23 Fascinating Jobs Around The World | Big Business Marathon | Business Insider

from the people who make food commercials to the sculptors building clay models for car companies we traveled the globe to learn about the world's most fascinating jobs our first stop is Detroit Michigan where we see how Ford builds a life-size clay model of the latest Mustang clay models are built in Top Secret Studios that are even more restricted than manufacturing plants inside designers develop vehicles that haven't even been announced yet this is the car industry's area 51. yeah I mean we work in a secure facility that's only a few members of the site you can actually get into so it's special permissions to get into here Mark Sadler has been a clay modeler for decades and now manages teams for Bentley he worked on signature models like the bentega SUV the claycombs and bars or cylinders the size of tennis ball cans it's closer to the Play-Doh we played with as kids traditional water-based ceramic clay would dry out and Harden too fast this specialty Clay is more sticky and malleable modeling team's first turn design sketches into multiple scaled down clay models about just over a meter long once they decide on the design they want to move forward with 3D scanners convert it into digital graphics those can be edited further with software that can include VR aspects that data is then transferred to a milling machine the modeling team first builds a frame out of steel and wood to support foam blocks making a whole model out of solid clay would be too expensive and weigh at least several tons to make the clay more workable they heat it for 24 hours in a special oven set to around 140 degrees Fahrenheit modelers spend a couple of days slathering one to four inches of warm soft clay on different parts of the model once it cools to room temperature and stiffens it's ready for shaping in just one to two days the milling machine can carve out a full-size model but it's not close to being finished yet modelers still have to smooth out surfaces corners and edges this is where craftsmanship becomes critical I've met people that have come from the porcelain industry that have migrated very quickly very easily into the into the clay modeling side but I've also met people that no matter how much training you give them how much guidance they just don't get it they also carve out important details like hoods roof lines and fenders all by hand I mean you can have at least probably 60 70 Tools in your box that do similar things but do it in a slightly different way their tools may look like medieval surgical instruments they're very very simple things I mean this this is quite a crude tool but it's almost like a cheese grater so you can actually scrape a lot of clay off but keep the surface quite flat and level but this strange collection of razor blades and wires has been responsible for some of history's most beautiful cars clay modeling dates back to the 1930s but the technology has changed drastically now computer driven machines take hours to do what used to take days or even weeks of manual labor still the tools used for actual sculpting are mostly the same this is a very simple tool that we use and it's just you just scrape it like that these these what we call slicks now what these are a very thin Steel but what it allows you to do is is to shape and then you can use that shape to drag down the surface of the clay the real advantage of clay is versatility modelers can experiment and make a change that may or may not work but can be easily fixed if modelers make a mistake they use a hot air gun to soften the area and either add more material or remove it to get the most complete picture of what the vehicle will look like 3D printers produce headlights grills mirrors and more the hard parts or the three-dimensional printed Parts they develop with the model so they will get more and more detailed as they go along and the petite materials in those parts as well will develop so what might be a painted part to begin with will end up being a crystal part at the end the team uses 3D scanners to create a digital version of the model that way it can be shared instantly with the company's engineers and designers all over the world near the end of the process clay models are covered in a glossy film called dynoch that resembles painted sheet metal it gives modelers an idea of what the actual car will look like the film can help identify mistakes in the Body Works that need to be corrected and modelers are no strangers to Corrections despite how much faster scanners and Milling machines have made this process it can still take years to finish a clay model over a dozen changes can be made to the model before it's given the green light car designers may continue to adjust details in the Bodywork by just millimeters Engineers will make changes to its structure that improve the vehicle's crash test ratings when sculpting these different changes modelers rely on one tool everyone is familiar with tape the tape that we use is a scotch type blood type so that sticks onto the clay so that when the zones want to change something or we want a more defined guide to help us cleanup services we can put this on and then we can work a surface to it while these simple tweaks can be done by hand major changes require the model to be completely re-milled from updated data the combination of materials and the amount of Labor is what leads to those six-figure price tags for automakers Bentley try sticking to a strict 12-month time frame but it's not the case for everyone designers spend over four years making this Ford F-150 Raptor model out of nearly 2 000 pounds of clay no matter the company once the modeling team starts going they're racing against the clock the biggest challenge we always have is time and especially if I've got the head of the department coming out the head designer coming out of sight no I'm not happy with that I need to change this that the wing the whole body side it's trying to balance everybody's wishes and requests and what they actually want to see you know and to hit that deadline that we've got to hit so what makes these expensive clay models more useful than virtual ones for one automakers can test a car's aerodynamics computer programs help but they need a real life model to thoroughly test this to do it they use a giant wind tunnel as a massive fan spins Engineers use a smoke wand to see how easily air will flow over under and around the car on the road it's called drag and it helps measure how much energy a vehicle needs to move this informs how much fuel the car will eventually consume in some extreme cases companies can spend over a thousand hours in the tunnel testing a model's design before committing to full-scale production and modelers are standing by ready to make adjustments on the spot but most importantly models are used to see how a car prototype actually looks they can see things like how natural light plays on its curves only a real 3D model can show how it will look when it's actually on the road you're trying to create something that will grab somebody's attention and it will almost get the heartstrings going get the emotions going and sometimes you just can't quite get it there with with digital or VR you just can't do it so it needs that that Hands-On process no matter how much more accurate and reliable VR Design Technology becomes clay modelers like Mark don't see their practice disappearing anytime soon you're always going to need a physical model to verify the data that you receive I can see the generations coming through now that are more used to using different software virtual reality and there will be more confidence in what they see virtually it does help the process it definitely helps speed up the development of these these products but I think there will ultimately always be a need for a clay model of some form we're in Samuel Brittany France and we're about to visit body a traditional mesondo bar or butterhouse when you picture butter you probably think of a Yellow Block in a plastic bag well not here here butter is done artisanally everything is churned needed and shaped by hand and I can't wait to see that let's go [Music] in February we met with Jenny bordia son and Grandson of butter and cheese makers who brought back to France the 19th century technique of malaksage using this big wooden wheel to knead the butter to genev the malak's edge is a more romantic way to make butter foreign [Music] [Music] [Laughter] [Music] butter unique these are 50 kilo blocks of butter extracted from milk and a pretty standard in about making industry even for the most artisanal but while everyone else we use huge centrifuges to filter out the last remaining drops of Buttermilk butter at the body Workshop is flattened by a wooden wheel and worked by hand by Eric [Music] let's do it [Music] is going to give butter a new life dating back to the late 19th century the stool was first used to rework different Butters at body it also helps give butter the desired texture animals is [Music] easy foreign [Music] [Music] foreign [Music] oh man this is going super fast [Music] okay okay [Music] thank you when you see him doing that it's a it also has like an Harmony it's not easy let's see what he said this is 50 kilos of butter so we try and lift a bit of it it's gonna be like what 10 kilos in just in one go es uh foreign [Music] salt this step is crucial to make sure the butter finally rejects all the leftover water it has in it Opera concert yellow so actually I can see that it's getting wetter and wetter speaking of more water [Music] foreign [Music] they work with all techniques but they are not trying to recreate an old recipe is thank you also like this okay voila [Music] it's very salt and the butter and the butter obviously foreign foreign [Music] right oh um [Laughter] [Music] problem is [Music] yeah yeah very fresh very fresh and yeah in case if it was like seaweed but it's not fish at all it's nice and sweet it really reminds you that like Seaside Seaside when when you just sit there at the beach and you can smell it like that okay yeah they're just like I've been catapulted into the picture now it's marvelous yeah very incredible and so in this one is your like signature from Brittany because you're from this region it's the roots of my uh my identity [Music] I would like to taste that then [Music] after it's ready each stack of freshly churned butter is then placed into this butter cutter another machine signature to board them [Music] [Laughter] um [Music] [Music] [Laughter] so this means that there are still water that's coming up [Music] [Laughter] [Music] [Music] Antoinette [Music] [Music] there we go the only thing that is left is shaping and just like the rest it is all done by hand its shape and size is custom some chefs May order this bite-sized shapes Others May just buy the whole stack and carry themselves foreign [Music] [Laughter] first