson from the university of california in the u.s gas giants similar to jupiter don't cool off instantly after receding from their star their thick hydrogen atmosphere is quite reliable thermal isolation while the dense and hot nucleus made up of metallic hydrogen can keep the planet heated for a considerable time estimates show that the temperature of the lowest strata of a hypothetical celestial object's atmosphere may be high enough for liquid water to be around it is likely to be present in the atmosphere as giant clouds made up of tiniest droplets these deductions agree with the results of mathematical modeling of wise 0855-0714 carried out by a team of scientists from the university of edinburgh it showed that the most likely temperature value of the planet's surface is 250 kelvin or 23 degrees celsius below zero the celestial body's atmosphere also has a comparatively warm layer around 100 kilometers thick whose density fluctuates from 0.4 to 1.2 milligrams per cubic centimeter it is comparable with the conditions on the earth and so it is thought that this environment should be favorable for potential organic life incidentally a planet doesn't have to be a massive gas giant to avoid freezing in the cosmos in 2020 a rogue planet candidate was detected using gravitational microlensing techniques and here is the long designation it got it is still awaiting confirmation of the rogue planet status and its parameters have been defined only generally so far according to preliminary data however the object is comparable to the earth in terms of its mass and is anything from 30 to 180 000 light years away according to our current scientific notions an object with a mass like that is not supposed to be a gas giant and is more likely to be a rocky planet this in its turn offers good grounds to believe that the object formed in the protoplanetary disk of a planetary system as the latter was forming it may have been ejected from the system as a result of a cataclysm in space or alternatively under the influence of a larger neighbor after that it was left to its own devices and so became a free-floating planet what will happen to it next is predefined by a combination of several factors provided the object's atmosphere is sufficiently dense it will be reliably thermally isolated potentially a layer of ice on its surface could produce the same isolating effect in addition with the object's interior scorching hot and with radioactive elements undergoing decay most of the hypothetical ocean will remain in a liquid state if the planet happened to have a moon it may have retained it on ejection if this is the case tidal forces are likely to continue to deform and warm up the lithosphere theoretically with any luck primitive anaerobic life forms may have stayed around although of course it would be next to impossible to discover their traces now most of the data about the rogue planets we know today were arrived at following mathematical modelling and complex calculations it was possible to do these calculations thanks to the tiniest bits of information gleaned with the help of orbital and earth-based telescopes even as i speak a project is being worked on known as cleopatra its main objective will be to search for free-floating planets and other objects in space with subsequent definition of their parameters the project relies on something called microlensing it is a phenomenon when a celestial body passes between a remote star and the observer on the earth and briefly interferes with the light emitted by the remote star in the background when observed from different angles the moment of transition will be registered a fraction of a second sooner in one observatory than in another referred to as lensing parallax this effect allows scientists to gauge the distance to a detected object as well as its mass and dimensions an interplanetary spacecraft is planned to be created within the project it is supposed to blast off the surface of the earth as soon as in 2025 alongside a mission to mars after which it will enter its own orbit around the sun the project will be aided by specialized artificial intelligence component whose mission will be to process and analyze collected information the cleopatra project will certainly delight us with a wealth of exciting and important information so there is a lot to look forward to what is to become of all those rogue worlds out there drifting quite by themselves in the dark depths of the universe in theory a northern planet may be captured by the gravitational field of a star and become part of its planetary system but this chance is by all accounts minuscule most objects like that are destined to wander for billions of years through endless expanses of space while slowly and inevitably cooling off eventually there to be swallowed up by black holes or else destroyed as a result of a cataclysm in space never to reveal their secrets to mankind the exact number of galaxies in the universe is not known for certain yet it is supposedly well over several hundred billion galaxies may be of all sorts of different shapes as for the main varieties they include elliptical spiral lenticular and irregular galaxies there are sub categories for these as well the milky way for example is a barred spiral galaxy since any galaxy consists of a great number of stars these objects masses may reach incredible values the mass of the dwarf galaxy segway 2 for example is just 550 000 times that of the sun as for the supergiant elliptical galaxy ic1101 it is 1700 times heavier than the milky way together with its immediate neighbors our galaxy comprises what is known as the local group it includes over 50 galaxies three of which are quite large in comparison to the others these are the milky way the andromeda galaxy and the triangulum galaxy the diameter of the local group measures approximately 10 million light years and its mass is about 3 trillion