90 World Facts Make You Smartest Person in Conversations

in 1886 a competition was announced in Paris the winner would get the right to design and build the centerpiece for the World's Fair of 1889. the company of Gustav Eiffel proposed a project that won among 107 others the first project of The Architects from eiffel's company was a tower with stonework pedestals Monumental arches between the columns Paws with glass walls on each level the top shaped like a bulb and plenty of ornaments that project was too complicated so they changed it only leaving the Arches at the bottom it took a record five months to finish the foundation and another 21 to put together the 18 000 metal pieces on top you can still see it and count them all when you visit Paris the Eiffel Tower looks revolutionary where it stands even today but back in the late 19th century it was a real sensation for which a lot of people criticized it famous writers called it a tragic Street Lamp a half-built factory pipe and a giant skeleton now they weren't too wrong the tower really has something in common with a human skeleton it was inspired by a thigh bone when they were just beginning to work on the project eiffel's team faced a serious problem they had to make the tower strong enough to withstand the elements but at the same time it had to be about as light as air if they had made one mistake the tallest Construction in the world at that time would have collapsed under its own weight gravity or strong wind and they had to work with iron which was a revolutionary new building material back then around the same time anatomist Hermann Von Meyer was researching the thigh bone or femur it's the longest and strongest bone in the human body bones are strong and solid on the outside and spongy on the inside the same as bamboo it grows so tall because it's a hollow tube made of smaller tubes that are made of even smaller ones the bone just like bamboo takes the load it carries because of the structures inside it their bone fibers arranged in a crisscross pattern a Swiss engine Carl Coleman developed that concept and created a crane where patterns like in the thigh bone were used exactly where support was needed most Gustav Eiffel used that idea and decided to build his Tower using crisscross patterns of studs and braces to support the construction he did some major math and designed it so that high winds going directly to the strongest part the four legs and the flare is going outwards at the base of the tower looked like the femur upside down the plan worked out piece by piece and the construction was finished on March 31st 1889. a lot has changed since then in science and architecture but nature still inspired cool new inventions and Technologies this is called bio mimicry for instance the first High-Speed Rail in the world the shinkansen running since 1964 was also inspired by Nature when the train was getting out of the tunnel at the speed of 185 miles per hour It produced a sonic boom that noise woke up people in nearby cities and scared wild animals a group of Engineers was working to solve this issue one of them who was also a bird watcher suggested making the train more like a kingfisher that bird has a long pointed beak that helps it dive in the water with almost no splashes when it's hunting they reshape the front of the Train giving it a sort of beak and solved the noise problem the new shape also helps save energy consumption because it was more aerodynamic and made the train 10 percent faster the inventor of velcro was inspired by his own dog he wanted to find out why Burr stick to its fur so easily and notice tiny hook-shaped spikes on them under a microscope they catch onto different materials with loops like fur and fabric George de Mistral recreated that technology and started his own company back in 1959. ever since the fastening system of nylon Loops attaching to Tiny spikes has been used for many different purposes sharks are some of the best swimmers in the world they are so fast thanks to their body shape and also a special kind of skin covered in small teeth and not scales scientists created a film based on shark secret technology when a ship is covered in it little Marine creatures can't stay attached to it and so the vessel can travel faster and save fuel swimmers wearing swimsuits made of shark inspired material also become much faster they also bite harder not really brightly colored butterflies and peacocks inspired in energy saving technology for phone displays these creatures have little structures on their wings and Feathers when white light shines on them they reflect different colors at different speeds because the surface isn't uniform in screens based on this idea the colors also come from reflection the screen doesn't produce them and saves energy this way the colors are still bright and Vivid so it's a win-win the African Namib Desert beetle is a pro at collecting water it transforms fog into droplets of water in little bumps on its shell then it sends the water directly to its head for drinking MIT scientists and Engineers created a similar structure out of glass and plastic it can be used for cooling devices and to safely clean up toxic spills now whales are some of the largest creatures on the planet and at the same time they're great swimmers divers and jumpers their secret is bump protrusions on the fins that are pretty much like wings they control the water flow to help the whale make different Maneuvers scientists decided to use this idea for wind turbines tests have shown these whale inspired turbines are more stable durable and quieter than regular turbines and can generate more energy from wind and water elephant trunks have over 40 000 muscles and are super agile they can lift heavy loads and do complicated Maneuvers like picking apples from a branch trunk design inspired a super safe and flexible robotic arm it has a memory and learns to reach and grab things from its own experience like a human baby this technology is already used in factories labs and hospitals another kind of robot a squishy one was modeled after an octopus this robot doesn't move on a predictable trajectory like its hard-bodied friends it can curl shrink and change into a new shape because it doesn't have fixed joints it doesn't bump into things and adapts to any environment no problem that's why it can be a great help in rescuing people bats get around thanks to echolocation they produce ultrasonic sounds that bounce off things and then calculate the distance to those things scientists design a similar system to build into walking sticks for the visually impaired it sends out sixty thousand pulses every second and gets Echoes the stronger the echo the closer the object is geckos are super climbers that can move on all kinds of surfaces including walls ceilings and glass the secret to their success is tons of microscopic hairs that give them a fantastic grip on any material scientists decided to use this knowledge for medical purposes and maybe to turn humans into spider humans in the future the gripping material they design is activated by UV light lobsters are delicious they also have a unique Vision their eye lenses are like flat mirrors that don't bend light but reflected at many different angles scientists use this principle in building telescopes that can focus from different angles in space a lobster's Vision also inspired x-ray devices that can see even through a thick steel wall did I mention lobsters are delicious woodpeckers spend their days drumming on tree trunks but their skulls and brains somehow stay safe and sound that's because their beak and skull have many layers and some parts of them are soft and absorb the shock scientists notice this on CT scans of the bird's heads and use that knowledge to build a mechanical shock absorbing system for Micro Devices they can also use it to make insulation material for spaceships and protect football players from injuries now not all attempts at biomimicry are equally successful in the late 1990s Mercedes-Benz was looking for a new design idea of an aerodynamic safe efficient and maneuverable car they thought a box fish would be a perfect role model it resists the flow of water and stays on its course even in the rough sea well what worked well in the sea didn't work out for a car it turned out to be super unstable hey it wasn't failure they just learned one more way that it didn't work and went on to try the next thing good advice oh everyone loves a good Landmark the Roman Coliseum the ancient city of Machu Picchu the Giza Pyramids but have you ever wondered how it once looked way back in the days when they were built or even in the time they were covered in Ivy and forgotten by Humanity buckle up cause we're heading on a time travel adventure to the world's greatest archaeological sites our Voyage begins in South America deep inside the Peruvian mountains behold the city of Machu Picchu Machu Picchu is a monument to the Ingenuity and power of the Inca civilization during its prime the Inca civilization stretched 2500 miles along South America's coastline from modern-day Ecuador all the way down to Chile and Machu Picchu was located at the heart and center of it the Historic Site was constructed at around 7 000 feet above sea level more or less around 1450 BCE the Gated City consisted of around 150 buildings Made of Stone the Incas managed to build temples houses and even a complex Aqueduct system to irrigate the entire town and yes they did all that without the help of wheels or any instrument made of iron the housing model is somewhat similar to Stone houses we see nowadays with the difference that the Incas didn't use any cement to stick together the blocks of stone yet they fit seamlessly on top of each other not only that the Incas must have developed a rudimentary yet effective anti-earthquake technology since in the event of a quake the Rocks would Shake without falling out of place if Machu Picchu had been built today it would have cost over 70 million dollars to finish the entire thing the purpose of the site is still a mystery to many historians theories suggest that it could have been built as a ceremonial site a safety base for the Inca people or even a retreat for royalty what we know for a fact is that in the 16th century 100 years after Machu Picchu was built its population abandoned it with tree roots taking over the majority of the site and keeping it hidden from humankind for over four centuries it wasn't until the 20th century that the world was reintroduced to Machu Picchu when a Peruvian farmer LED Yale University Professor Hiram Bingham III to visit the site since then Bingham and many other explorers dedicated their lives and research to studying the archaeological Wonder of Machu Picchu now for the next stop on our time traveling vehicle the city of Pompeii in Italy Pompeii has crowded our Collective imagination for many years the eruption of the Mount Vesuvius volcano in 79 A.D and the destruction of an entire city is hopefully not something that will happen again but I bet you're wondering what did Pompeii look like on its last day it took 18 hours for Pompeii's streets markets houses and forums to be buried under millions of tons of volcanic ash thanks to some clever scientists we discovered that the lava and Ashes that covered Pompeii on its very last day actually helped to freeze the city in time different from Ice The Cloud of Ashes did not preserve the city intact but as the items disintegrated over 2000 years they left voids under the Earth archaeologists found that if they filled these voids with plaster the shape of the buried city would soon reveal itself and that's exactly what happened of course it was nothing like the bustling city of twelve thousand people that had existed for many years before the Fateful eruption Pompeii was a vibrant and Rich municipality the site's ruins revealed that many areas of Pompeii boasted impressive houses some with balconies which was a sign of great wealth at the time and believe it or not even some artwork survived the eruption archaeologists found well-preserved frescoes and murals of mythological creatures all indicating that members of The High Society lived there ruins showed the city even had thermal baths and showers made with luxurious materials oh and apparently the people of Pompeii had amazing teeth yes archaeologists could see even that tiny level of detail from the plaster molds they recovered from underground still in the Italian territory we find one of the world's biggest tourist attractions the Roman Coliseum it was built as an Amphitheater during the reign of Emperor Vespasian around 70 A.D it wasn't until 80 A.D that Vespasian Sun Emperor Titus inaugurated the Coliseum the monument was something to behold with 157 foot tall walls over 80 entrances and the capacity to host 87 000 people all social classes and groups were welcome at the Coliseum and this partly explains why it flourished for so many centuries during the decline of the Roman Empire around the 6th Century A.D the Coliseum started being neglected and abandoned the monument was looted and some of its columns and Stones were used to build infrastructure elsewhere only one-third of the original Coliseum Still Remains and if it's big now imagine what it once was Greece was home to one of the world's largest Empires at the height of this Empire literally and historically speaking more or less 2400 years ago the Greeks built a citadel known as the Acropolis the Acropolis