time is up on sandwiches thank you [Laughter] foreign [Music] [Laughter] [Music] [Music] foreign foreign machine is [Music] [Music] [Laughter] amen the Smithsonian Natural History Museum houses over 600 000 bird specimens from the last 200 years and new specimens are added each month thanks to the detailed work of Specialists who preserve skin and maintain every bird in the collection but most of these birds never see the museum floor so why do they need to be perfectly preserved the answer research whether it's identifying Birds killed by airplanes or discovering evolutionary changes in Duck bills we're not just preparing this bird for use tomorrow we're preparing this bird for use for hundreds of years now we went to the Smithsonian to see how one specimen in the Skins collection is added prepared and used for generations to come it starts with acquisition it says here on the label that this ostrich was sent by King minolik as a present to President Roosevelt door was donated by the U.S fish and wildlife service this bird came from president Theodore Roosevelt's Personal Collection and this Cooper's Hawk died while crashing into a building window it was donated back in 2017 and is about to get its Spotlight in an upcoming exhibit but it was initially stored in this freezer so it's on the left shelf from there our Hawk is taken up to the prep lab into the skilled hands of Museum Specialists like Christina and her husband Brian Brian did you do that yes I did put the cotton in the mail married couples fat this specimen is 9926 so I prepared at least that many birds and mammals when you're at about 10 000 it shows that you've been doing it for at least probably 20 years or so and you can do it blindfolding it was a fun fun exercise and it actually worked blindfolded or not the Specialists first thaw weigh and measure the hawk and then they pick up a scalpel to start separating the skin from the muscles and fat since these are going to be stored as dried specimens we want to remove as much of the muscle from the specimen that we can Brian removes the skin from the body of the bird discarding the soft tissues and oil glands which would cause the specimen to rot and it's crucial to get every piece of fat out without damaging the skin since these specimens are meant to last for years to come that's where gentler tools like his hands become useful you have to go very slow methodical to get the skin off without ripping it I'm pushing the skin rather than pulling it so I'm not stretching it Brian also uses corn cob dust throughout the process to absorb any body fluids so the specimen is kept clean new people use a lot less dust and more experienced people just cover it with dust when removing the smaller parts of the bird like the head or the eyes the angle of the scalpel also makes a big difference if you notice I'm cutting away from the skin there's been times where when you grab the eye it squirts at you sometimes birds that have more fat on their skin need to go through additional cleaning all this white goopy stuff this is all fat that needs to come off otherwise it will get rancid and then it will acidify and it will literally just ooze out of the skin they use this fat wheel machine to remove all the fat until you can see the feather tracks this is uh takes a little bit of practice because if you press too hard you will rip the skin once the fat is cleared more corn cob dust is used to absorb the moisture and then the specimen is washed and dried you want to see me blow the sawdust off okay all right so with this we do it in the fume Hood because as you'd imagine I'm going to blow a lot of dust everywhere Christina uses a forced air dryer to blow off the sawdust and a hair dryer to fluff up the feathers adding a nice Sheen to them to get the bird presentation ready Brian will first tie the wings together to create a limited range of motion he approximates how far a Cooper's Hawk would have naturally spread their wings so in the future if somebody grabs the bird and opens up the wings see the underside of the Wing by tying it it'll make it the specimen stronger specimen is ready to be stuffed with cotton recreating its original shape we're trying to make a specimen that lasts forever and strong so I'm not a tailor or seamstress but I can sew up a bird pretty good we get the feathers to make sure that they're arranged properly in the right order so that'll assist researchers later the last step is board to dry into its per position however I end up pinning it that's the way it's going to look the rest of its career at the Smithsonian it takes probably close to 100 Birds before somebody can go at it alone once they reach a thousand Birds then we say that that person is generally an experienced preparator and they can teach other people very well after 10 or so days this Cooper's Hawk will be completely dried and ready to debut on the exhibit floor the hawk will be just one of 20 specimens on display for the lights out exhibit all birds who have died from flying into Skyscraper windows and they'll eventually join the larger skins collection with over 470 000 specimens helping researchers from all around the world like Lauren and Joshua researching how mating between domestic and wild ducks has changed the size and structure of their bills or Jim with the feather identification lab team he works with government agencies to identify birds killed during air strikes we get about 10 000 strikes a year the busiest times are in the fall and the spring and this place the division of birds is the perfect place for us to be because we have 80 percent of the world's bird species represented in this collection so if there's a bird strike that happens in the world we likely have a specimen to match it up to this is a bird strike sample the remnants of a bird aircraft Collision that has been sent to us for us to identify so I can see that we've got a couple Wing feathers here we've got a Tail Feather we've got some body feathers so we can actually take this feather out and match up these tail feathers quite well to the barn swallow and we've got even these nice little peachy feathers that we're doing this his findings are sent to Airfield biologists and engine manufacturers to adjust aircrafts and reduce accidents this bird was collected back in 1878 and so this bird was collected before airplanes were even imagined and put into this collection and now we're using it to identify a bird aircraft Collision so we never know what these specimens are going to get used for but that's really why it's important to keep them forever a separate Wings collection also helps for deeper analysis of feathers back in the old days they didn't make too many spread wings or flat skins and then us in the feather lab really like that because it allows us access to feathers that occur under the wing and access in different areas of the bird where we might get a feather tube but it's very difficult to get into a traditional Museum skin I might be biomes found in the like Gary he discovered that vulture Wings have a bacterial group called dinococcus one of the toughest organisms that can withstand High radiation so when I've exposed this Wing into full sun the temperature on a daylight today would be 90 degrees outside and about three minutes the temperature on the surface of this Wing heats up to over 160 and that probably explains why dinacoccus is so dominant because it's one of the few bacterial groups that can actually reproduce Smithsonian these are just two of two elections within the bird division there's also the organ collection soaked in ethanol for preservation the skeletons with each bone meticulously numbered and mounted birds that retired from being on the exhibit floor all of these are time stamps of the present bird population creating a record for future generations of researchers when the first bird preparators prepared Birds they had no idea what DNA was even though they didn't know that by doing a consistent bird prep it has enabled future researchers to conduct research on birds and you know I wish I had a time capsule to go into the future to see what our birds are going to be used for a hundred years from now there's a bustling operation behind the fancy cameras of food commercials it takes dozens of people and a few customized robots to make a burger look this juicy oh nothing here is simple as far as the work we do is incredibly complex very technical it's differalt has filmed commercials for big Brands like Hershey's Pines and Pepsi through his production company the garage and there's a lot of money on the line filming one 30 second ad can cost hundreds of thousands of dollars and they're working against the clock because they use real food which doesn't stay pretty for long that's the misnomer about everything baking makes things harder we visited Steve's studio in Brooklyn New York to see how his team films the perfect burger today Steve and his team are working on a test shoot for Burger King they'll use it to try and land the client yeah good Brett Kurtz whale is a veteran food stylist it's his job to make the burger look like a Whopper he usually has a budget of a couple thousand dollars and he always buys a lot more than he'll use so he can pick out the perfect looking bun Patty and veggies then he gets to work but he doesn't cook the meat all the way through because I didn't want it to shrink too much I wanted to get as much volume out of this piece of meat as I could get perfect patties need final touches so he uses a colorant made of gravy darkener and soap to add a charred look he only has to paint half the burger because the camera films from just one side a mixture of Vaseline and pulverized meat helps fill in any holes and those grill marks another trick of the trade Brett heats up metal skewers and then I just pushed into the burger with the hot hot metal and it seared next he melts the cheese using a clothes steamer how did you change it I just show I just said you're for food but I also I'm trying to um control how much comes out so I've covered up some of the holes the onions and tomatoes on a slant so they lie flatter well yeah my mother would have been happier they're tricks Venture cream to hold up ingredients for condensation on cans we'll use glycerin yeah while Brett finishes up Steve's team is making sure everything is ready on set the trickiest part is combining what the client wants in the commercial with what's technologically possible they have no idea about engineering yeah they're just like robots are cool we want a robot but since today he's working on a that wears the protection then he turns to master rigger Matthew Huber he says half the time he has to build the rigs completely from scratch they provide the structure for the specialized equipment that makes food dance across the screen his work goes hand in hand with the robots the robot obviously is a hugely complicated and expensive thing that's used for a lot of