times that of the sun together with a few other galaxy clusters of more modest dimensions the local group in its turn comprises the local sheet a flat cloud with a diameter measuring approximately 23 million light years it is about 5 million light years thick the local sheet forms part of the virgo supercluster a vast element of the large-scale structure of the universe the local group is conditionally divided into four parts the first one is the subgroup of the milky way comprised of our galaxy and its satellites which may be either dwarf galaxies or star clusters the milky way is the second largest galaxy in the cluster according to today's estimates it contains 200 to 400 billion stars as well as from 25 to 100 billion brown dwarfs our galaxy has a spiral structure and appears to be a disc with a diameter measuring about 200 000 light years at the same time its thickness is just around a thousand light years still there is a bulge at the center of the disc with a diameter of around 27 000 light years a supermassive black hole with a mass of as much as 4.3 million times that of the sun is supposedly concealed inside the bulge a smaller black hole is said to be orbiting it whose mass is anything from one to ten thousand times that of the sun it is posited that it is dark matter that accounts for most of the mass of the milky way which is why it is impossible to estimate it at this point according to the latest estimates however the mass of our galaxy is approximately 1.5 trillion times that of the sun going slightly further from the milky way we can observe its 31 satellites these are mostly irregular shaped dwarf galaxies they get so twisted and bent in every which way on account of the gravitational influence of their massive neighbor our closest satellite is the dwarf galaxy cma dwarf which can be found in the canis major constellation it lies 25 000 light years away from the earth and 42 000 light years from the center of our galaxy appearing like an elongated ellipsis this dwarf galaxy contains supposedly around one billion stars most of which are red giants due to the gravitational influence exerted by the milky way the canis major galaxy has almost broken apart tidal forces had the following disrupting effect the stars torn out from the galaxy came to form the so-called monocerous ring an elaborate ring-shaped structure that traps around the milky way unfortunately observation of cma dwarf is greatly thwarted by gas and dust clouds floating between the galaxy and our earth the largest satellite of the milky way and the fourth largest galaxy in the local group is the large magellanic cloud it is located as far as about 163 000 light years containing approximately 30 billion stars it has a diameter of just seven times as little as that of our galaxy at the same time the cloud's mass is 300 times as little as that of the milky way the explanation for such a stark contrast is this the large magellanic cloud does not happen to contain a supermassive black hole in the center besides there are great amounts of dark matter in the milky way's galactic halo the large magellanic cloud is an sbm type which is in between dwarf spiral and irregular galaxies even though the gravitational influence exerted over it by its massive neighbors has as well as erased almost all traces of its former spiral structure the bar in the center remains to be clearly distinguishable there are a few especially notable objects located in the large magellanic cloud for example the star r136a1 lying 165 000 light years away is the heaviest star ever detected this blue supergiant's mass is 315 times that of the sun and its surface temperature is as scorching as over 40 000 kelvin the luminosity of r136a1 is 8.7 million times that of the sun the large magellanic cloud is also home to one of the largest stars in the investigated parts of the universe the diameter of the red giant wohg 64 is over one and a half thousand that of the sun this is just 25 percent less than the diameter of the largest supergiant ever detected stevenson 2-18 according to today's accepted concepts of stellar evolution woh g64 is currently in the final stage of its life and is expected to go supernova at any moment in the next several thousand years when speaking about the milky way subgrip of course we can't but mention the virgo stellar stream occupying approximately five percent of the entire sky it appears as an exceptionally scattered and dim flow of several hundred thousand stars on the outskirts of our galaxy according to the overwhelming majority of scientists the virgo stellar stream is remnants of a dwarf spherical galaxy that has at some point almost completely been swallowed up by the milky way moving yet further we will soon encounter the galaxy known as andromeda or the andromeda nebula together with its satellites it forms part of the local group referred to as the andromeda subgrip the galaxy lies as far as around 800 kilopas sex or two and a half million light years we transit the status of our closest neighboring galaxy which isn't a dwarf one the diameter of the andromeda nebula measures approximately 220 000 light years which is slightly more than that of the milky way with its star count of around a trillion there are three to five times as many of them in it as there are in our galaxy interestingly the masses of the two galaxies are more or less the same at around one and a half trillion solar masses the point is that the stars forming the andromeda nebula are an average elder and lighter than those of the milky way andromeda is one of our closest neighbors appearing as an elongated light spot it is also one of the few galaxies visible to the naked eye interestingly its angular diameter is six times that of the moon the andromeda nebula is a spiral galaxy with two clearly defined arms it is peculiar for its binary core when we observe it through a telescope we noticed two clearly seen star