which is composed of historical buildings is considered to be one of the biggest landmarks of Western Civilization to date tourists that visit the capital city of Athens today may be faced with yellowish and broken pillars of the Parthenon standing way up high in one of the city's Hills but way back when it was built between 447 and 432 BCE the imposing and Majestic Parthenon was purely white as the entire Monument was built with gleaming White marble the statues inside were made of gold the Parthenon is a 23 000 square foot Temple held up by 69 marble columns the largest blocks of marble are massive weighing around 10 tons each and the most surprising fact is that the marble didn't come from Athens but from a nearby site that stood 10 miles from the Acropolis known as Mount pentilicon historians intrigued by where the primary material for building the Acropolis came from found tiny and Big Blocks of marble all scattered around the floor of Mount pentalikon there was also a paved road that the Greeks had built to carry the Rocks around but perhaps the most impacting Monument of all times is located at the heart of the Middle East outside the Egyptian City of Cairo the pyramids are considered one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World the Giza Pyramid complex was built as a tomb for the Pharaoh Khufu around 4 500 years ago between 20 to 30 000 people took part in the construction process it's composed of three pyramids the massive Monument is made out of approximately eight thousand tons of granite and over 550 000 tons of mortar which gives it the appearance it has today would you believe me if I told you that the pyramids didn't always look like this far from it they were shiny white with a golden triangular tip at the top this is because the Egyptians used over 6 million tons of limestone to cover the entire Rocky step-like structure also that they could gleam white under the unforgiving sunlight of Egyptian Skies the Pyramid of Khufu remained the tallest structure on Earth made by humans for over 3 800 years it was the only eight-sided Pyramid in Egypt and was believed to align with Orion's Belt it's considered to be the most aligned construction facing north in 1979 it was inscribed on the UNESCO world heritage list let's head on down to the Indian city of Agra to quickly visit the Taj Mahal you may know it is the Tosh but it can also be called by its more endearing name a teardrop in the cheek of time the Taj took over 22 years to build and was commissioned in 1632 by mukhal Emperor Shah Jahan as a declaration of love for his third and favorite wife mumtaz Mahal it was made with Ivory White marble and amazingly due to tight conservation it Still Remains very similar to what it was when it was built I think all this talk of landmarks got me thirsty for some traveling what about you tell us in the comments below if you've ever visited some of these sites or which interesting landmarks you'd add to this video the majority of us have believed for a really long time that Stonehenge one of the most iconic monuments in the world was an ancient calendar because of its alignment with the summer and winter solstices no one could figure out how it really worked now a team of researchers have come up with another study it turns out that Stonehenge could have functioned like the solar calendar it's a similar principle to the solar calendar ancient Egyptians used to have the one based on a year composed of 365.25 days each of the stones from this big mysterious sarson Circle represented one day within a month sarsons are what we call these large boulders it's actually a perpetual calendar where people could track every winter solstice Sunset that way those who live near Stonehenge which is today Wiltshire UK could keep track of the days and months of the year we all Now understand this mysterious calendar system because of this interesting Discovery in 2020 the team has identified the source of 50 of the 52 sarsons that make up the iconic Stone Circle we all know about they analyze the chemical composition of these sarcens and Trace their Origins to the West Woods in Wiltshire which is about 15 miles away from the monument not only did these 50 sarsons come from the same Source but they were also placed in their current position at approximately the same time they make the Outer Circle of Stonehenge together with a horseshoe-shaped inner ring near the center of the monument there are smaller rocks known as blue stones the team traced the origins of the blue stones all the way to Wales they also discovered that the sarsons share a common chemistry over 99 silica with Trace elements two sarsons were different from each other and also different from the main cluster these sarsons were arranged in three different formations at Stonehenge 30 of them formed this huge Stone Circle that dominates the monument four station Stones ended up in a rectangular formation outside the circle while the rest located inside the Stone Circle were constructed into five trilathons a trillathon is when you have two vertical stones with a horizontal lintel at the top thirty five and four are pretty interesting numbers in the context of this calendar system the 30 uprights that are spread around the main sarson ring could represent days of the month if you multiply that by 12 you get 360. add on five more those from the Central trilothons and the result is 365 and to really adjust the calendar to match a solar year you need to add one extra leap day for every four years right the team believes that ancient people use the four station stones to keep track of this part so in this system they paired the summer and winter solstice every year with the same pair of stones ancient people started building Stonehenge about five thousand years ago and it took more than one thousand years to finish the work but the Stonehenge you see today is not the complete original version from the beginning people have broken and taken away many of its old bluestones and sarsons the entire structure also changed over time since there were generations and generations 180 of them to be precise that passed since the beginning of Stonehenge who would participate in the building and rebuilding of it people created Stonehenge in four stages they first built a circular enclosure that stretched over 330 feet 100 meters in diameter and went around 56 pits a high Bank flanks the ditch of the enclosure while there's a low Bank on the outside some theories even say that this part was some form of a communal Cemetery later in the second stage Builders added a horseshoe of sarson trilathons in the third stage they constructed a ceremonial Avenue that was nearly two miles long it possibly traced the path of the blue stones people moved from the Aubry holes to the Q and R holes a double Arc that these blue stones have been arranged into at this stage Builders also reorganized the entrance stones and recut the main enclosure ditch during the fourth stage the stones were broken and Builders etched carvings into the sarsons later the blue stones ended up being modified again Builders didn't leave any written records about how they managed to drag these heavy stones to the site and get them to stand so perfectly upright but there are theories that say their techniques were more closely associated with woodwork than Masonry they made mortise holes and protruding tenons because they wanted to slot these Stones together and they used tongue and groove joints to do that when they dug the hole for the stones they placed Timber poles at the back of the holes that were used as Brave support then they moved the stone into a position and hauled it upward with ropes they packed Rubble into the hole to make sure the stone stayed in place a pre-industrial farming Society put this fascinating Monument together using only tools made of stone and Bone not even the wheel had been invented yet this unusual formation is also known as ringing rocks the stones you can see at Stonehenge have some pretty odd acoustic properties when you strike them they produce a loud clanging sound that could be one of the reasons why people bothered to transport them over such a long distance in the first place in some ancient cultures people believe that these rocks contained healing powers it's a really popular location that attracts over a million visitors a year when it first opened to the public visitors were allowed to walk among the stones they could even climb on them as they weren't any restrictions until the 19th century visitors would regularly chip off pieces of the rock to take them home as souvenirs they would also engrave their initials into the stones they camped within the circle and dug fire pits not realizing that the digging pits could seriously undermine the stability of the entire Monument over time visitors have encountered more and more restrictions until the monument was finally roped off in 1997 because of the serious erosion of the stones that means if you want to visit you can only view it from a distance unless you want to pay extra for the Stone Circle experience which can be arranged outside of normal visiting hours Stonehenge originally had two entrances that led into the enclosure there was a wide one to the Northeast and one that was a bit smaller and located on the southern side if you look at it today you can see there are many more gaps this is mostly because of tracks made later that once crossed the monument the ground within Stonehenge has been severely Disturbed and it wasn't just about random visitors digging fire pits there was a group of people who dug a large deep hole within the stone circle in the 17th century because they were looking for Treasure then there was Charles Darwin who also did some digging because he was studying earthworms in the area he wanted to know how these worms could impact objects in the soil over time he observed how a fallen Stone there had sunk deeper into the ground and realized it was happening because of the activities of these tiny creatures who churned through the soil all the time in 1963 there was a theory that Stonehenge had been built as some sort of computer that predicts solar and lunar eclipses later some proposed it was actually constructed as a monument to ancestors that had passed away this Theory says the permanence of its Stones represented the Eternal afterlife the average sarson you can find there weighs 25 tons while the biggest one weighs around 30 tons if you want to get an idea of how massive these Stones really are you can go behind the visitor center in the outdoor gallery to check out a replica sarson Stone it's a true copy of a freestanding upright from one of the trilathons that are located in the inner horseshoe of the monument there are five Neolithic houses at Stonehenge based on real archaeological evidence of houses found in that area each of them had stake-built walls and a chalk floor some even had furniture there was also a lot of trash discovered which means people in this area used to like celebrations and feasting research has shown that people lived in these houses for 50 to 100 Years Around 4 500 years BCE which was the time when the builders brought the sarson stones to Stonehenge during the time they were building Stonehenge generations of people went through major changes themselves from the Stone Age to the early Bronze Age they were no longer as static and isolated they started to travel and trade more which means they communicated way more than their ancestors even internationally this is how they could have spread the word about Stonehenge and it's also when the whole mystery and fascination with the monument began [Music] the moai statues have been standing tall and proud for hundreds of years once people put an enormous effort into carving these Grand sculptures and then they just suddenly stopped making them but why let's figure out this mystery Easter Island located 2500 miles east of Tahiti has an area of 63 square miles to this day it's one of the most isolated islands in the world once it was covered with forests filled with different trees and ferns but when the first humans came to the island around 400 CE the forest slowly began to disappear and starting from 1250 CE moai statues began appearing all over the place people made them from different types of rock compressed volcanic ash Basalt trachite and red scoria as it's a volcanic island these were all the ingredients the creators of the statues had to use and once the builders completed their work they covered the statues with pumice the faces of the statues are different but they all have distinct expressions with heavy brows and large noses their arms are carved into the body some have hats on top of their heads there are nearly 900 statues all over the island the different size the average height is 13 feet tall and the largest ones reach 33 feet in height and weigh up to 82 tons because the statues have so many different phases there are theories that they represent and honor ancestors Chiefs and other important people who lived on the island but without any clear evidence it's almost impossible to figure out the true purpose of the moai once they stood beautifully along the coast watching over people in settlements and their backs face toward the spirit world of the sea when Europeans first discovered the moai statues in the 1700s many of them had already toppled over and the construction of statues had stopped way earlier than that huge amounts of effort