what we do but if you only just need a straight line movement pulling back it's easier to set up a simple machine that just does a single type of movement like these air Pistons he uses to launch food or these catapults to save on buying new parts he uses a lot of the same base pieces it's like Legos you know you just put stuff together um take it apart do something different with it the next time so we've used like a lot of these pieces probably like hundreds of times meanwhile Paola Andreas Ramirez is finalizing the set from the tables to the ketchup bottles off to the side I want it to feel real so if it's blank it won't feel like it's it's a real commercial kitchen every inch visible to the camera matters so Paula's team built this tile wall just for this shoot but they said it still felt empty so we just added this through these two floating shelves up there we plan for something and then we just have to be ready for the unexpected her typical props budget is forty thousand dollars a shoot but she can pull a lot from her Personal Collection this has been 20 years of collecting and this is like Salvation Army garage sales years and years of recording I always like to have extra so if you're shooting example a glass of soda I need to have at least six of the same glasses for quick changes if they're scratched because it's video so it's a little bit one breaks exactly so when that burger arrives it's game time I gotta go on set yeah now it's a race against the clock my angle feels right in there go ahead and roll and push in a little bit closer all right good today they have custom built water cooled lights that don't torch the food you used to have to have like these really hot lights that would like cook the food and it would die really quickly so like the ice cream would be like impossible to shoot in slow motion because it would just melt the second you turn the lights on but that but that lettuce will start to wilt in a matter of minutes hot lights or not so quick moving robots and tons of planning are essential to keep a shoot on schedule because any delay could mean running over budget the first action uses the dolly Zoom to create something known as the Hitchcock effect but the whole background is like warping around it cue the robots they're actually the same kind that build cars this robot cost a hundred and fifty thousand dollars and it can pretty much do any move you can think of sometimes you could program the robot pretty quickly some moves take a whole day here's the second shot Steve envisioned the camera moving through a field of burgers as each gets pulled out of frame probably only like an inch and a half away from that burger when we land so to try to do that with people will be almost impossible it's a really complex move that the robots do really easily and they do it the same exactly every time but speed is not the only challenge every shot has to be identical if a burger is even a centimeter off or if something on set gets bumped between takes they might have to start over the surprise don't want to behave this laser helps them keep track of the Burger's position or sometimes the same move like I think they also have to be really flexible on set there's always curve balls that happen because there's a lot of problem solving which I love last shot Steve ties all the ingredients on a fishing line a robot slices the string and the camera catches the perfect drop this exact move was actually Steve's claim to fame in 2016. this famous burger Drop video that went viral all over the Internet he slowly raked in millions of views across platforms and Global Publications started covering his work all that social media Buzz earned him a lot of viewers and new clients and he was able to launch the garage in 2019. the burger drop was kind of like the spark that started the path towards where we are today and now Tick Tock is like crazier than Instagram ever was for me photographer but he wanted engineering hearing and video and amazingly there's a job that lets me do that there's a lot there's a lot of different jobs that my guidance counselor did not tell me about including my own today his team films 40 advertisements a year billing over 5 million dollars annually kind of feels like CGI but it's actually done in camera and I think to accomplish that like larger in the Life feeling takes just a lot of technology and skill he says they know they've done a good job can't tell a whole production is hidden behind a shot they have no idea what we do at the end of the day it is fun for me to for people to understand how complex this stuff is but all that complexity is worth it because there's a lot of money on the line fast food companies poured five billion dollars into advertising in 2019 and for good reason they know just how valuable the power of food suggestion can be a Yale University study found that visual cues like food ads can have an effect on food cravings another study showed visual cues can influence overeating and even weight gain and that can convert into traffic and impressions for a brand to be included these Brands led the pack in ad spending in 2019 and budgets just keep ballooning in September Burger King announced it'll invest 400 million dollars in restaurant Renovations and advertising a 30 increase from 2021 which is why Steve and his team filmed this Whopper pitch hoping to hook a new client with their dancing robots and Juicy Burgers foreign Portugal produces about half of the world's Cork Wine Stoppers most come from these trees here in the allentejo region but harvesting a tree takes years of expertise and steady hands we went inside the world's largest cork Forest to see how Portugal produces 40 million Quark Stoppers a day these are cork oak trees they're so special they've been protected under Portuguese law since 1209 so Harvesters have strict rules to follow the trees can't be touched for the first 15 years of their lives and they can only be harvested every nine years so the bark has time to grow back in between since the first two harvests of a new tree don't produce the best cork Harvesters have to wait 33 years to get the good stuff every summer Harvesters peel off the bark using Century old techniques is foreign to prevent that workers leave the inner layer untouched we can harvest the bark of the tree without damaging the bark so these cells can grow again without any impact in the life of the tree because the trees regenerate they'll never run out of cork the oldest tree on record is an estimated 200 years old and has been harvested 20 times in its lifetime cork planks are stripped from the trees they're pressed between concrete slabs for six months then they're sent to a processing facility to be boiled for at least an hour that's to sterilize the planks and make them softer this machine punches out the stoppers we see in our wine bottles those corks are shipped out to a hundred different countries but the rest of the cork left behind in this process isn't wasted we don't waste anything even the small residues all that byproduct can be made into things like flooring or granulated Stoppers used to Cork less expensive wines cork harvesting goes back Millennia Egyptians use Stoppers and tombs and the Romans use cork in shoes today Portugal harvests a hundred thousand tons of cork every year and owns a third of the cork oak forests in the world that is a real retainer of CO2 protected for biodiversity this tree that separates the south of Europe and North Africa from the Saro desert so it's a barrier to the certification sustainability was part of what saved the Portuguese wine stopper in the early 2000s winemakers began turning to synthetic closures and screw tops for bottles and the value of cork plummeted but as consumers became more environmentally conscious in the 2010s the movement against single-use Plastics that is happening all over the world it's a real opportunity for cork in 2018 Portugal passed a record billion dollars worth of cork exports Sports we kept that number and very close to 1.1 billion in 2019 and now we are waiting for the final numbers of 2020 but as a global pandemics as a global crisis we are expecting also some impact in our business despite the covid-19 pandemic the 2020 Harvest didn't stop the court card was this year wrapped and very smooth we are talking about an activity that it's done at open air itself the industry's success in the last decade has allowed Portugal to take its cork products into other Industries from construction to Autumn automotive industry to aerospatial to sports fashion clothes but even as cork demand continues to grow Harvesters plan to keep doing things the same way they always have with a good ax Royal Caribbean Symphony Of The Seas is like a Giant floating city and its residents over 6 000 passengers a week [Music] it can cost over a million dollars a day to keep it all running even though each Cruiser pays as little as a hundred dollars daily so to make a profit the cruise line and all its crew have to be really efficient it takes a staff of 2400 people hustling to keep it all operating smoothly so we covered day and night Productions the team moves supplies along secret crew member-only areas of the ship from cramp ship kitchens chefs pump out 30 000 meals every single day a bustling trash room handles all the waste and the captain's Bridge keeps the ship moving safely like wow really crazy the Productions are super massive we go behind the scenes to see what it takes to sail one of the world's largest cruise ships Symphony Of The Seas was the globe's biggest ship for four years running in 2022 The Wonder of the Seas took the title beating out its older sister because it's slightly heavier back in late 2019 we boarded Symphony for a week to film all the happenings inside the voyage started on a Saturday this is turnaround day passengers disembark so new ones can board we don't get people out gradually we just do everything at once and every room is turned over as you may imagine it's a big job to clean 2759 rooms on turnaround day trucks carrying 500 pallets of new inventory arrive at the Port of Miami the busiest cruising port in the world among these Provisions over 600 000 pounds of food and beverages that get loaded on to deck two this is basically a place that you would not like to be on on turnaround day when we are loading it's busy busy super busy it's estimated the top three cruise lines in the world will spend an estimated 2.3 billion dollars on food and drink in 2023 supplies have to be perfectly planned for this seven day cruise our ability to manage the things we that own resources needs to be much bigger than in a hotel we're at Sea there's no option and all this has to be loaded onto the ship in just nine hours any delay in our operation can hamper the sail away of the ship which is again a big logistic requirement by 4 30 the ship is ready to set sail moving the ship is a combined effort between the bridge and the