clusters in the center of the galaxy with a distance between them around 5 light years according to one of proposed theories at some point andromeda swallowed up another galaxy capturing its core another supposition has it that there is after all just one core with some part of it obscured by a dust cloud it is estimated that the overall mass of the central part of this galaxy is over 140 million solar masses there are approximately 400 globular clusters in the andromeda nebula which is about two to three times as many as the rye in the milky way this means that it probably swallowed up quite a few dwarf galaxies in the past and the clusters it contains now are the remnants of their cores andromeda has around 30 satellites the ones that stand out are dwarf spiral galaxies designations m32 and m110 some theories suggest that m32 round the andromeda nebula several billion years ago leaving a gargantuan hole in its structure this had a serious effect on m32 as well with a substantial part of this galaxy becoming andromeda's galactic halo the milky way is estimated to collide with andromeda in around 5 billion years time today it is still quite impossible to model this tremendous encounter and its consequences accurately but it is bound to be a truly spectacular sight the third large representative of the local group is the triangulum galaxy it is twice as little as the milky way in size and has no confirmed satellites but some dwarf galaxies of the local group may well be gravitationally bound to it the triangulum galaxy is not likely to boast a supermassive black hole in its center the diameter of the galaxy measures approximately 50 000 light years the distance between triangulum and the milky way is 2.7 to 3 million light years the galaxy also contains the ngc 604 nebula which is the largest known area in space where stars are actively born the stellar nursery's diameter reaches 1 300 light years around 200 supergiants with a total mass of a hundred thousand solar masses are compactly grouped here these stars are young and hot with their powerful luminosity ionizing the gas the star cluster is enveloped in this gives the gas a bright glow which in its turn makes the nebula appear quite bright apart from the objects mentioned there are other ones in the local group which don't fall into any of the mentioned subgroups as a rule these are remote dwarf galaxies and star clusters not tightly gravitationally bound to any of the three large galaxies the galaxy ic-10 can be singled out here lying approximately 2.2 million light-years away from the sun it is the only galaxy of the local group where stars are actively born ic-10 is shrouded in a hydrogen outer envelope whose radius is much bigger than that of the galaxy itself the stellar disk of ic10 meanwhile rotates in the direction opposite to that of the outer envelope with their mind-boggling dimensions of hundreds of thousands of light-years on end even the largest galaxies remain tiny dots in the large-scale structure of the universe the distances between them are staggeringly enormous and even light takes millions of years to reach the closest of them nevertheless we can still observe and study them there are innumerable riddles lurking in the cosmos and mankind keeps solving them one after another without flagging zest because every new discovery is just another step in our cognition of the universe it goes without saying that to detect a celestial object that absorbs all light shed on it is a challenging task to say the least that is why there are not that many confirmed black hill candidates today still mathematical modelling shows that their number in our galaxy may reach a hundred million this may seem an incredibly big number but since there are 200 to 400 billion stars in the milky way it makes us realize that in all these expanses black holes are objects one doesn't come across that much in one of our previous videos on the topic we mentioned that a star the progenitor of a black hole has to have a mass of at least 18 to 20 solar masses only this will ensure a powerful enough supernova to compress the scorching hot core of the star to an exceptionally dense clump of material after this has occurred nothing will be able to stand up to the object's gravity force and escape beyond the boundaries of a conventional sphere predefined by the so-called schwarzschild radius what used to be a star transforms into a bizarre object with an inner makeup that would defy description by the physical laws we're familiar with the object referred to as a0620-0 or v-616 is one of the black holes closest to our earth that we know of it lies 3 300 light years away from our planet and forms part of a binary star in the constellation monocerous the other object in the system is an orange dwarf with a mass half that of the sun every 7.75 hours it completes a full orbit around an invisible object of unknown nature estimates show the mass of this invisible object to be around 6.6 times that of the sun it is admittedly too much for a neutron star this leads one to believe that the bizarre invisible object is more likely than not a black hole in addition to getting deformed and elongated by the more massive neighbor's gravity the orange dwarf is also getting stripped of the outer layers of stella mata spiraling streams of scorching gas gradually flow to the black hole and form a bright accretion disk it is thanks to this dazzling disk that the black hole was detected there are at least several dozen stars in the environs of v616 some of which almost certainly have their own planetary systems it is highly likely that in the future one of these stars will get dangerously close to the black hole and as a result will be sucked in by the objects object's insane gravity this unfortunate star will have no choice and in this case the same slow demise is eventually awaiting the black hole's new companion as that of its current