were put into making these things expert craftspeople spent a great deal of time slowly carving the statues with basic picks a team of up to six people would work hard for an entire year to make just one Statue then they often had to transport it to its special place on the island as far as 11 miles with the help of carbon dating experts have managed to figure out that the statue started to appear in 1250 CE and then suddenly in 1500 CE or so the process just stopped the creators of the statue just left their Stone chisels where they were last used and only a quarter of all the statues were actually placed where they were supposed to be half of them still remained in the Quarry While others were left on the ground mid-transit something happened on the island and it caused everyone to just lose interest in the statues there are many theories around why it could happen and they mostly relate to deforestation Islanders may have used wood to move the statues across the island they possibly did this with the help of sleds and ropes or even use logs to roll the statues or canoes to float them the woods started to deplete eventually trees on the island took very long to grow and rats ate most seeds people had many uses for wood and they needed it not only for practical things but also to create other statues another reason why the inhabitants of the island could have stopped building the statues might be that they were busy with other projects specialized Rock Gardens were becoming more common with a growing population they were great for the soil keeping it warm and fertilizing it at the same time Islanders spent much time and effort making these Rock Gardens and there simply wasn't enough time to focus on building and moving the statues another theory suggests that what people believed in changed over time supposedly the islands once saw the statues as a connection to their ancestors after some time though rituals depicting a show of strength and endurance became more widespread and with these rituals Islanders started to carve images related to seabirds seabirds became the main animal on the island people started to believe that their ancestors looked over them through Birds instead of the statues so there was no longer a reason to build the moai anyway these theories might be true but the main problem was that the small island couldn't support a growing population what was once a lush land covered in forests quickly became a Barren landscape for the first few centuries people relied on Forest resources but agriculture became more important sometime after 1550 when forests disappeared tribes that once worked together to build the Fantastic monoliths focused on competing against one another instead during the struggle for land and resources the moai statues were toppled over because people wanted to reduce their significance over the following centuries all the statues were pushed over but not all of them deliberately many fell naturally after being neglected for so long some even ended up in the ocean water surrounding the island and there they sat for a while but there was some good news for these statues they were re-erected providing a great experience for visitors from all over the world if you make a journey all the way to this isolated island the first question you'll probably ask will not be how the statues were made or how they were moved it will be how on Earth did anyone even make it here in the first place it was one of the most amazing feats ever the Polynesian sure did some pretty extraordinary things from as early as 1500 BCE these boat-faring people began to explore their world they used the most advanced Marine inventions of their time they sailed across the ocean in catamarans and Outrigger boats starting in Southeast Asia and inhabiting many more places throughout the Pacific they lived as far north as Hawaii in 900 BCE and all the way to the south in New Zealand by 1200 BCE and the farthest Journey to the east was of course Easter Island in only a few hundred years these early Sailors inhabited an area of thousands of square miles they simply memorized where they had already been and this way managed to navigate the ocean they used a wide range of techniques they watched the Sun as it Rose and set during the day Stars help them it died if it was overcast and sailors couldn't figure out Direction visually they used other brilliant methods they watched the movements of ocean currents and wave patterns and paid attention to bioluminescence in the water these patterns help them find where specific Islands were located these seafarers even understood how islands and atolls in the distance caused air and sea interference patterns Birds provided them with certain signs too some of them migrated long distances from one Island to another which gave Travelers some kind of a visual connection for their route other types of birds had specific feeding times Sailors knew when and where they hunted and directed their boats depending on where these birds fed Vikings certainly get way too much credit for their seafaring abilities where they used a sun Compass the early Polynesians relied purely on the knowledge of how nature itself could guide them their skills were so Advanced that in 1769 Captain James Cook an English Explorer even hired a Polynesian Navigator because of his extensive knowledge of the Seas but even more surprising was the fact that he drew a map from memory it covered an area that was 2 000 miles wide in this region there were 130 islands and the Navigator knew 74 of those islands by name at the beginning of their Voyage Captain Cook often disregarded the Navigator's advice but toward the end of their Journey he was very impressed he also recognized the Polynesians as possibly the most widespread Nation on Earth imagine working seven days a week on a large-scale construction site you along with thousands of others carry millions of stone blocks and put them on top of each other according to a complex system you work without modern construction equipment you have no air conditioning or constant access to water it's so hot outside that you can fry eggs on the road you've been building the pyramid for decades and now when it's finally done you enjoy the result of the Colossal work of thousands of people you're looking at a giant cultural Monument of global value that will freeze in time and amaze people for tens of thousands of years a few thousand years have passed people in the 21st century see the pyramids and are like wow I can't believe humans have built this yeah the people who built the pyramids wouldn't have appreciated such a theory but actually there are reasons to believe that people built it using some fantastic technology from the outside it seems the Great Pyramids are just big triangles of stone people just put some heavy blocks on top of each other and that's it [Music] the design seems too perfect to be true the pyramid consists of more than 2 million blocks they lay so close to each other and are so even that you couldn't squeeze even a thin sheet of paper between them scientists still can't figure out the exact technology for building the Egyptian pyramids [Music] one of the biggest and most famous is the Great Pyramid of Giza this huge construction well known all over the world has one big secret there should be a Capstone on top of the pyramid it's a triangular shaped stone block a small pyramid on top of a huge one it's also called a pyramidian the Builders of ancient Egypt made it out of granite and Limestone and covered it with gold no records or old drawings proved that there was a pyramidian at the top of the Great Pyramid of Giza but there's another ancient Egyptian structure with such a triangle The Red Pyramid it was built before the great one and its Capstone has survived to this day archaeologists have found and reconstructed it but where could the Capstone of the Great Pyramid be it's a mystery that still has no answer some are sure that some thieves have stolen it from the top maybe they just climbed up and pushed the pyramidian down it makes perfect sense the Capstone was probably the most valuable element of the pyramid many scientists and archaeologists still don't know its exact purpose some believe that this peak covered with gold glorified the Pharaohs the Capstone reflected Moonlight at night and illuminated the entire space around it during the day the Capstone reflected sunlight with its shiny surface you could have noticed it from afar the top of the pyramid was a kind of guiding star for lost Travelers all other stone blocks of the pyramid consist of limestone people polish them to make them look shiny in the past they were even glowing and reflected light you 'd see glowing pyramids from space although they looked like tiny lights over thousands of years winds sandstorms and rains have changed the pyramid's appearance if people had taken care of them all this time they would have looked like something out of science fiction movies or the pyramids from Las Vegas but unfortunately we will never see their original appearance some archaeologists and scientists believe that the Capstone could absorb the sun's energy and distribute it evenly throughout the pyramid no one knows precisely why the Egyptians needed this technology there's a theory the pyramids are ancient Energy Systems the Pharaohs applied this energy to use some unique technologies that were more advanced than all the achievements of the 21st century and the Triangular shape of the pyramids was ideal for boosting this electromagnetic energy in theory solar radiation or electromagnetic forces accumulated at the top of the pyramid filled the inner rooms and then went down the Walls to the base any surface Distortion could prevent the flow from spreading so they had to create a perfectly smooth surface that's why they installed the blocks so that nobody could squeeze a needle or razor blade between them many people believe in this Theory because they built the pyramids from Limestone this material can hold energy inside itself in the inner part they created Granite deposits to cause air ionization that is to create an electric charge they also dug channels under the pyramid for water to transmit electricity and at the top they put a gold Capstone the best conductor of electricity so this is how you get a great power generator different cultures used similar Technologies to create electricity all over the world but these are all theories if it had been working Humanity would have used these Technologies today [Music] there are mentions of the metal industry chemistry engineering physics mathematics and astronomy in some ancient records most scientists don't believe in all these things we know the detailed stages of the Technologies development in different cultures in the 21st century scientists historians and anthropologists can track the evolution of all modern devices if people had created some technological inventions in ancient times the history of the world would have looked different perhaps all the achievements of antiquity could have been wiped off the face of the Earth by global cataclysms and it can happen to us just imagine how people would dig up a laptop in five thousand years perhaps they wouldn't understand what kind of device it is another Egyptian Wonder surrounded by mystery is the statue of the Sphinx the Egyptians carved it out of a single massive piece of limestone about 4.5 000 years ago but scientists still don't know the exact date of its construction or who built it painted the Sphinx in different colors so it looked much brighter and more Vivid in the distant past it was shining just like the Great Pyramids anyway time hasn't only changed its appearance but its name too initially the Egyptians called it Hora meccat the Greeks renamed it the Sphinx about a few hundred years after it had been built the Sphinx emphasized the greatness of the rulers of Egypt it also performed a symbolic function of a watchdog guarding the Tomb of the Pharaoh and the paths leading to it this version sounds realistic since archaeologists have discovered many secret entrances at the foot of the Sphinx perhaps these rooms and intricate tunnels lead to underground halls with treasures and treasures don't always mean golden jewelry according to Legends and theories the Sphinx guards the Hall of Records the storage of all humankind's knowledge the information about the ancient mythical state of Atlantis could be there you can find many detailed maps of the internal dungeons of the Sphinx on the internet they show structures 12 stories deep under the statue it looks like a small City filled with gold Scrolls of knowledge and various ancient artifacts but don't believe all these Maps these are just theories several thousand years have passed but people have very little information about it archaeologists know that there are still many strange and exciting things about the Sphinx that are still undiscovered some locals are afraid to research because they believe they can awaken something terrible From The Underground depths therefore it's mostly scientists from other countries who conduct the excavations in 1998 scientists discovered strange tunnels leading to empty rooms under the Sphinx they realize that some people tried to get there through tunnels in the past and maybe those people took all the treasures that were there one of the Legends says that some powerful artifact lays beneath the Sphinx its technology can change the whole world