engine control room the bridge handles steering and navigating maybe only 10 of my job is being on the bridge having control of the ship the rest of it I'm managing a huge huge operation and the engine room provides the power I always say that when there's a problem on board the captain called me I never called the captain four bow thrusters move the front of the ship side to side and three electric azipod propellers turn 360 Degrees to pull the ship instead of push it six giant engines power it all we have everybody on board then he will request to have propulsion and start a thrusters and get ready for departure so engine's almost ready so we have one and six online now Captain Sullivan can maneuver out of the port here we are on the bridge in the cockpit this is where we do the navigation at Sea we got multiple displays giving us information about the uh the ship with the course the speed The Heading is you have an electronic shark display With Our Roots already planned and we can see exactly where we are at any time Symphony Of The Seas is registered and sales under the flag of the Bahamas because of the passenger Services Act of 1886 no foreign flagships can move passengers between two U.S ports to avoid the 200 per passenger fine any Royal Caribbean ship leaving the U.S has to stop at another country since this cruise is headed to Puerto Rico from Miami they had to slip St Martin and the Bahamas into the itinerary on the other side of the ship passengers are getting settled into their rooms Ocean View Cabins started a thousand dollars per person for the week going up to 85 000 for the tricked out ultimate family Suite we have a room for every wallet on this ship being Hotel manager for none though all kinds of tastes if you put this jacket on with four Stripes you'll be a celebrity too Cruise Lines Bank on the fact that they have a captive audience for a week they make their profit from keeping passengers moving through the ship dropping cash on onboard purchases like alcohol casino games and Specialty restaurants Fernando says the ship's design helps unconventional cruise ships there's only one block with a big pool in the middle this ship has seven distinct neighborhoods with their own themes and activities a big Central Park sits in the middle and 17 public and private Pools and Hot Tubs adopt the rest of the ship the average cost to build a new ship is 650 million Royal Caribbean spent more than double that on the Symphony of the Seas Fernando's goal is to control how passengers move through the ship from their rooms to shows to dining Halls so no one part is too overcrowded they move around freely to their own will and doing what they want but we up to a certain extent the flow is designed that at any given point you do not feel that you are with another 6 500 people on board the ship's design also helps in isolating zones in case of an emergency and controlling covet 19. passengers that test positive for covid can be quarantined down on Deck 3. so this is a core this is a cover quarantine you guys want deck three thing is they leave these disinfectant bottles all our trash it leaves bio bio Hazard bags our um meals our room service anything like that you put it into those bags hand sanitizer masks you have covered they sent you the cabin room service is pretty much complimentary so they are not directly handing you the food they're putting it down then you pick it up and stuff like that in December 2021 50 people on board tested positive for covid they were able to isolate in their cabins every crew member is trained on coveted procedures and sailing safety Royal Caribbean is Incorporated in Liberia labor laws there are a lot looser than in mainland United States or Europe it allows Royal Caribbean to hire a crew from all over the world and keep them working long hours for 3 to 12 month contracts half of the staff is part of Fernando's culinary team their job feeding all those passengers their three four eight meals a day you have to calculate that it's breakfast lunch and dinner plus snacks Blues are nine Blues all 24 hour food all around and that never stops ship kitchens run 24 7 manned by a culinary team of more than a thousand people they dish out over 30 000 meals every single day and they do it all from compact kitchens on a rocking ship so how does all this food make it to the plate Jared's in charge of ordering all the food for the ship's 23 different restaurants every week Jared's got a one million dollar shopping budget all of that is just for seven days of food sometimes Jarrett will tweak his orders based on who's coming aboard more kids means more chicken fingers that's how the operation runs so we monitor it on a daily basis what has been used what has not been used and then we adjust our orders accordingly but by and large being in Miami having the same number of people it's almost the same every Cruise once on board everything is moved along the ship's secret Highway this is I-95 and it runs the entire length of the ship on Deck 2. we separate all the stores to the different locations that they are supposed to go we have about 20 different store rooms divided into freezers fridges walk-in fridges and rice doors Seafood meat vegetables and fruit are all divided and stored in separate fridges if you come to what's the end of the cruise this box will be almost empty with a few fruits that are needed for two more days which we keep as backup stock there are also six freezers that's where the 700 pounds of ice cream that'll be eaten each week are stored dry goods are stored down on deck one full of spices full of chocolate in this store room coffee it's nice to be in this store an elevator gets the food downstairs Jared's team checks all of the food for quality control every day if produce is ripening faster than expected they try to work it into another meal for example overripe broccoli could go into broccoli cheddar soup instead of being tossed once inventory is stored restaurants on upper decks put in food orders with Jared chefs will come downstairs pick up their order and carted Away to be cooked that's where this guy comes in any food on board is beautiful shape anything you eat it is my responsibility whatever you have beautiful potato fry is my rice is my Pate is my pastry is my salad shrink whatever you eat it is my responsibility free host team of 280 chefs run the kitchens 24 7. each Chef Works 10 to 12 hour dates contracts typically last four months without a single day off some of the people started working for eight o'clock in the morning all the way to two o'clock take a break come back I can find your floor Feeling by 9 30. another group I start to work in 10 Oakland and I all the way to 10 o'clock in the morning so we covered day and night Productions chefs on board cook up nearly a hundred different menus every week all the menus are developed at Royal Caribbean's Miami headquarters and every week chefs stick to the same rotation of menus cooking up everything from racks of lamb to hand rolled sushi the food has to be diverse to match Symphony Of The Seas International passengers vacationing at all kinds of price points we try to please everybody I told me should everybody find what you're looking for all the cooking happens in 36 kitchens the word galleys as they're called on a ship there are 12 specialty restaurants on board costing up to fifty dollars a person and each of those restaurants has its own small Galley in those tight quarters chefs crank out the same menu every day at Jamie's Italian it's fresh pasta at hooked it's over 2 000 oysters shocked per cruise but the largest amount of food is reserved for the main dining room which spans three decks and serves up to six thousand people a night eating here is included in your ticket before food heads up to the main galleys it starts in one of the prep kitchens off I-95 there's a butcher shop good morning these are the gentlemen looking after all the meat cuts the butcher goes to about 15 000 pounds of beef and 9 700 pounds of chicken each week there's also a veggie Cutting Room and a fish thawing box Lobster is the most popular dish in Maine dining the ship goes through about 2100 pounds of lobster tails every week finally the food heads upstairs to the main Galley the ship's biggest kitchen is broken down by categories desserts bread cold food and hot food and dessert chefs whip up cakes chocolates in a hundred different types of pastries over in the bread bakery they make 40 different kinds of bread from all over the world all from scratch but the real hustle comes just before the dinner rush six thousand hungry passengers in the main dining room remember Rico before dinner prep starts he has to approve all the dishes foreign take his notes and get cooking chefs can see a tally of each dish ordered up on screens the system also keeps track of how much inventory is used in the cold room salads and appetizers like Carpaccio come together in the hot room chefs dish out soups sauces sides and mains we have the two kinds of chefs chefs working here on the line which is close to me plating up and checks on the stove poking so everything we do is in patch cooking so basically the toilet steak there we pass it over to the past the person on the bus is plating it up to the requested temperature that means always so the guests are getting fresh food and from an operational point we don't have any overproduction finally waiters deliver those dishes hungry passengers out in Maine dining between the chef's inventory crew waders and dishwashers it takes a team of 1085 people to keep this massive operation going together they cook nearly 11 million meals each year and they're doing it all on a moving ship the ship is rocking then all the equipment is built to the ship rocket then in whatever moment maybe they should move somebody don't put one break in one in one trolley and you see the trolling flying away and happen that's why all the cooks always be the attention with that but if crew members are doing their job right passengers won't even know any of it's happening they'll just get back to eating their eighth meal of the day a harness and a rope are the only tools keeping wind turbine technicians safe [Music] foreign these turbines are about the size of a 35 floor skyscraper just a few years ago they weren't even possible to build is and his partner are the only Specialists who do these climbs for generic a renewable energy company in Portugal and their job is in high demand as more European countries adopt wind energy we went inside and outside a wind turbine with Joel to see what makes his job such a risky business wind turbines rarely break but when they do they're hard and expensive to fix foreign that's why he always inspects everything from the ground first things then Tomatoes complement um is a trained mechanical engineer who joined Portugal's booming wind industry back in 2004. today he's doing a routine inspection of a new turbine at a wind