one the process of interaction of a black hole with other objects largely depends on their mass ratio the smaller the distance between them and the more massive the black hole the stronger the influence of its tidal forces over its companion the star may be deformed by them and get stretched towards the system's common mass center they can also form channels that would carry stellar matter closer to the black hole adding up to its accretion disk if the tidal forces happen to be strong enough they may well destroy the object that is being sucked in by turning it into a fiery ring it is assumed that there may be planets orbiting a black hole just as if it were a regular star in contrast to a widespread opinion black holes are actually not able to suck in all objects around them indiscriminately from the point of view of gravitation in astronomical terms they behave just like any star with the same mass that is why incredibly though it may seem a black hole may well have a stable planetary system there are several ways for them to form firstly new celestial objects may originate in a nebula of gas and dust that is formed after a supernova influenced by gravitation they're first form clumps of material that collide with each other and attract cosmic dust as a result they eventually turn into planets and satellites as well as large numbers of small celestial objects like asteroids and comets the radiation of the black holes accretion disk may be powerful enough to warm them and even melt ice on their surfaces hypothetically a planetary system like that could be favorable enough for life to originate and with any luck evolve secondly when a black hole captures and destroys another planetary system some of its objects may choose to take up stable orbital positions around their new host of course this makeover would bring about dramatic changes on the celestial object's surfaces thus an ice giant may transform into an ocean planet and a gas giant may lose almost all of its hydrogen and turn into a thonian planet thirdly space wanderers like rogue planets or interstellar asteroids may also be ensnared by the massive object's gravity even though systems like that have not yet been discovered in practice there is no reason to suppose they're non-existent if on the other hand a planet is too close to the system's center and the black hole is massive enough other factors come into play a scorching hot stream of material forming the accretion disk will strip the celestial object of its atmosphere and its friction will slow it down and pull it still closer to the black hole eventually extremely powerful tidal forces will rip the planet to tiny shreds the debris will be pulled into the accretion disk and gradually melt in the hot gas around in the end they will inevitably get swallowed up by the black hole and in essence become part of it it is posited that there are three main types of black holes to be found in the universe that are different first and foremost in terms of their mass the first type can be found in the center of most spiral galaxies these are gargantuan black holes with masses reaching several billion solar masses the density of matter in the central part of a galaxy is generally extremely high which is the reason why they originate a big number of large and bright stars quite closely packed as they rapidly burn out they transform into black holes which in their turn rapidly grow and often merge with each other as a result supermassive objects are born which are surrounded with giant accretion disks made of scorching hot material they illumine space so brightly that it makes them seen from billions of light years away even if their galaxy is completely unobservable to toss these objects are known as quasars the second type is much more widespread but at the same time black holes like these are not that easily detectable their masses are close to those of stars and they form out of large stars at the end of the latter's life cycle by devouring other celestial bodies and interstellar gas these objects gradually gain in size and eventually turn into intermediate mass black holes they can also merge together which generates gravity waves that distort space many light years around the third type is the hypothetical primary black holes their existence has been inferred from today's theory of universes origins and evolution fluctuations and matter that filled space in its early stages of evolution may have been favorable for black holes of infinitely small size to originate it should be mentioned that according to estimates the smaller an object of this type the faster it evaporates and at the end of its life cycle it turns into a tremendously powerful electromagnetic impulse modeling shows that primary black holes with masses around 10 to the power of 12 kilograms are supposed to be flaring up sometime around now but to date no such event has been registered yet according to a certain hypothesis a microscopic black hole may form on collision of extra high energy elementary particles this variety is referred to as quantum black holes still the conditions necessary for such an event to happen are impossible to be reproduced in lab conditions and estimated life expectancy of these hypothetical objects is so small that it can hardly be measured with today's latest and most advanced methods that is why quantum black holes still officially exist only in theory of course it is extremely difficult to detect such dark and compact objects some of them happen to have a star companion whose anomalous trajectory of movement gives telltale prompts of there being an invisible thing in close proximity another popular method of detection is observation of accretion disks these objects spectra have some typical features that allow telling them from other sources of light in space sometimes we're lucky enough to get a snapshot of a disk with a black spot in it that is evidence