but the locals are hiding it because it can damage the planet some believe that you can find evidence of unknown Technologies painted on the granite walls in the pharaoh's tombs but most likely these paintings and signs tell us the myths and legends of ancient Egypt but what if Egyptian symbols and drawings are detailed instructions for using ancient Technologies what if the locals that lived at that time thought hmm people in the future won't be able to get energy themselves let's leave some detailed instructions for them anyway there are many riddles and theories in reality the search for answers is a dangerous undertaking since it's not easy to get into the underground Halls excavations can ruin the structure of the entire Sphinx any person inside the tunnels may get lost and never be able to find their way back besides it costs a lot of money now what would be awesome is If people could invent some device that could scan underground areas and show their detailed models what if I told you you just won a round-the-world trip to visit the planet's most famous landmarks nice right but there's a catch you might be visiting them for the last time in your life that's because these landmarks are threatened to disappear during your lifetime yikes ah Perry the city of love for our Modern Eyes it's hard to imagine the city without its most famous landmark the Eiffel Tower but it wasn't always there of course Gustav Eiffel the tower's architect was commissioned to expose it during the 1889 world fair but the so-called iron lady was only meant to stand for 20 years after that it was going to be demolished except that um this plan was never implemented the tower wasn't taken down because of an antenna built on top of the tower and it conducts Wireless signals but there's a problem The Iron Lady is made of iron and with time and bad weather which Paris happens to get a lot of iron deteriorates it rusts and this rusting makes the iron weak up until the point where it can crack and if a tower that is made purely of iron starts to crack you know what this means no more selfies eating croissants in front of the famous tour Eiffel apparently French authorities are aware that this is happening but instead of repairing the whole Tower they're kind of just painting over the rust your next stop is in beautiful Rome you are here to visit you guessed it the Coliseum one of the world's most visited monuments the Gladiators used to put on shows there well you might as well say arrivederci to it while you can like a lot of ancient monuments the Coliseum is in danger of disappearing it survived for almost 2 000 years since it was commissioned by Emperor vespasia but due to yearly exposure to harsh weather the monument is getting weaker the problem here is mainly snow when snow falls upon the Coliseum the freezing water infiltrates the cracks of the rocks and makes them blows you know like when you put a soda can into the freezer and the bottom pops out I know snow is a kind of infrequent visitor in Rome but even rare below zero temperatures can damage the Coliseum seriously and since we can't control the weather who knows how long we'll get to see this beauty around after hopping on a red eye to India you arrive at the unique Taj Mahal it's even more mesmerizing in person than it is in pictures the Taj is one of the seven wonders of the modern world but why is it at risk of Disappearing you might ask the monument was finished way back in 1643. it was made with pristine White marble as a gift from Emperor Shah Jahan to his beloved wife but if our white shirts get dirty just by stepping outside the house imagine an open-air monument that has existed for over four centuries the Taj Mahal is located in the city of Agra right beside the yamuna river over the years the region has become very polluted and all of this pollution is helping to destroy the Taj India's Supreme Court has been on the case for many years now and they say the monument is turning greenish and brown so high authorities decided that either the local government restores the Taj Mahal completely or they'll shut it down or Worse destroy it for the good of humanity I hope they decide to restore it already otherwise we'll be down to only six wonders ah finally you've made it to South America more specifically you're now in the mountainous country of Peru if you're not used to such high altitudes you might get a little dizzy but it's worth it to see the mesmerizing Incan ruins of Machu Picchu the city is located at over 7 000 feet above sea level and no one knows how the Inca has built such a sophisticated Village that's why the site attracts around 440 000 visitors every single year but since regulation is not so strict the site is also slowly deteriorating Machu Picchu may be the victim of something known as over tourism I mean if you look at any footage from the site on a normal day it's pretty packed up and even if it's a stone made town and stones are pretty resistant they do suffer from erosion man-made or weather made oh boy I really don't like the sound of that there's another stone monument that you need to check off your list can you guess which one it is yup Stonehenge located in the peaceful Hills of wheelchair England Stonehenge has been around for over 5 000 years well nobody knows exactly when it was built but bear with me if the only cause for disappearance would be erosion then it would make the monument millions of years before it disappeared but that's not the case since 1995 there have been multiple proposals from British authorities to build an underground tunnel that connects Southeast and Southwest England the thing is the tunnel passes underneath Stonehenge and it might Rock the site's Foundation Get It Rock anyway since the project was suggested local supporters of the monument have found a safe Stonehenge Alliance to keep the monument safe they strongly believe that any Enterprise such as this tunnel will severely harm the site aha Egypt this time to arrive at your destination you travel in style and by that I mean camels just for the photo op of course but why are you here you came to check out the Great Sphinx you know the one with a broken nose the Sphinx was also built way way back in the day try over 4 000 years ago and back then they use what they had at their disposal limestone now some researchers think that hazardous weather may be damaging the Sphinx's limestones you see they're very porous types of rock so water easily infiltrates inside of them making erosion stronger and faster but water is also coming from down below unlike the Pyramids of Giza the Great Sphinx was carved directly from the Bedrock and right underneath the monument there's a riverbed which also infiltrates into the Sphinx making it weaker fingers crossed that Egypt doesn't get a lot of rainfall in the next few centuries I hope you brought your swimsuit because it's time to dive deep into the Dead Sea except that you probably won't get too deep you know since there's so much salt in the water that you basically only float fun fact this seat is 10 times saltier than the ocean it may be a little ironic that the Dead Sea is at risk of actually perishing but it's true the lake level is dropping four feet every year it has to do with one of the Sea's main tributaries a tributary is a river that flows into a much larger body of water the thing is the region is not so rich in natural water so some of the local authorities ended up diverting small tributaries for basic human uses but since every action has a reaction the Dead Sea is now facing some difficulties back in the USA it's time to visit the city that never sleeps and if you've understood this trip by now you already know the landmark we're visiting it's Lady Liberty it may come as a surprise to some but the famous Statue of Liberty was originally copper it's turned green due to oxidation I mean maybe I would also turn green if I was constantly exposed to New York's harsh weather some researchers say that air pollution can also speed up oxidation processes threatening the long life of Lady Liberty of course New York City does its share of Maintenance hopefully it'll be enough for us to keep seeing the statute during our lifetime hey it's time to head back home I sure enjoyed this trip hope you did too let's hope we can still visit these places [Music] the Great Pyramid was created as the final resting place of ancient Egyptian Monarch Khufu according to Legend French leader Napoleon entered the Great Pyramid and came back out looking shaken and super pale he never revealed what he saw inside but whatever it was is said to have affected him for the rest of his life when Napoleon entered the pyramid he would have walked through a super tight and ascending passageway he'd then go through another passageway known as the great chamber this Corridor would have been much taller than the previous one and would have cobbles too then reached the king's chamber the centerpiece of the Great Pyramid which was lined with huge blocks of granite but it wouldn't have looked as Grand as we might imagine there are no hieroglyphics decorating its walls as Egyptians only began decorating the burial chambers of pyramids much later on the pharaoh's tombs deep inside the pyramid would have also been filled with treasures from chunks of gold to the world's most expensive jewelry but this would have all been looted a long time ago the only thing that probably would have been left in there would have been a huge sarcophagus which would have once contained The King's mommy he'd also have to walk past the Queen's chamber this room most likely didn't hold any Queens though as pyramids were usually only Built for one person their mysterious tunnels leading from here to this day no one is really sure what they're there for and that's not the only mysterious and creepy thing Napoleon may have encountered as stories of pharaohs leaving ancient curses on pyramids go way back many pyramids had warnings written on the outside telling of horrifying things that would happen to those who entered and Disturbed the peace we might not know what exactly Napoleon found in the Great Pyramid that scared him so much but we know for sure what was found in two-ton Commons tomb Tuton common was an ancient Egyptian pharaoh who was only eight or nine years old when he took to the throne he became a cultural phenomenon when his tomb was discovered almost completely intact in 1922 his pyramid sits in the valley of Kings in Thebes modern Luxor which is in Egypt unlike the Great Pyramid Tuton Commons tomb was covered in beautiful wall decorations the walls told the story of how he would travel to the afterlife through the underworld Egyptians believed all people would have to take this journey so they would fill their tombs with objects and paintings to help them get there they're all also be spells painted on the walls they believed this would help people pass over to the next realm the journey would be pretty long and for that reason the ancient Egyptians would also fill the pyramids with food two-ton Commons pyramid was filled with eight fruit baskets they even found something called gingerbread fruit in there the rooms were jam-packed with Furniture statues clothes and staffs amongst a whole bunch of other things you'd likely find a lot of clothes and expensive jewelry in the pyramids as well the ancient Egyptians wanted their ancestors to travel in style to the afterlife they put two-ton common in his final resting place with over 50 pieces of clothing all of the highest quality there were tunics scarves gloves and headdresses and a ton of jewelry bracelets pennants necklaces rings and scarabs for protection were all found inside each of them was made of gold four precious stones they were also fans made of ostrich feathers to keep the old Pharaoh cool in the hot Egyptian sun but the temperature inside the pyramids never actually went above 68 degrees Fahrenheit the ancient Egyptians developed a super cool air conditioning system that we don't fully understand even today two-ton Commons pyramid also contained 130 walking sticks made from ebony ivory silver and gold to help him on his journey there were three chariots hidden away in case he got tired of all the walking they also put 11 boat paddles inside but there was no sign of any boat the pyramids would be littered with the pharaoh's favorite scents and perfumes during the excavation of two-ton Commons pyramid it quickly became clear that it had been robbed during ancient times there was damage to doors and traces of oils left in empty jars it looks like someone raided the pyramid for gold and the scents perfumes and oils that had been left for King Tut there was still a bit of perfume which was made from coconut oil and frankincense left in one bottle it seems like pharaoh Tutankhamun loved board games there was an ivory traveling set of Senate in his pyramid although we don't know for sure exactly how to play it we have figured out it was sort of an ancient Egyptian version of backgammon it looks like it was a two-player game where the goal was to knock your opponent off the board not really sure who two-ton Commons mummy was supposed to play with though the ancient Egyptians had some rituals that may seem pretty strange to us for example they used to shave their eyebrows off if they ever lost a cat so it's not too surprising they put some really weird things inside pyramids archaeologists discovered a collection of mummified cats and scarab beetles and