farm in the mountains of karamulo foreign Noah new program drones have made his job much easier they help him locate the damage before climbing one drone can check eight turbines in a day while joao and his partner take an entire day to inspect just one but there are still things only human eyes and hands can find he wears special boots that don't have any metal so they're safe around electricity and leather gloves that won't burn if he needs to quickly repel down the Rope a crane hauls up a bag packed with ropes repelling gear and other tools they'll need at the top joao is going to climb up this metal ladder because the elevator here is out of service um this real Lifeline makes sure they don't get hurt if they miss a step as an extra safety measure the turbine is turned off before each climb but the Transformer is live to keep the lights on it's about 300 steps to the job joao usually stops once or twice to catch his breath when he feels his hands losing their grip after about 15 minutes he reaches the nacelle the heart of a wind turbine where the generator sits sometimes he has to deal with issues here but today he's checking the blades so he steps outside foreign [Music] to make sure there's been no damage since it's been installed all right foreign [Music] foreign [Music] [Music] [Music] foreign check for damage under the fiberglass surface a sound tells them whether the materials are fracturing underneath joao travels across Europe to train other professionals a Turbine Technician normally makes about thirty six thousand dollars a year nearly double the average salary in Portugal and joao earns much more than that is [Music] foreign [Music] foreign did get hurt um [Music] works for generic doesn't manufacture turbines but installs them throughout the country the larger ones can generate 4.8 megawatts of energy in an hour that's enough to power 5 000 European homes Portugal has been heavily investing in wind energy since the early 2000s today 70 of Portugal's energy comes from renewable sources foreign by 2040 the country expects to run only on Renewables but there are still challenges with Transportation um foreign every second of the climb was dangerous but he says he still loves his job um thank you [Music] my name is Sarah Drew and I work as an art conservator at center Art Studio in New York City this is a portrait of mad investories [Music] the first thing we do is inspect the painting with a black light to understand what all of the issues are so you see the purple light and then you see kind of like the greenish light that indicates to us that there's like a heavy thick old varnish on that surface if there wasn't that you would just see pure purple you couldn't make out any sort of contrast or light in the background the ornament and the details on her clothes were completely obscured there was something on her head we weren't sure if it was a hat or if it was hair when you're running the Q-tip over the painting it can be quite black or quite orange or yellow depending on what you're taking off [Music] her skin was beautiful it was bright it had brush Strokes color contrast light [Music] the first step of removing the painting from the stretcher is to take out all of the tacks that are holding the sides of the canvas onto the stretcher I'll save them and I'm going to reuse them later you can see me using a knife to separate the lining canvas fully from the structure [Music] thank you now comes the riskiest part separating the painting from the stretcher you want to be very careful because if the paint is not stable uh you risk bending the painting and causing flaking or further damage [Music] I need to cut strips of linen and attach them to the canvas so that I can then put the whole piece back together again I cut strips of Eva which is a conservator's adhesive foreign [Music] I then put the painting on the stretcher and used tacks to reattach the painting to its stretcher then I filled with a water-based putty areas of damage [Music] and I overfill the areas a little bit and then I come back in with a damp cotton swab and clean up those fills also the original canvas doesn't extend quite to the edges of the stretcher so I need to go and fill about a quarter of an inch around the entire perimeter of the painting um [Music] once the painting is filled I will begin the retouching process I will use a paint that is specifically designed for conservation work [Music] foreign [Music] to the color that the artist put there and making sure that you're not painting over any of that original paint there's two types of in painting that I will do here the first is in painting over the fills that I just made the second is in painting the background and this is the area that was previously over cleaned by the other restorer it's really important to use a conservation paint that dissolves in a solvent that is different than the original paint and this allows our paint to be completely reversible we could easily use that solvent to take off our paint and then the original paint would be unaffected then I will be ready for varnish [Music] [Music] thank you we use a completely reversible non-yellowing varnish I need to wipe off the surface of the painting with just a cloth because like anything it can accumulate little particles of dust little hairs I want to make sure that that surface is as clean as possible so once I wipe it off I will brush on the varnish when you brush on the varnish those filled that in painting it all kind of Blends cohesively into the background and into the surface of the painting and it just looks complete [Music] thank you and the restoration is complete [Music] foreign foreign the 309th a mark stores the world's largest collection of military aircraft here in the Arizona desert I like to call this the ugliest plane out here the yc-14 it was an aircraft that never went into production 800 Mechanics Work non-stop reclaiming critical parts and regenerating aircraft so they can go back into service I can't just pull over an airplane like you can a car and we have to make sure that these aircraft are safe to fly our goal is not to be like a cemetery for the aircraft that's Colonel Barnard she's served 25 years as a U.S Air Force aircraft maintenance officer as a commander here I am in charge of the whole operation the assets stored here are worth somewhere between 34 and 35 billion dollars if you were to try to replace them all it's a big number inside this massive facility to see how these military planes get a second chance at life amarg got its start back in 1946 after World War II the Army needed a place to store old planes they chose Davis-Monthan Air Force Base here in Tucson with nearly 2 000 football fields worth of open desert there was plenty of space we're known worldwide as the Boneyard our guys take pride in being Boneyard Wranglers Arizona has the perfect weather for storing these assets it's hot there's little rainfall no humidity and the soil that's as hard as concrete so planes won't sink the dryness as well as the lack of acidity in the soil prevent corrosion on the assets aircraft come here from the Department of Defense military other government agencies and foreign allies we have about 3 100 airplanes the planes are mostly military they come from the Air Force the Navy the Army and the Marines we have over 80 different types of airplanes here planes and helicopters arrive and are lined up in sections so we're driving down display row here or celebrity row as some people call it we do have a sense of humor here that's our stealth air craft which is actually just Wonder Woman's the lc-130s have skis along with their landing gear so they can land down in Antarctica and support the National Science Foundation all across that continent we're coming up on a NASA aircraft it's affectionately called the vomit Comet some aircraft will be here for weeks before they're called back into service other aircraft can be here for 50 years similar to this A4 Skyhawk each plane goes through a preservation process before it's put in the desert those that may fly again are represerved every four years they're defueled then oil is pumped through the engine to preserve it the black material that we have on here is the base layer that seals up the aircraft and then later as you can see the rest of the aircraft around here the coats on top are white and those white coats will reflect the heat so it better preserves the assets all on the inside of the aircraft like the inside of the c5a Galaxy inside of the C5 is the largest cargo aircraft in the Air Force inventory I have deployed on these one of six deployments Colonel barnards had to Afghanistan New Zealand and Antarctica and we can fit three hh-60 helicopters and a lot of our equipment that we need as well as all our maintainers we have just over 60 of them here and every one of them needs 72 tie downs airplanes are designed to fly and when it gets a little Breezy out here we want to make sure they stay parked but not every plane just sits around collecting dust U.S military units around the world can request specific parts off these planes an aircraft has so many thousands of Parts just like a reservoir keeps things in case you need them and then we release what's out of the reservoir as needed in some of the parts the military can only find here at amart we are that assurance that there's a part available when the supply System main sources don't get it we send anywhere from four thousand to seven thousand Parts out every year to the tune of a few million dollars each week worth of supply parts Scott and James here are removing the engines from the back of this t-38 as a Reclamation effort because these been requested to go back into service so once the crews reclaim the parts out in the desert and bring them into the end of this building they get washed they get non-destructive inspection and they're going to pack and ship these right out the door as fast as we can but sometimes instead of being used for parts an entire plane will be regenerated meaning they'll pull it out of the desert and wash it down we have to remove all the Coatings that are used to preserve the aircraft out in the desert after getting a nice shower it's fixed up what our team is working on here is the C-130 that's been regenerated for four military sales in this Hangar the current project that we're working on is f-16s and post black repair it's a package of structural improvements on the aircraft to extend their flyable life the unit also handles aircraft modifications these aircraft come from U.S units that are active right now and then they get some work done on them and they go back out to that same unit we're able to upgrade those and modify them to keep them up with the current standards in the active Fleet complicated individual pieces are sent to separate back shops for repair and overhaul here in the wing shop we have all the center portions of the A-10 Wings being rebuilt here and the