that the observed object's structure is quite unusual a black hole may also be detected thanks to the gravitational microlensing effect this involves detecting the massive invisible object as it transits between the earth and a remote star this changes the star's spectrum in a special way but admittedly this method requires a number of rare factors to successfully work there is hardly any doubt that space is filled with great numbers of objects that are dark and not easily noticeable there may be wandering black holes among them these mysterious objects roaming around in interstellar space and absorbing every bit of light they come across will probably never reveal their secrets to us the solar system is just one of the countless multitude of planetary systems scattered across our galaxy as we know it consists of a single star in its main sequence stage and date planets with their satellites in addition our system contains over a million small celestial bodies like asteroids comets and meteoroids the planet in the solar system lying furthest at least that we know of is neptune its orbits radius measures around 30 astronomical units which is equivalent to approximately four light hours amazingly only a tiny portion of the solar system is encompassed by neptune's orbit the remotest object in the system discovered to date is the so-called far far out lying 132 astronomical units or 18 light hours away from the sun still even this object barely visible against a dark background of unfathomable space is not at all close to the hypothetical oort cloud whose inner boundaries lie approximately 2 000 astronomical units away from the center of our system according to some estimates its outer boundaries stretch for up to 60 000 astronomical units at the very least which is around one light year these limits are predefined by the sun's gravitational influence and what lies beyond is interstellar space moving further away we will notice over 50 of all kinds of stars within 20 light years from the sun these stars are really diverse from dim and cold brown dwarfs to bright and widely known objects like sirius procyon and daltaire some of them have their own planetary systems with objects potentially capable of nursing and sustaining life for example the object known as gliese 832c which is 16.1 light years away from the sun is similar to our earth more than any other planet within the solar system that we know of the average temperature on the exoplanet surface reaches 253 kelvin or 20 degrees celsius below zero and it takes the astronomical body just 36 earth days to complete a full orbit around its parent star in astronomical standards the distance between us and gliese 832c is relatively small however a space probe setting out from our system at a speed of roughly 17 kilometers per second would take as much as 300 000 years to reach the exoplanet's environs at our current level of technological advancement it is impossible to design an interstellar spaceship capable of completing as long a journey as that the solar system together with its neighbor stars is part of the orion arm the latter in its turn is part of the milky way it contains around 400 billion stars and potentially over a trillion exoplanets of all sorts can be discovered there according to estimates today the main diameter of the milky way measures around a hundred thousand light years and the stellar halo may be twice as large even though the thickness of the main disc measures about a thousand light years there is a clearly defined bulge in the galaxy's center this bulge is roughly 3 000 light years thick the milky way is part of the so-called local group this is a vast structure comprising over 50 galaxies concentrated within an area of space measuring around 10 million light years in diameter the andromeda galaxy the triangulum galaxy and the milky way are the largest of the lot some estimates show that the mass total of the cluster may reach as much as 3 trillion solar masses with our galaxy and andromeda accounting for the major part with the distance from the earth to andromeda around 2.5 million light years it is considered to be our closest galaxy not counting smaller or dwarf ones moving on to the next order the local group forms part of the giant virgo supercluster made up of over 30 000 galaxies the supercluster is located within an area of space with a diameter of around 150 million light years its mass total is as much as a quadrillion solar masses or in other words around a thousand galaxies like the milky way the supercluster is quite flattened and around 60 percent of all the objects it is made up of appear like a flat sheet around 10 million light years thick staggering though it may appear on the face of it this value is actually small in terms of the large-scale structure of the universe as we zoom out still more we have a chance of seeing a giant supercluster of galaxies approximately 520 million light years in size called laniakea it includes several galaxy superclusters among others the virgo supercluster and the great attractor the overall mass of this formation measures approximately as much as a hundred quadrillion solar masses the great attractor lies roughly 250 million light years away from our planet and is the gravitational center for all objects lying close by astronomical standards it cannot be observed from the earth directly as the milky way is plain thwarts it that is why the nature of the great attractor still remains an unsolved mystery today laniakea is part of the large-scale structure of the universe an elaborate system of galactic filaments walls and voids gargantuan areas of emptiness in space some of these objects are really incredibly enormous for example the hercules corona borealis great wall stretches for around a staggering 10 billion light years ever since its discovery in 2013 this superstructure has been considered the most gigantic component of