pyramids that date back more than 4 000 years they were found in the pyramids of Sakara which is south of Cairo they also found a bunch of makeup kits and mirrors inside makeup was worn proudly by both men and women in ancient Egyptian times eyeliner was the most popular cosmetic the Rosetta Stone was one of the best discoveries ever made in pyramids it was found by our man Napoleon Bonaparte and his team it's a black granite rock that dates back to 196 BCE it's transcribed in Greek demotic and hieroglyphic when it was translated in 1822 we got the key to understanding ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics for the very first time the discovery of Queen hatsepshut's mummy in 1903 changed our understanding of the Egyptians forever after she had passed away her successor said musi III removed most of the evidence of her Reign so we basically knew nothing about Egypt's first grade female leader she's now gone on to become one of the few and most famous female pharaohs of Egypt Pharaoh tofu even had a fully fledged boat in his pyramid archaeologists uncovered more than 1200 pieces of a giant boat near the great pyramid at Giza they reassembled the boat and it's a whopping 144 feet long it's most likely a solar boat which was designed to carry the resurrected King with the deity Raw fun fact the Pyramid of Giza is the last remaining of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World the other six are the Hanging Gardens the Colossus the Temple of Artemis the mausoleum the lighthouse and the statue of Zeus this pyramid was also the world's tallest man-made structure for 3 800 years and it's the biggest Pyramid in Egypt it took a staggering 2.3 million blocks of limestone and some weighed as much as 80 tons it took an incredible 100 000 laborers and a whopping 23 years to build its original height was a mega 480 feet in 2017 archaeologists discovered something weird about Egypt's Great Pyramid there's a hidden void that's at least 100 feet long and no one really knows why it's there or what's actually inside it the weird void is the first inner structure discovered within the 4 500 year old pyramid since the 1800s scientists used cosmic rays to detect the massive hole but are still no closer today to finding out what's inside the ancient Egyptians took a lot of care building the pyramids and everything was strategically placed and structurally sound so it's super unlikely that this hole is due to blocks falling over time loads of pyramids also contain small model figurines called ushabti these represented attendance they believed they would come to light to serve the Pharaohs in the afterlife but it's amazing that all this stuff actually fit inside there isn't actually a huge amount of space inside the structures it's mostly just rock hey check it out you could technically live in the Eiffel Tower if you don't mind residing in a small apartment Gustav Eiffel designed the tower to feature a private apartment for himself right at the top of the construction he left the place all neat and tidy with all the necessary Furniture these days the apartment is home to two mannequins that of Eiffel himself and his equally famous Friend Thomas Edison a sneak peek at the apartment is available for tourists who purchase a ticket to the top of the tower if you ever pass through Trafalgar Square you'll surely Miss London's smallest police station since it's hidden beneath the Lamppost the reason why it was placed there back in 1926 was to let police officers be close to public rallies they happen quite a lot in that area some even said it used to have a direct phone line to Scotland Yard it's now used as a cleaning station so there isn't much to see there apart from some moths Grand Central Station one of New York's busiest has a great hidden activity for travelers there are tennis courts available in a secret space named the annex this area used to host a lot of different things back in the day from a recording studio to an art gallery the SE days though the location is known as the Vanderbilt tennis club and can be visited by the public similar to Mr Ifill producer Samuel Lionel Roxy roxethil designed a hidden apartment for himself in the Radio City Music Hall in New York City he also asked for the apartment now called The Roxy Suite to be decorated in the art deco style it features 20-foot High ceilings covered in Gold Leaf and walls with floor-to-ceiling plush drapes these days only Radio City performers and VIP guests can visit the location you might be able to rent it out too but they say the prices are very high Rome's best known symbol the Coliseum has secret tunnels hidden beneath its grounds back in the day ancient Romans used these passageways to keep wild animals like lions tigers elephants and bears as they were used for Gladiator fights and other types of entertainment they've been open for visitors since 2010 along with the coliseum's plumbing system it was quite the technological advancement for the time featuring drinking fountains and even toilets there are some people that have criticized the opening of these secret tunnels they believe it might affect the building's structure given the huge traffic of visitors the Empire State Building is said to have 102 floors but that's not true it actually has a secret 103rd floor the way to access it is through a hidden staircase located on the 102nd floor but it's mostly available for the building's engineers and celebrities from time to time that's not all the 103rd floor leads to the Empire State building's capsule it's the building's famous dome one of the most famous American landmarks features a mysterious hidden chamber if current records are true there's a secret room behind Abraham Lincoln's head from Mount Rushmore it was meant to keep relative artifacts and documents of American History like the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution we now know these important documents are kept in another location and the Mount Rushmore room remains inaccessible to the public to this day like maybe it's a video game room for Park Rangers or not completed between 2550 and 2490 BCE the Great Pyramid of Giza is the last remaining of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World constructed as a resting place for the fourth Dynasty Egyptian pharaoh Khufu it was thought to feature the grand Gallery the king's chamber and the Queen's chamber but that's not all as recently a secret room was discovered here dubbed the big void kind of like my head this huge space is nearly 100 feet long its main purpose is still up for debate but some archaeologists believe it was used as an internal ramp to help build a massive structure Cinderella Castle is the main attraction of Disney World in Orlando Florida in an area called the Magic Kingdom it does have a hidden room of its own dubbed the Cinderella Suite the suite was originally intended to host Walt Disney himself and his family he passed away in 1966 and he never got to see the final result it was finally finished in 2006 and ever since it's only been opened a limited number of times and only for visitors invited by the Disney Company Grand Central isn't the only station with hidden features Italy has its own Milano centraleic the country's second largest railway station more than 320 thousand passengers passed by these walls every day but most of them never notice the closed doors on the sidewall of the station leading to the Royal Pavilion a fashionable area designed as a waiting room for the Royal Family The Pavilion features two grand Halls divided into two floors with luxurious Furniture styled marble all decorated with royal sculptures now even the Statue of Liberty has a hidden room try to guess where it is it's in the torch of the statue now unfortunately it's not available to the public ever since it was completely closed back in 1916. a camera was placed here back in 2011 to allow people to enjoy live streaming of the panoramic view a statue of Leonardo da Vinci located at Rome's Da Vinci airport was first unveiled back in 1960. it recently went under renovation one of the workers made a mysterious Discovery during this process a small hole somewhere in the middle of the statue at about 30 feet when it was carefully opened two parchments were found inside Written In classical Latin the first document told the story of the area that now houses the airport the other one provided a list of people who attended the inauguration of the statue [Music] Supreme Court in Washington D.C has a secret Sports facility where clerks off-duty police officers and other Supreme Court employees can play basketball the Court located on the top floor of the building is obviously dubbed the highest court in the land Excuse me while I dribble Disneyland's Club 33 is located in the New Orleans Square section of the theme park in Anaheim California this exclusive club houses only 500 members and it was inaugurated in 1967. it aimed to entertain celebrities politicians and sponsors the decorations were courtesy of Walt Disney himself and his wife Services here come at a hefty price members have to pay twenty five thousand dollars to join the club and later a yearly fee of between 12 000 to 25 thousand dollars the entrance to the club was easy to miss since it was hidden behind a doorway with a single gold plate that had the number 33 engraved on it a makeover the club took place in 2014. they moved the entrance to an even more secret location but people can still see the old one in its original place the New York City public libraries have hidden Apartments too employees and their families could stay in those hidden rooms that are placed above many of the public libraries most of them are either closets or empty rooms these days but some of them are available to the public like those belonging to the 4.4 million dollar renovation project of the apartment in the Washington Heights Branch it was transformed from an old dusty 3750 square foot space into a dedicated teen area and tech center that also features rooms for adult education programs cool this summer you finally decide to go on that once in a lifetime round the world trip the first stop of this exciting Adventure is in Europe you start your journey in Italy the country of pasta and pizza and delicious gelato ah there it is the world renowned Leaning Tower of Pisa you buy your ticket and get inside the Crooked Monument you're about to climb 251 slippery stairs so watch your step and don't forget to breathe the white marble stones are astounding and from time to time you peep outside to enjoy the view of the city congratulations you've made it you've reached the top of the Bell Tower and can take all the Selfies you want the Leaning Tower of Pisa is one of Italy's most iconic landmarks during your hike up the stairs a guide tells you it's actually a medieval Monument it was built between the 12th and 14th centuries taking over 200 years to finish and in case you're wondering if it's always been tilted I can say without a doubt yes it has once they finish the third floor the bell tower started sinking the thing is the very name Pisa comes from the Greek word that means marshy land the ground there is extremely soft made of clay mud and sand and Architects have been trying to save the day ever since they built the Tower at the top of the 185 foot tall Monument you take your time admiring the city how many terracotta rooftops can you count if you walk toward the south side of the monument you may feel closer to the ground this is because the Leaning Tower of Pisa tilts toward the South at one point it leaned almost five and a half degrees and still didn't fall today when you visit the monument the guide might tell you the tower is leaning less a few years ago the world's best Architects and Engineers did some construction works next to the monument to keep it from falling over they dug several tunnels and took out over 38 cubic meters of soil from under the north side of the Tower so now the tower is tilting at an angle of only four degrees so if you want to take one of those Classic photos where you're holding up the tower you better hurry who knows how long the tower will still be leaning now it's time for you to make your way to Rome this city is basically an open-air Museum and you have to check it out for yourself it's scalding hot but you're lucky today you're visiting the baths of caracala are you ready for an authentic ancient Roman experience you enter through what once was a locker room you'll have to use your imagine Nation today you'll only see 130 foot tall brick walls here Romans of every class would spend an hour or two in the baths every day they would come after a long day at work or before dinner Imperial bath complexes such as this one weren't usually free but you had to pay an admission fee leaving the locker room visitors would stop in a heated room where they would receive oil and scrub massage then some people would move on to one of two exercise yards can you see how ample they were here there were elaborate marble porticos and you can still see a few fragments of the Mosaic colored floor if you were in the mood for something more intellectual you could stop to listen to a philosopher or visit one at the libraries now we've arrived at the most impressive room a calderium it was a circular hot steamed room measuring 115 feet in diameter it had not one or two but seven heated pools inside above your head you'd have seen a magnificent Dome supported by large Granite