outer portion being rebuilt there there's actually hundreds of pieces inside of an aircraft link the complexity and the level of structure it's really eye-opening for many folks each set of wings can take up to 20 000 man hours to overhaul once parts are fixed they go through a thorough inspection we're here in the non-destructive inspection area Pete's working on a fluorescent dye penetrant it's basically a liquid that absorbs cracks and we can apply a black light to it and you can see there is a crack right here that shows up this crack right here on this part in the landing gear could cause catastrophic failure on the landing gear not a single crack on an entire plane can get past this team we have to make sure that these aircraft are safe to fly so that we protect that asset and we protect the air crew that's inside of that asset so the stakes are pretty high once fixed the planes go through a rigorous final flight test pilot Scott Thompson is testing these regenerated f-16s I will take them out to the airspace just south of here close enough to where if I do have a problem I can get back onto the ground immediately and pretty much put them through the ringer we test flight controls and the handling and the engine performance and all the systems on the plane pretty extensively at all altitudes they go out to become full-scale aerial targets that's a happy ending for a plane pulled from the desert here at amarg but for other aircraft this is the end of the line the planes marked with a big go through pre-demilitarization and then are destroyed by a third-party contractor so these are guys that work the D Mill and they prepare aircraft for disposal well and I will get out of the way the crowbar I'm pretty good at destruction too but you guys are being super careful about it which you should be the planes are demolished for good reason to make sure everything's accounted for and that the materials and the technology don't fall into the wrong hands while some Americans may not have heard of amarg it actually saves taxpayers a lot of money the assets were somewhere between 34 and 35 billion dollars and so to make a new one may not be possible versus to rejuvenate an old one might be the best case scenario but for the workers it's not just about saving the military some money it's also about giving these planes another life a lot of these airplanes haven't flown for a very long time I flew a lot of them operationally back in the day it's great to get back in them and bring them back to life these airplanes have a lot of stories to tell and it's wonderful to spend time with them and think about that there are very few of us military that are lucky enough to be assigned here it's just a joy to be able to work with these people every day and be around these airplanes these white dots are bugs and there's a good chance you've eaten them before raised on cactuses they're called kachaneels and the acid in their guts makes a vibrant red dye it ends up in tons of products from strawberry yogurt to M MS to lipstick indigenous people across Latin America traded it for thousands of years and in the 17th century it was Mexico's second most valuable export behind silver it can be found in the walls of archaeological sites in Priceless paintings and in the Robes of Kings Pedic dies and pressure from animal rights activists have pushed some Mexican Farms to abandon production altogether [Music] cultivation of cachaneels has been disappearing it's a shame because it's the most powerful brilliant red dye in existence last time forms cachaneels on her land others like Catalina Yolanda Lopez say they'll do everything they can to keep their production going foreign foreign but Catalina doesn't know how much longer her family can keep this ancient tradition alive [Music] bugs are tiny parasites that live on cactuses [Music] and the stuff that becomes the powerful red dye makes up almost a quarter of their weight but it's not blood it's actually a naturally occurring compound called karminic acid that's a repellent against predators like ants prickly pear cactuses or no Palace as they are known in Mexico they have all the moisture and nutrients the bug needs to survive Catalina's grandmother taught her how to raise kitchen eels when she was just four years old [Applause] today she's one of the last kachaneel producers in all of Mexico running a farm in Oaxaca it all starts in her field of young no Palace [Music] Peak cactuses are cuttings of older ones Academy [Music] Farmers have to wear gloves to protect against the cactus's needles as they cut off the paddles [Music] thank you next Catalina washes the cactus with soap and water only then can she place the gachaneels on the paddles is these look like finger traps but they're actually tiny houses for the bugs Catalina says no one makes them anymore so she has to be careful not to break them foreign [Music] and once they've spread across the battle she hooks in a wire and hangs it up now the catch Nails can get to munching is mate OS Catalina constantly has to check for predators in the Nopal Library Predators like this telero worm yesterday every white dot you see here is a cachaneel Arena the white powder acts as a glue to help the insects stick to the paddle and it protects them against the sun too cartineals stick their probe into the cactus skin and suck out the water and nutrients only female catch Nails produce Carmine the males are tiny have wings and fly away but don't call these little guys beetles or cockroaches is one state over in Puebla almost all of Carmona's Nepal Fields will be gone she plans to replace it with corn and save just a few cactuses to raise kachaneels as a hobby she comes out to weed her fields and brush off any predators [Music] she looks for the perfect cactuses to bring back to her hungry bugs in the greenhouse is [Music] caretakers of the cochineals have to constantly move babies to new no pal paddles and after three to four months the female insects are ready for harvesting Carmona uses a sieve to separate the bugs from their clothes the powder and soak they make as the dead kashaneels dry out their squishy pods solidify Carmona sells them whole Todo is [Music] Catalina and her daughter Claudia Juarez Lopez use a traditional methate to grind them into a brilliant bread either way it's very tedious work it takes 70 000 bugs to make just one pound of dye the powder has to be dunked in an alcohol solution and filtered to remove the insect Parts Catalina sells a kilo of her dried cachineal for about 150 dollars large food brands use carmenic acid in everything from Yoplait strawberry yogurt and AirHeads to nerds and M Ms in the UK but customers will never taste it is it appears on the nutrition label as Carmine natural red 4 Crimson lake or e120 in the European Union Carmine is also frequently used in the Cosmetic industry and that use is anything but new cochineal dates back thousands of years in Mexico it was used in lipsticks textiles Royal headdresses and wall art like those in the pyramids of Montalban after her non-cortes conquered the Aztecs he brought cochinil back to Europe and it quickly replaced European dyes because cochineal fixed onto wool and silk better lasted longer and created a more vibrant red about 15 times more powerful than anything had been seen before it came to represent power showing up in the highest of fashion the Catholic Church used it in its red cardinal robes and the British army used it in their Red Coats and soon artists like Van Gogh Renoir and rembrand were painting cachaneels into their masterpieces in the 1800s women in the United States started using it to color food from cakes and candies to jellies and pickled red cabbage but then in 1856 synthetic dyes were invented first with mauve made from byproducts of coal and then in 1878 with red number two made from petroleum it was very difficult to compete because they had lower prices larger volumes and a similar qualities and these synthetics just about wiped out cartroneal production in Mexico then in 1976 the FDA banned red number two Under Suspicion it could cause cancer and so began A Renewed interest in natural dyes but at that point there were almost no cochineal Growers left in the country Catalina's family was one of just three still working with the insects so she made it her life mission to preserve this bug and teach others about cachaneel she started selling the diet to local Artisans and chefs and turned her Farm into a museum to lead workshops for people interested in the bugs sectors but much of Catalina's work has been reversed in the last two decades Brands like the liqueur Campari and Starbucks stopped using Carmine due to pressure from vegetarian customers the pandemic was another blow orders stopped completely for Carmona and that's when she decided to stop cochineal production foreign last year she produced 400 kilos of the bug this year she expects just 50 kilos passive we switched this entire Greenhouse to tomatoes so can Mexican producers save their cashnil [Music] the answer could lie with Peru the government started investing in cochineal farming in the 1990s to help boost employment in rural parts of the country and now Peru dominates more than 80 percent of the market american-based liqueur brands have started using it again in place of synthetic dyes it was even the inspiration for pantone's color of the year and there's growing demand across the globe but Peru has some advantages the country produces a wild kind of cachineal that grows outdoors without much farmer involvement so it's cheaper and while Mexican domesticated cachineal have more carbonic acid they also need to be grown indoors to protect from parasites [Music] to be able to deliver large-scale orders from international buyers Farmers like Catalina would have to build more greenhouses and higher labor but that's too expensive Catalina had to turn down two letters of interest from English buyers because she simply couldn't produce the amount of dye they needed experts say investments from The Mexican government could help farmers to provide basically seed money to Oaxaca peasant women in the meantime Catalina hopes to keep educating every visitor who stops by her Farm opportunity [Music] just like she taught her daughter Claudia who's won awards for her work with the bot is full Investments or customers come some cashing eels will be lost and Catalina will be here caring for her bunny cactuses and tiny little bugs expensive every omelet served on board Singapore Airlines economy class is cooked on this rotating table we're producing here six seven thousand omelettes per day minimum in catering facilities like this one chefs prepare all the main dishes for nearly 20 million passengers a year 24 7 365 days a year it's non-stop all the time that's Anthony he's in charge of the entire catering operation and his food shopping budget is 500 million dollars a year so it's quite substantial amount of product his