the large-scale structure of the universe to all appearances it must be home to millions of galaxies and the number of stars it contains will probably always defy calculation the mere existence of a structure like that is a mystery to science as according to today's accepted theory of universe's evolution gargantuan clusters like that are simply not supposed to form but incidentally this wall so enormous that the human brain cannot fully appreciate its dimensions is still just a tiny portion of the observable universe according to today's cosmological notions space in the universe is continually expanding with the speed of expansion depending on the distance between objects the further an observed object lies away from the observer the faster the distance between the two increases the rate at which the two mutually recede is not limited by the speed of light because it's actually space matter that is expanding which means that at a certain point the two objects will be mutually unobservable relic radiation observation shows that the area of the observable universe is a sphere with a diameter roughly 93 billion light years according to the theory of relativity we can see and interact with only those objects that are within this sphere this conventional spherical area in space is called the meta galaxy and it may be either all of the universe or again its tiny portion for all we know hypothetically there may well lie some unknown structures beyond the visible boundaries of space such entities are referred to as extrametagalactic objects and unfortunately it is impossible to study them today with scientific methods still some astronomical bodies on the edge of the visible universe appear to be moving in ways different from what we would naturally expect judging by the data we have instances of anomalous movements like those may be evidence of the presence of some massive structures beyond the mata galaxy boundaries their attraction pervades the space around and influences objects around too there is a whole plethora of hypotheses as to the structure of the universe beyond the meta galaxy but most of them are rather of metaphysical nature for example some people believe that time and space as we more or less know them are non-existent beyond the boundaries of the universe the physical laws we're used to do not apply there either and notions of matter material or energy are virtually senseless this hypothesis is further elaborated on by the following idea the meta galaxy accounts for just a part of a yet more complex and larger scale superstructure in space whose makeup and dimensions are too incredible for us to imagine it is quite possible that this structure could be in a multi-dimensional space or else be based on physical principles we have no idea of this makes the mata galaxy just an insignificant addition to or a partial reflection of this mind-boggling superstructure according to some interpretations of the anthropic principle there are other worlds out there beyond the boundaries of the observable universe in those worlds the values of the fundamental constants like the speed of light or the electron charge are completely different this hypothesis is in many ways supported by the idea of a multiverse which schematically appears as foam with lots of bubbles separated from each other by thin balls but these walls are impenetrable this makes every universe a separate space with its own physical laws and for all we know these laws may be totally different from the ones we're used to the most radical hypotheses go as far as to deny our world any objective reality whatsoever according to these the universe is just a simulation like virtual reality and computers but on an incredibly advanced level as a rule ideas like that imply that there is some super beings or super civilizations out there beyond the reality we're used to whose level of advancement is infinitely higher than ours and whose goals and capabilities are arcane and incomprehensible however it goes without saying that it is hardly possible to either confirm or repudiate these hypotheses [Music] of course distances in space defy our imagination and are even frightening they appear infinite from the point of view of any person today what we do know is that the universe is expanding and provided this process continues there will come a point when space objects will disappear one after another beyond the event horizon first galaxies then stars and the world will immerse in eternal darkness but by then there will be no one around to witness that of course the scale of space can't but amaze but it is even more incredible to realize that mankind is capable of creating technologies that enable us to see the rich diversity of astronomical objects every day brings us new exciting discoveries and step by step science is constantly advancing and this means that there are a lot more great trips around the universe up ahead [Music] you

Channel: Kosmo

Views: 1,201,888

Keywords: universe, journey beyond the boundaries of the universe, film, video, space, cosmos, what lurks in space, boundaries of the universe, closest stars, closest galaxies, planets, supercluster, voids, journey to space, what is the universe, earth, sun, solar system boundaries, black holes, betelgeuse, rogue planets, video about space, astronomy, voyagers, voyager 1, life, milky way, andromeda, visible universe, popular science, cosmo, kosmo, the first in outer space

Id: LMA2wVYfdzc

Length: 88min 37sec (5317 seconds)

Published: Sat Jan 15 2022

Reddit Comments

[u/Campbell__Hayden]

WARNING: This is nothing more than an over-blown astronomy lesson.

No journey "beyond" the boundaries of the Universe takes place anywhere in this video. The last 5 minutes of it are as close as you get.

[u/honestquestiontime]

The accent is throwing me off. It sounds like someone putting on a british accent - But I cannot pinpoint the native accent.