columns the entire structure was richly decorated with multi-colored glass mosaics and the finest White marble the complex also housed an indoor Olympic-sized pool with wasty water today you can only admire a few reddish walls made of brick and concrete Emperor caracala like many other Roman emperors built a mega complex and it sure made people happy after a long international flight you arrive in Egypt get ready for some Camel rides and juicy dried fruits does anyone here love dates you leave your hotel at dawn and make your way to the outskirts of Cairo you drive past the Nile River toward the West Bank don't forget to take some pictures in the distance you spot a large Monument It's the Great Sphinx of Giza can you believe people created this Monument over 4 500 years ago once you get closer you see the Great Pyramids just north of the space you learn that unlike the pyramids the Sphinx was carved directly from the Bedrock of the Giza Plateau until the day it's one of the largest statues in the world measuring 66 feet in height and 240 feet in length from Paws to tail the face of the Sphinx looks a tad beaten today but according to archaeologists it wasn't always like that a Photoshop reconstruction of the Sphinx gives it a very different look as you can see at one point the Sphinx's nose was chopped off together with parts of the chin scientists believe that the statue is a representation of the great Pharaoh copra this is why its phase resembles a human so much the eyes a dark carved line was added to represent the charcoal eyeliner ancient Egyptians used to wear fun fact this wasn't only a beauty habit it Protected Their Eyes from ultraviolet rays in a desert region that gets so much sunlight this might come in handy until today researchers debate whether or not the Sphinx had a beard many believe that if it was meant to depict a pharaoh it most likely had a braided beard that got destroyed by erosion or humans even today you can still see the remains of a Regal headdress on the head of the space these head ornaments were associated with power and royalty now imagine that the stripes are blue and gold this is probably what it looked like when the monument was first constructed there's no evidence of how long it took to build a space but it was likely very long as the carved details are pretty impressive if you're lucky your guide might take you to one of the secret Chambers inside the statute if they're real and not just a myth I mean ah the crystalline Waters of Greece whether you arrive by boat or plane you're in for a real treat this is the focal point of archaeological sites you arrive at mondraki Marina and Port but wait a minute you don't see any monuments around the Colossus of Rhodes is nowhere to be found at first glance that's because it was destroyed long long ago before tumbling down during a mighty earthquake the great statue was considered one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World if you saw the Colossus in a picture you would probably mistake it for Lady Liberty well that's actually not a coincidence apparently there's a connection between the statue of roads and the Statue of Liberty they were both built as symbols of freedom and Lady Liberty is often referred to as the modern Colossus the Colossus stood at 100 feet tall but today all you see is a concrete Jetty with a huge gap in the middle now imagine a bronze statue straddling both ends of the bridge the Colossus was built back in the 3rd Century BCE and 900 camels took part in the construction the statue existed for approximately 54 years before it was ruined by a powerful earthquake it hit the city so hard that all that was left of the statue was one very large foot even so people kept visiting the monument are you ready to head home thanks for joining me on this journey and don't forget to tell me what your favorite site was see you next time that's it for today so hey if you pacified your curiosity then give the video a like and share it with your friends or if you want more just click on these videos and stay on the bright side in 1886 a competition was announced in Paris the winner would get the right to design and build the centerpiece for the World's Fair of 1889. the company of Gustav Eiffel proposed a project that won among 107 others the first project of The Architects from eiffel's company was a tower with stonework pedestals Monumental arches between the columns Paws with glass walls on each level the top shaped like a bulb and plenty of ornaments that project was too complicated so they changed it only leaving the Arches at the bottom it took a record five months to finish the foundation and another 21 to put together the 18 000 metal pieces on top you can still see it and count them all when you visit Paris the Eiffel Tower looks revolutionary where it stands even today but back in the late 19th century it was a real sensation for which a lot of people criticized it famous writers called it a tragic Street Lamp a half-built factory pipe and a giant skeleton now they weren't too wrong the tower really has something in common with a human skeleton it was inspired by a thigh bone when they were just beginning to work on the project eiffel's team faced a serious problem they had to make the tower strong enough to withstand the elements but at the same time it had to be about as light as air if they had made one mistake the tallest Construction in the world at that time would have collapsed under its own weight gravity or strong wind and they had to work with iron which was a revolutionary new building material back then around the same time anatomist Hermann Von Meyer was researching the thigh bone or femur it's the longest and strongest bone in the human body bones are strong and solid on the outside and spongy on the inside the same as bamboo it grows so tall because it's a hollow tube made of smaller tubes that are made of even smaller ones the bone just like bamboo takes the load it carries because of the structures inside it their bone fibers arranged in a crisscross pattern a Swiss engine Carl Coleman developed that concept and created a crane where patterns like in the thigh bone were used exactly where support was needed most Gustav Eiffel used that idea and decided to build his Tower using crisscross patterns of studs and braces to support the construction he did some major math and designed it so that high winds going directly to the strongest part the four legs and the flare is going outwards at the base of the tower looked like the femur upside down the plan worked out piece by piece and the construction was finished on March 31st 1889. a lot has changed since then in science and architecture but nature still inspired cool new inventions and Technologies this is called bio mimicry for instance the first High-Speed Rail in the world the shinkansen running since 1964 was also inspired by Nature when the train was getting out of the tunnel at the speed of 185 miles per hour It produced a sonic boom that noise woke up people in nearby cities and scared wild animals a group of Engineers was working to solve this issue one of them who was also a bird watcher suggested making the train more like a kingfisher that bird has a long pointed beak that helps it dive in the water with almost no splashes when it's hunting they reshape the front of the Train giving it a sort of beak and solve the noise problem the new shape also helps save energy consumption because it was more aerodynamic and made the train 10 percent faster the inventor of velcro was inspired by his own dog he wanted to find out why Burrs stick to its fur so easily and notice tiny hook-shaped spikes on them under a microscope they catch onto different materials with loops like fur and fabric George de Mistral recreated that technology and started his own company back in 1959. ever since the fastening system of nylon Loops attaching to Tiny spikes has been used for many different purposes sharks are some of the best swimmers in the world they are so fast thanks to their body shape and also a special kind of skin covered in small teeth and not scales scientists created a film based on shark secret technology when a ship is covered in it little Marine creatures can't stay attached to it and so the vessel can travel faster and save fuel swimmers wearing swimsuits made of shark inspired material also become much faster they also bite harder not really brightly colored butterflies and peacocks inspired in energy saving technology for phone displays these creatures have little structures on their wings and Feathers when white light shines on them they reflect different colors at different speeds because the surface isn't uniform in screens based on this idea the colors also come from reflection the screen doesn't produce them and saves energy this way the colors are still bright and Vivid so it's a win-win the African Namib Desert beetle is a pro at collecting water it transforms fog into droplets of water in little bumps on its shell then it sends the water directly to its head for drinking MIT scientists and Engineers created a similar structure out of glass and plastic it can be used for cooling devices and to safely clean up toxic spills now whales are some of the largest creatures on the planet and at the same time they're great swimmers divers and jumpers their secret is bump protrusions on the fins that are pretty much like wings they control the water flow to help the whale make different Maneuvers scientists decided to use this idea for wind turbines tests have shown these whale inspired turbines are more stable durable and quieter than regular turbines and can generate more energy from wind and water elephant trunks have over 40 000 muscles and are super agile they can lift heavy loads and do complicated Maneuvers like picking apples from a branch trunk design inspired a super safe and flexible robotic arm it has a memory and learns to reach and grab things from its own experience like a human baby this technology is already used in factories labs and hospitals another kind of robot a squishy one was modeled after an octopus this robot doesn't move on a predictable trajectory like its hard-bodied friends it can curl shrink and change into a new shape because it doesn't have fixed joints it doesn't bump into things and adapts to any environment no problem that's why it can be a great help in rescuing people bats get around thanks to echolocation they produce ultrasonic sounds that bounce off things and then calculate the distance to those things scientists design a similar system to build into walking sticks for the visually impaired it sends out 60 000 pulses every second and gets Echoes the stronger the echo the closer the object is geckos are super climbers that can move on all kinds of surfaces including walls ceilings and glass the secret to their success is tons of microscopic hairs that give them a fantastic grip on any material scientists decided to use this knowledge for medical purposes and maybe to turn humans into spider humans in the future the gripping material they design is activated by UV light lobsters are delicious they also have a unique Vision their eye lenses are like flat mirrors that don't bend light but reflected at many different angles scientists use this principle in building telescopes that can focus from different angles in space a lobster's Vision also inspired x-ray devices that can see even through a thick steel wall did I mention lobsters are delicious woodpeckers spend their days drumming on tree trunks but their skulls and brains somehow stay safe and sound that's because their beak and skull have many layers and some parts of them are soft and absorb the shock scientists notice this on CT scans of the birds heads and use that knowledge to build a mechanical shock absorbing system for Micro Devices they can also use it to make insulation material for spaceships and protect football players from injuries now not all attempts at biomimicry are equally successful in the late 1990s Mercedes-Benz was looking for a new design idea of an aerodynamic safe efficient and maneuverable car they thought a box fish would be a perfect role model it resists the flow of water and stays on its course even in the rough sea well what worked well in the sea didn't work out for a car it turned out to be super unstable hey it wasn't failure they just learned one more way that it didn't work and went on to try the next thing good advice laughs everyone loves a good Landmark the Roman Coliseum the ancient city of Machu Picchu the Giza Pyramids but have you ever wondered how it once looked way back in the days when they were built or even in the time they were covered in Ivy and forgotten by Humanity buckle up cause we're heading on a time travel adventure to the world's greatest archaeological sites our Voyage begins in South America deep inside the Peruvian mountains behold the city of Machu Picchu Machu Picchu is a monument to the Ingenuity and power of the Inca civilization during its prime the Inca civilization stretched 2500 miles along South America's coastline from modern-day Ecuador all the way down to Chile and Machu Picchu was located at the heart and center of it the Historic Site was constructed at around 7 000 feet above sea level more or less around 1450 BCE the Gated City consisted of around 150 buildings Made of Stone the Incas managed to build temples houses and even a complex Aqueduct system to irrigate the entire town and yes they did all that without