kitchen cranks out 168 000 lobster tails every month and over 1 million pounds of rice a year but even the most expensive meals don't always taste the same in the sky historically flavors could change depending on the conditions inside a plane a phenomenon aircraft manufacturers and Airlines have spent decades trying to fix just do one last taste so catering facilities like this one are left with a logistical Nightmare how to make 50 000 yummy meals a day in a massive time crunch with military clockwise because just like us these meals can't miss their flight the plan is ready you need to be ready so how does Singapore Airlines serve up so much food in time for takeoff this is Singapore Airlines biggest catering facility located within Changi Airport [Music] it's run by the airline's catering partner SATs and while SATs does make food for 45 other carriers Singapore Airlines is by far its biggest customer [Music] is a very demanding customer Anthony works with SATs to develop hundreds of new menus every year and creating one dish can take 9 to 12 months there's different menus flying in different directions and different Cuisine types Japanese Chinese Singaporean and obviously Western meals the airline runs menus from 77 different departure cities so if you're leaving Singapore you'll be offered chicken and rice or a hawker soup if you're leaving New York City you'll get a smoked trout salad and of course the food changes based on where you're sitting on the plane In First Class Suites passengers have the most options from caviar and lobster thermador to beef tenderloin in premium economy Flyers have just a couple choices like this Nasi karabu because the airline Cooks it in bigger batches no matter the cabin chefs try to include a protein vegetable starch and a sauce in each dish before anyone can get to cooking they need to suit up they wash their hands thoroughly and step into this air shower move hair dust and anything which may provide opportunity inside the facility for contamination [Music] Sap's team of over a thousand workers handles a lot of food easily one day we can have about 800 to 1000 manuals running they usually start cooking meals 24 to 36 hours before a scheduled flight and it's all broken down into stations it's like a restaurant you have a salad section you have a dessert section you have a hot Kitchen business is just on a much larger scale in the premium kitchen they're grilling meat like this filet mignon for the first and business class essentially what we're doing is we're cooking the meal about 30 40 percent if they cook the meat all the way through now it would be really overcooked by the time it got under the plane so chefs depend on flight attendants who finish cooking it in the air they just apply residual heat of about 150 160 degrees in our aircraft ovens over in the hot kitchen Cooks handle well all the hot food for first economy and business class vegetables pasta noodles rice noodles hot meals soups and sauces this is some heavy duty batch cooking chefs boil noodles and giant bats tomato sauce gets its own tank and is pumped out into these cooling trays from the bottom it adds with the meat chefs aren't cooking everything all the way so a lot of these uh what we call 50 60 finished even vegetables it's a little bit like a pasta we want it to be authentic so you can see there it has a little bit of firmness a little bit of bite so if we crack if we break that we still get some snap so as it cools the meals will continue the food will continue to to cook until it reaches the the core temperature that we need to achieve for food safety every tray along the way gets a tracking label that way if there's any issue with food sickness on a flight the airline can trace it back to the exact batch we also want to maintain the integrity and the color of the leaf green so we cook it in the hottest possible water 100 degrees we cook it for the shortest amount of time as possible once the food comes off the heat it immediately heads down this conveyor belt to the blast chiller that stops the cooking process in its tracks some things though are totally cooked through like these omelettes on this rotating table the eggs come pre-cracked in a liquid mixture a pump squirts the perfect amount into each pan Chef stationed around the table cook flip fold and stack every omelette we're producing here six seven thousand omelettes per day minimum so omelets is mostly for the economy kitchen once all the elements are cooked most of the way through they head to this room so this is what we call casserole assembly for economy meals and also business class and some first-class meals this is where they pack all the food into the foil containers you might have seen in Flight normally from the time they take the meal components from the fridge within 35-45 minutes they have to have put the meal into the trade Anthony gives chefs photos to show them how each dish is supposed to look flight attendants get a similar picture to follow for plating because we have around six and a half seven thousand cabin crew and there's only one of me I can't be every day at the training College during the cabin crew so we do this for consistency one by one workers pile on starches sauces meats and vegetables here's that pasta we saw cooking earlier they each get a foil topper and then are carted into a holding fridge that's where basically the packing team goes a little bit like a supermarket where you pick and mix chefs assemble the desserts in a different room today they're making floating islands a dessert with a meringue suspended and cremon glaze all these dishes look great on the ground but there's one big problem food can taste different in the air on some planes your taste buds are about 30 percent less sensitive to sweet and salty foods that's because of the pressure dryness and engine sound in the older triple sevens and a320s the cabin is pressurized up to 8 000 feet so it feels like you're eating lunch on Machu Picchu and humidity on board can sit as low as 12 percent less than some deserts when you have a dry mouth and a worsened sense of smell foods can be twice as Bland so historically that meant Airlines loaded on salt for you to even taste the food sometimes leaving passengers feeling bloated but in new planes manufacturers are making conditions on board easier on your body 350s a380s and 787 Singapore Airlines flies cabins are pressurized up to 6 000 feet so instead of Machu Picchu it feels like you're eating dinner in Denver and because new planes are made of more carbon fiber it's possible to increase humidity to about 24 percent when you have more moisture in the cabin space your sinuses and your body is not dehydrating as quickly your taste and your palate is not as you know influenced so Flyers can taste a lot more these days making it easier on Chefs like Anthony there's no additional salt pepper no additional salts Anthony can use this room to simulate a pressurized cabin and test how food will taste in the sky and to address that bloating issue he uses ingredients like Shoemaker juices swelling in your body inflammation right so you're feeling a lot more comfortable Ginger is also for uh for sleep and rest and relaxation which leaves just one more hurdle reheating the food flight attendants only have small ovens to work with on board so how do chefs make sure their food still taste good well cooking halfway and moving quickly helps and they avoid dishes that don't travel well we try not to do things that are deep fried for example chicken wings it doesn't stay crispy and none of us really like to bite into a soft french fries they also stay away from thin fish like sea bass a fish which is a bit thicker a Cod a salmon they stand out much better to you know in-flight experience after all the meals are assembled the finally meets up with the carts you see on board so we have here the tray assembly area elevators bring clean trays cutlers and dishes upstairs the silverware elevator yeah it's like a you know it's a deluxe ride you know for your Cutlery chefs work on an assembly line picking and placing all the napkins all the porcelain the linenware the knife's forks everything right through to the salt pepper shakers and the butter portions this is a dinner service for business class and then they'll put the appetizer so the appetizers always preset on a supper service they'll put a lid on it they'll put the dressing on the side and then it will get packed into the cards it's for economy class just the tableware like the food isn't quite as fancy that card is packed with all the meals inside it has a label tag it says what flight number it is what destination what meal service it should be this helps cabin crew know what's inside the carts without having to open them if you open it up that document there will correspond with what meal goes inside so here we have porcelain here we have the glassware and then that will correspond then with the meal types that come in from from the from the meal packing side those cards take a ride on another elevator and will be loaded onto flights usually within an hour before takeoff every team along the process has to move extremely fast because all the food has to be cooked assembled and eaten in Flight within 72 hours so we never want to exceed 72 hours in terms of food processing requirements and can't serve those meal this meal will be on a plane tonight Okay so this production probably occurred yesterday it all moves so fast because at the end of the day they've got a flight to catch you can't miss the plane every round in this rifle could save a bird's life [Music] splash of the bullet scares migrating species off this mile-long toxic Lake in Montana if Birds land there for more than a few hours the acidic water Cooks them from the inside out [Music] it's Mark Mariano's mission to make sure that doesn't happen yeah Mark Mariano waterfowl protection specialist we invented that title but it fits he uses a multi-million dollar arsenal of high-tech tools to keep birds off of what used to be a copper mine in Butte Montana this is the one everybody likes to see though do you do today no what's now a toxic bird bath started out as an open pit mine 65 years ago [Music] but in 1982 the company that owned the mine shut down the water pumps groundwater started to seep in creating sulfuric acid that leeched Metals out of the Rock people have been chewing birds off the Berkeley pit ever since and some of the methods they've developed here could help protect the estimated hundreds of millions of birds killed by industrial activity every year snow geese avisets and griebes are just a few of the species that stop in Butte on their Journey North and spring and South in fall and Mark loves them all and your Widgeon TL I mean I dream sleep eat and poop you know duck we obviously went over the top with the wildlife decor my mom bought me this one and I told her it was stupid and now I love it but the sounds that