the help of wheels or any instrument made of iron the housing model is somewhat similar to Stone houses we see nowadays with the difference that the Incas didn't use any cement to stick together the blocks of stone yet they fit seamlessly on top of each other not only that the Incas must have developed a rudimentary yet effective anti-ear earthquake technology since in the event of a quake the Rocks would Shake without falling out of place if Machu Picchu had been built today it would have cost over 70 million dollars to finish the entire thing the purpose of the site is still a mystery to many historians theories suggest that it could have been built as a ceremonial site a safety base for the Inca people or even a retreat for royalty what we know for a fact is that in the 16th century 100 years after Machu Picchu was built its population abandoned it with tree roots taking over the majority of the site and keeping it hidden from humankind for over four centuries it wasn't until the 20th century that the world was reintroduced to Machu Picchu when a Peruvian farmer LED Yale University Professor Hiram Bingham III to visit the site since then Bingham and many other explorers dedicated their lives and research to studying the archaeological Wonder of Machu Picchu now for the next stop on our time traveling vehicle the city of Pompeii in Italy Pompeii has crowded our Collective imagination for many years the eruption of the Mount Vesuvius volcano in 79 A.D and the destruction of an entire city is hopefully not something that will happen again but I bet you're wondering what did Pompeii look like on its last day it took 18 hours for Pompeii streets markets houses and forums to be buried under millions of tons of volcanic ash thanks to some clever scientists we discovered that the lava and Ashes that covered Pompeii on its very last day actually helped to freeze the city in time different from Ice The Cloud of Ashes did not preserve the city intact but as the items disintegrated over 2000 years they left voids under the Earth archaeologists found that if they filled these voids with plaster the shape of the buried city would soon reveal itself and that's exactly what happened of course it was nothing like the bustling city of twelve thousand people that had existed for many years before the Fateful eruption Pompeii was a vibrant and Rich municipality the site's ruins revealed that many areas of Pompeii boasted impressive houses some with balconies which was a sign of great wealth at the time and believe it or not even some artwork survived the eruption archaeologists found well-preserved frescoes and murals of mythological creatures all indicating that members of The High Society lived there ruins show the city even had thermal baths and showers made with luxurious materials oh and apparently the people of Pompeii had amazing teeth yes archaeologists could see even that tiny level of detail from the plaster molds they recovered from underground still in the Italian territory we find one of the world's biggest tourist attractions the Roman Coliseum it was built as an Amphitheater during the reign of Emperor Vespasian around 70 A.D it wasn't until 80 A.D that Vespasian Sun Emperor Titus inaugurated the Coliseum the monument was something to behold with 157 foot tall walls over 80 entrances and the capacity to host 87 000 people all social classes and groups were welcome at the Coliseum and this partly explains why it flourished for so many centuries during the decline of the Roman Empire around the 6th Century A.D the Coliseum started being neglected and abandoned the monument was looted and some of its columns and Stones were used to build infrastructure elsewhere only one-third of the original Coliseum Still Remains and if it's big now imagine what it once was Greece was home to one of the world's largest Empires at the height of this Empire literally and historically speaking more or less 2400 years ago the Greeks built a citadel known as the Acropolis the Acropolis which is composed of historical buildings is considered to be one of the biggest landmarks of Western Civilization to date tourists that visit the capital city of Athens today may be faced with yellowish and broken pillars of the Parthenon standing way up high in one of the city's Hills but way back when it was built between 447 and 432 BCE the imposing and Majestic Parthenon was purely white as the entire Monument was built with gleaming White marble the statues inside were made of gold the Parthenon is a 23 000 square foot Temple held up by 69 marble columns the largest blocks of marble are massive weighing around 10 tons each and the most surprising fact is that the marble didn't come from Athens but from a nearby site that stood 10 miles from the Acropolis known as Mount pentilicon historians intrigued by where the primary material for building the Acropolis came from found tiny and Big Blocks of marble all scattered around the floor of Mount pentalikon there was also a paved road that the Greeks had built to carry the Rocks around but perhaps the most impacting Monument of all times is located at the heart of the Middle East outside the Egyptian City of Cairo the pyramids are considered one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World the Giza Pyramid complex was built as a tomb for the Pharaoh Khufu around 4 500 years ago between 20 to 30 000 people took part in the construction process it's composed of three pyramids the massive Monument is made out of approximately eight thousand tons of granite and over 550 000 tons of mortar which gives it the appearance it has today would you believe me if I told you that the pyramids didn't always look like this far from it they were shiny white with a golden triangular tip at the top this is because the Egyptians used over 6 million tons of limestone to cover the entire Rocky step-like structure all so that they could gleam white under the unforgiving sunlight of Egyptian Skies the Pyramid of Khufu remained the tallest structure on Earth made by humans for over 3 800 years it was the only eight-sided Pyramid in Egypt and was believed to align with Orion's Belt it's considered to be the most aligned construction facing north in 1979 it was inscribed on the UNESCO world heritage list let's head on down to the Indian city of Agra to quickly visit the Taj Mahal you may know it as the Tosh but it can also be called by its more endearing name a teardrop in the cheek of time the Taj took over 22 years to build and was commissioned in 1632 by mukhal Emperor Shah Jahan as a declaration of love for his third and favorite wife mumtaz Mahal it was made with Ivory White marble and amazingly due to tight conservation it Still Remains very similar to what it was when it was built I think all this talk of landmarks got me thirsty for some traveling what about you tell us in the comments below if you've ever visited some of these sites or which interesting landmarks you'd add to this video the majority of us have believed for a really long time that Stonehenge one of the most iconic monuments in the world was an ancient calendar because of its alignment with the summer and winter solstices no one could figure out how it really worked now a team of researchers have come out with another study it turns out that Stonehenge could have functioned like the solar calendar it's a similar principle to the solar calendar ancient Egyptians used to have the one based on a year composed of 365.25 days each of the stones from this big mysterious source and circle represented one day within a month sarsons are what we call these large boulders it's actually a perpetual calendar where people could track every winter solstice Sunset that way those who live near Stonehenge which is today Wiltshire UK could keep track of the days and months of the year we all Now understand this mysterious calendar system because of this interesting Discovery in 2020 the team has identified the source of 50 of the 52 sarsons that make up the iconic Stone Circle we all know about they analyze the chemical composition of these sarcens and Trace their Origins to the Westwoods in Wiltshire which is about 15 miles away from the monument not only did these 50 sarsons come from the same Source but they were also placed in their current position at approximately the same time they make the Outer Circle of Stonehenge together with a horseshoe-shaped inner ring near the center of the monument there are smaller rocks known as blue stones the team traced the origins of the blue stones all the way to Wales they also discovered that the sarsons share a common chemistry over 99 silica with Trace elements two sarsons were different from each other and also different from the main cluster these sarsons were arranged in three different formations at Stonehenge 30 of them formed this huge Stone Circle that dominates the monument four station Stones ended up in a rectangular formation outside the circle while the rest located inside the Stone Circle were constructed into five trilathons a trillathon is when you have two vertical stones with a horizontal lintel at the top thirty five and four are pretty interesting numbers in the context of this calendar system the 30 uprights that are spread around the main sarson ring could represent days of the month if you multiply that by 12 you get 360. add on five more those from the Central trilothons and the result is 365 and to really adjust the calendar to match a solar year you need to add one extra leap day for every four years right the team believes that ancient people use the four station stones to keep track of this part so in this system they paired the summer and winter solstice every year with the same pair of stones ancient people started building Stonehenge about five thousand years ago and it took more than one thousand years to finish the work but the Stonehenge you see today is not the complete original version from the beginning people have broken and taken away many of its old bluestones and sarsons the entire structure also changed over time since there were generations and generations 180 of them to be precise that passed since the beginning of Stonehenge who would participate in the building and rebuilding of it people created Stonehenge in four stages they first built a circular enclosure that stretched over 330 feet 100 meters in diameter and went around 56 pits a high Bank flanks the ditch of the enclosure while there's a low Bank on the outside some theories even say that this part was some form of a communal Cemetery later in the second stage Builders added a horseshoe of sarson trilathons in the third stage they constructed a ceremonial Avenue that was nearly two miles long it possibly traced the path of the blue stones people moved from the Aubry holes to the Q and R holes a double Arc that these blue stones have been arranged into at this stage Builders also reorganized the entrance stones and recut the main enclosure ditch during the fourth stage the stones were broken and Builders etched carvings into the sarsons later the blue stones ended up being modified again Builders didn't leave any written records about how they managed to drag these heavy stones to the site and get them to stand so perfectly upright but there are theories that say their techniques were more closely associated with woodwork than Masonry they made mortise holes and protruding tenons because they wanted to slot these Stones together and they used tongue and groove joints to do that when they dug the hole for the stones they placed Timber poles at the back of the holes that were used as brace support then they moved the stone into a position and hauled it upward with ropes they packed Rubble into the hole to make sure the stone stayed in place a pre-industrial farming Society put this fascinating Monument together using only tools made of stone and Bone not even the wheel had been invented yet this unusual formation is also known as ringing rocks the stones you can see at Stonehenge have some pretty odd acoustic properties when you strike them they produce a loud clanging sound that could be one of the reasons why people bothered to transport them over such a long distance in the first place in some ancient cultures people believe that these rocks contained healing powers it's a really popular location that attracts over a million visitors a year when it first opened to the public visitors were allowed to walk among the stones they could even climb on them as they weren't any restrictions until the 19th century visitors would regularly chip off pieces of the rock to take them home as souvenirs they would also engrave their initials into the stones they camped within the circle and dug fire pits not realizing that the digging pits could seriously undermine the stability of the entire Monument over time visitors have encountered more and more restrictions until the monument was finally roped off in 1997 because of the serious erosion of the stones that means if you want to visit you can only view it from a distance unless you want to pay extra for the Stone Circle experience which can be arranged outside of normal visiting hours Stonehenge originally had two entrances that led into the enclosure there was a wide one to the Northeast and one that was a bit smaller and located on the southern side if you look at it today you can see there are many more gaps this is mostly because of tracks made later that once crossed the monument the ground within Stonehenge has been severely Disturbed and it wasn't just about random visitors digging fire pits there was a group of people who dug a large deep hole within the stone circle in the 17th century because they were looking for Treasure then there was Charles Darwin who also did some digging because he was studying earthworms in the area he wanted to know how these worms could impact objects in the soil over time he observed how a fallen Stone there had sunk deeper into the ground and realized it was happening because of the activities of these tiny creatures who churned through the soil all the time in 1963 there was a theory that Stonehenge had been built as some sort of computer that predicts solar and lunar eclipses later some proposed it was actually constructed as a monument to ancestors that had passed away this Theory says the permanence of its Stones represented the Eternal afterlife the average sarson you can find there weighs 25 tons while the biggest one weighs around 30 tons if you want to get an idea of how massive these Stones really are you can go behind the visitor center in the outdoor gallery to check out a replica sarson Stone it's a true copy of a freestanding upright from one of the trilathons that are located in the inner horseshoe of the monument there are five Neolithic houses at Stonehenge based on real archaeological evidence of houses found in that area each of them had stake-built walls and a chalk floor some even had furniture there was also a lot of trash discovered which means people in this area used to like celebrations and feasting research has shown that people lived in these houses for 50 to 100 Years Around 4 500 years BCE which was the time when the builders brought the sarson stones to Stonehenge during the time they were building Stonehenge generations of people went through major changes themselves from the Stone Age to the early Bronze Age they were no longer as static and isolated they started to travel and trade more which means they communicated way more than their ancestors even internationally this is how they could have spread the word about Stonehenge and it's also when the whole mystery and fascination with the monument began [Music] the moai statues have been standing tall and proud for hundreds of years once people put an enormous effort into carving these Grand sculptures and then they just suddenly stopped making them but why let's figure out this mystery Easter Island located 2500 miles east of Tahiti has an area of 63 square miles to this day it's one of the most isolated islands in the world once it was covered with forests filled with different trees and ferns but when the first humans came to the island around 400 CE the forest slowly began to disappear and starting from 1250 CE moai statues began appearing all over the place people made them from different types of rock compressed volcanic ash Basalt trachite and red scoria as it's a volcanic island these were all the ingredients the creators of the statues had to use and once the builders completed their work they covered the statues with pumice the faces of the statues are different but they all have distinct expressions with heavy brows and large noses their arms are carved into the body some have hats on top of their heads there are nearly 900 statues all over the island the different size the average height is 13 feet tall and the largest ones reach 33 feet in height and weigh up to 82 tons because the statues have so many different faces there are theories that they represent and honor ancestors Chiefs and other important people who lived on the island but without any clear evidence it's almost impossible to figure out the true purpose of the moai once they stood beautifully along the coast watching over people in settlements and their backs face toward the spirit world of the sea when Europeans first discovered the moai statues in the 1700s many of them had already toppled over and the construction of statues had stopped way earlier than that huge amounts of effort were put into making these things expert craftspeople spent a great deal of time slowly carving the statues with basic picks a team of up to six people would work hard for an entire year to make just one Statue then they often had to transport it to its special place on the island as far as 11 miles with the help of carbon dating experts have managed to figure out that the statue started to appear in 1250 CE and then suddenly in 1500 CE or so the process just stopped the creators of the statue just left their Stone chisels where they were last used and only a quarter of all the statues were actually placed where they were supposed to be half of them still remained in the Quarry While others were left on the ground mid-transit something happened on the island and it caused everyone to just lose interest in the statues there are many theories around why it could happen and they mostly relate to deforestation Islanders may have used wood to move the statues across the island they possibly did this with the help of sleds and ropes or even use logs to roll the statues or canoes to float them the woods started to deplete eventually trees on the island took very long to grow and rats ate most seeds people had many uses for wood and they needed it not only for practical things but also to create other statues another reason why the inhabitants of the island could have stopped building the statues might be that they were busy with other projects specialized Rock Gardens were becoming more common with a growing population they were great for the soil keeping it warm and fertilizing it at the same time Islanders spent much time and effort making these Rock Gardens and there simply wasn't enough time to focus on in 1886 a competition was announced in Paris the winner would get the right to design and build the centerpiece for the World's Fair of 1889. the company of Gustav Eiffel proposed a project that won among 107 others the first project of The Architects from eiffel's company was a tower with stonework pedestals Monumental arches between the columns Paws with glass walls on each level the top shaped like a bulb and plenty of ornaments that project was too complicated so they changed it only leaving the Arches at the bottom it took a record five months to finish the foundation and another 21 to put together the 18 000 metal pieces on top you can still see it and count them all when you visit Paris the Eiffel Tower looks revolutionary where it stands even today but back in the late 19th century it was a real sensation for which a lot of people criticized it famous writers called it a tragic Street Lamp a half-built factory pipe and a giant skeleton now they weren't too wrong the tower really has something in common with a human skeleton it was inspired by a thigh bone when they were just beginning to work on the project eiffel's team faced a serious problem they had to make the tower strong enough to withstand the elements but at the same time it had to be about as light as air if they had made one mistake the tallest Construction in the world at that time would have collapsed under its own weight gravity or strong wind and they had to work with iron which was a revolutionary new building material back then around the same time anatomist Hermann Von Meyer was researching the thigh bone or femur it's the longest and strongest bone in the human body bones are strong and solid on the outside and spongy on the inside the same as bamboo it grows so tall because it's a hollow tube made of smaller tubes that are made of even smaller ones the bone just like bamboo takes the load it carries because of the structures inside it their bone fibers arranged in a crisscross pattern a Swiss engineer Carl Coleman developed that concept and created a crane where patterns like in the thigh bone were used exactly where support was needed most Gustav Eiffel used that idea and decided to build his Tower using crisscross patterns of studs and braces to support the construction he did some major math and designed it so that high winds going directly to the strongest part the four legs and the flare is going outwards at the base of the Tower look like the femur upside down the plan worked out piece by piece and the construction was finished on March 31 1889. a lot has changed since then in science and architecture but nature still inspired cool new inventions and Technologies this is called biomimicry for instance the first High-Speed Rail in the world the shinkansen running since 1964 was also inspired by Nature when the train was getting out of the tunnel at the speed of 185 miles per hour It produced a sonic boom that noise woke up people in nearby cities and scared wild animals a group of Engineers was working to solve this issue one of them who was also a bird watcher suggested making the train more like a kingfisher that bird has a long pointed beak that helps it dive in the water with almost no splashes when it's hunting they reshape the front of the Train giving it a sort of beak and solve the noise problem the new shape also helps save energy consumption because it was more aerodynamic and made the train 10 percent faster the inventor of velcro was inspired by his own dog he wanted to find out why Burrs stick to its fur so easily and notice tiny hook-shaped spikes on them under a microscope they catch onto different materials with loops like fur and fabric George de Mistral recreated that technology and started his own company back in 1959 ever since the fastening system of nylon Loops attaching to Tiny spikes has been used for many different purposes sharks are some of the best swimmers in the world they are so fast thanks to their body shape and also a special kind of skin covered in small teeth and not scales scientists created a film based on shark secret technology when a ship is covered in it little Marine creatures can't stay attached to it and so the vessel can travel faster and save fuel swimmers wearing swimsuits made of shark inspired material also become much faster they also bite harder not really brightly colored butterflies and peacocks inspired in energy saving technology for phone displays these creatures have little structures on their wings and Feathers when white light shines on them they reflect different colors at different speeds because the surface isn't uniform in screens based on this idea the colors also come from reflection the screen doesn't produce them and saves energy this way the colors are still bright and Vivid so it's a win-win the African Namib Desert beetle is a pro at collecting water it transforms fog into droplets of water in little bumps on its shell then it sends the water directly to its head for drinking MIT scientists and Engineers created a similar structure out of glass and plastic it can be used for cooling devices and to safely clean up toxic spills now whales are some of the largest creatures on the planet and at the same time they're great swimmers divers and jumpers their secret is bump protrusions on the fins that are pretty much like wings they control the water flow to help the whale make different Maneuvers scientists decided to use this idea for wind turbines tests have shown these whale inspired turbines are more stable durable and quieter than regular turbines and can generate more energy from wind and water elephant trunks have over 40 000 muscles and are super agile they can lift heavy loads and do complicated Maneuvers like picking apples from a branch trunk design inspired a super safe and flexible robotic arm it has a memory and learns to reach and grab things from its own experience like a human baby this technology is already used in factories labs and hospitals another kind of robot a squishy one was modeled after an octopus this robot doesn't move on a predictable trajectory like its hard-bodied friends it can curl shrink and change into a new shape because it doesn't have fixed joints it doesn't bump into things and adapts to any environment no problem that's why it can be a great help in rescuing people bats get around thanks to echolocation they produce ultrasonic sounds that bounce off things and then calculate the distance to those things scientists design a similar system to build into walking sticks for the visually impaired it sends out 60 000 pulses every second and gets Echoes the stronger the echo the closer the object is geckos are super climbers that can move on all kinds of surfaces including walls ceilings and glass the secret to their success is tons of microscopic hairs that give them a fantastic grip on any material scientists decided to use this knowledge for medical purposes and maybe to turn humans into spiderhumans in the future the gripping material they design is activated by UV light lobsters are delicious they also have a unique Vision their eye lenses are like flat mirrors that don't bend light but reflected at many different angles scientists use this principle in building telescopes that can focus from different angles in space a lobster's Vision also inspired x-ray devices that can see even through a thick steel wall did I mention lobsters are delicious woodpeckers spend their days drumming on tree trunks but their skulls and brains somehow stay safe and sound that's because their beak and skull have many layers and some parts of them are soft and absorb the shock

Channel: BRIGHT SIDE

Views: 233,039

Keywords: bright side, brightside

Id: XsuElhdssvc

Length: 120min 15sec (7215 seconds)

Published: Sat Jun 10 2023