repel birds are more unnatural so we're gonna move it over there it goes oh it's when you're trying to talk the first line of defense is four so-called Whalers they randomly play a series of alarms to annoy the birds you can hear these things on a you know a nice warm summer night all across Butte and propane cannons hooked up to timers fire all day they mimic gunfire which a lot of the birds are scared of for obvious reasons on special occasions the birds might get their own private fireworks display this is a kind of a last resort or we know you know something big would be coming we've used them twice one of Mark's favorite tools is meant for spotting the birds before they get wet it's a five thousand dollar Swarovski scope but after nearly four years on the job he can usually spot them with a naked eye can you see them no I'm Gonna Keep laying on them because if we can get keep them from Landing that's always the best [Music] HQ is this small Hut along the same Ridge where the mines dispatcher used to direct trucks [Music] they call it the bird Shack we've discussed renaming it something more professional sounding than bird check but it's become such kind of a colloquial term that we kept it during peak season someone like Mark comes up here every hour to do what they call hazing that's the technical term for annoying birds that land on the pit so they fly away we got a group coming in it looks like more showers so there's 33 43. when they first started scaring off Birds 30 years ago their only tools were a rifle and a clipboard [Music] even have heat during the long Montana Winters for the most part it worked even if the miners records looked like a real life game of duck duck goose [Music] that changed in 2016. snowgees migrate through Montana every year but that November an estimated 60 000 of them landed on the pit essentially the entire snow goose population of our FlyAway came overnight hit a nasty storm and ended up using the worst rest stop they possibly could this could be myth now you know but they shot the gun so many times the barrel like essentially curved because it got too hot about 3 000 Birds died in a matter of days according to the U.S fish and wildlife service those guys choke up when they you know you know Burly mine are talking about coming out here and seeing you know thousands of snow geese on there after that the company is working to clean up the pit brought in experts to devise a more scientific approach the researchers discovered that the pit attracts over 50 bird species not just ducks and geese the companies invested hundreds of thousands of dollars into fancy high-tech tools but many didn't work it turns out that each kind of bird responds differently with each of the Technologies as well as the simple stuff a combo of them can help sometimes and then usually one will pick up where the other leaves off [Music] the aerial drone is most effective when Birds land on ice or the shore where there's a risk a bullet could ricochet Mark's high-powered laser works well on American Coots and other species that like to migrate at night in 2016 they custom built drones just for the pit early prototypes combined 3D printed Parts with boogie boards and kid-sized kayaks so they're at your 10 o'clock today technicians use a remote control to operate what they call the water dog here's the group oh they probably went out of your view to the left a little bit now sometimes the boat gets the birds to lift off then a rifle shot gets them to fly away this new and improved Suite of tools has a near perfect record of keeping birds off this deadly human-made mess successful programs like the one at the pit are more important than ever nearly a third of North America's bird population has disappeared since 1970. mining is to blame for destroying habitat but some cleanup efforts have worked just not always in the way people expect for a prime example of that you need to travel about 20 miles Downstream every year hundreds of thousands of birds stop here the Warm Springs Wildlife Management Area it's where researchers Stella kaposha and Gary Swant come to count Birds oh we've got some American assets these scientists helped designed the Pit's upgraded Protection Program the reports that we do here on Mondays and Wednesdays are posted in the bird Shack so these miners have a good predictive instrument of what might be in the pit here's a cinnamon teal that hmm you probably haven't seen one of those yet this year during peak season Gary's grandson also helps with the count we'll usually peek at like fifty thousand sixty thousand birds in the valley and those are long days those are like 10 hour days the team comes to Warm Springs because it's a biodiverse Haven that has hosted more than half of Montana's bird species but just like the Berkeley pit it was created by humans this is a constructed area that now has then turned into a preserve for the Wildlife [Music] in 1908 a flood-washed mining waste from Butte into local waterways killed fish and made the water unsafe for humans after that catastrophe these ponds were built so that hard Metals could seep out of the water before they run Downstream giant Hoppers neutralize the water with lime that keeps things clean and safe enough for wildlife so the event happened in a single month in 1908 and here we are still getting it cleaned up feels wonderful because we can correct the problems of the past experts caution that it's impossible to erase over a hundred years of mining pollution [Music] but with people like Gary Stella and Mark on the job the future for Montana's Birds might be looking up but not if you're a wild turkey I'm by no means a seasoned turkey hunter so this is my very first but we saved everything Mark takes pride in not letting anything go to waste I made it real traditional like a chicken noodle soup it's even gluten-free you can believe that has anyone ever pointed out to you the irony of the fact that your entire job is to keep wild birds safe and you go hunting I'm a big waterfowl Hunter as well and what that has taught me about protecting the waterfowl at the pit is just priceless I wake up without an alarm every morning and I'm you know happy to have ghosts you know literally rescue Birds in most days you walk home you know with your head held high [Music] about 43 000 International Travelers fly into New York's John F Kennedy Airport every day by Passenger volume it's the US's largest International Airport of entry and in just Terminal 4 alone that equates to almost a thousand bags an hour and in those suitcases there's a lot of stuff some of which isn't allowed into the country including 120 pounds of food per day so what happens to all those confiscated items anyway If you flew into JFK in the 90s getting something into the US was a lot easier but after 9 11 a conversation started about how to protect the country from dangerous foods drugs and people and U.S Customs and Border Protection as it's known today was formed you'll generally see two kinds of CBP officials at airports officers like Steve and agriculture Specialists like ginger their job is to find seize and Destroy millions of items each year that don't belong in the United States it's a big job and sometimes it requires a sidekick a sidekick on four legs this is K-9 Spike looks Mike he is a eight-year-old Belgian Malinois I've been his only handling from day one strained in Narcotics during the duration of our career probably sees over 400 different seizures CBP officials like Steve identify high-risk individuals trying to enter into the U.S as well as drugs and firearms and because these are such high stakes dogs like Spike are trained in a special way in what's called passive response meaning if they sniff out drugs they don't scratch they don't bark and they don't make a scene they sit and if they're right the dog gets rewarded his reward is actually this toy right here so he likes to play so ain't that right you like to play you like to play yes you do yes you do let me see it let me see it here at the Port we've caught up to 16 keys of ecstasy recently narcotics are then seized and sent to be incinerated the incinerator's location is kept a secret it has a matter of National Security Now pretty much everyone knows that narcotics aren't allowed through U.S borders but actually drugs aren't the most commonly seized item at JFK food is when a regular traveler arrives in the U.S they're required to declare any food items they're bringing in or face up to a thousand dollar fine for the first offense these items aren't taken because agents want to eat your yummy Spanish ham or Caribbean mangoes it's because agents are responsible for protecting American agriculture from any foreign pests or diseases that could affect our livestock or crops and that's where agricultural Specialists like ginger come in everything gets destroyed to protect against that pest risk we are protecting the country's agricultural interests we're protecting against bioterrorism where someone could intentionally try to bring in items to wreak havoc in this country foreign bugs hitchhiking in luggage have wreaked havoc in the U.S before Florida's orange and grapefruit Growers lost 2.9 billion dollars from 2007 to 2014. thanks to the Asian citrus psyllid and since being introduced into the US in the 90s the Asian longhorn beetle has ravaged hardwood trees eradication efforts between 1997 and 2010 cost more than 373 million dollars in our country we go into the grocery store and the food is always there we don't have to look at it for holes or check if it's got some disease on it it always looks great so we get kind of spoiled and we don't really understand the importance of protecting that so it's crucial that even a single stowaway orange is found and confiscated but with 34 million annual International passengers to and from JFK going through each of those bags can seem pretty impossible for humans that is luckily they've got a Little Help from the Beagle Brigade this four-legged officer is biscuit and like Spike biscuit is trained in passive response but biscuits trained to sniff out food rather than drugs they actually learned they start out with five Target holders and then over the years he'll expand and they retire with sometimes like 150 olders that they know and Biscuit's pretty good at sniffing these beagles have an estimated 90 accuracy rate watching your dog sit on three grapes in a Samsonite hardside suitcase is just incredible scientists say their nose is a thousand times stronger than ours and they prove it every single day once biscuits miss out an item the passenger in question and their bags go to Ginger who will X-ray and search the luggage okay these are both your bags correct okay you pack everything yourselves you pack your bags yourself okay Ginger unzips the bag and searches each one by hand and if she finds something that's not allowed it seized and held in temporary bins this is very common from that region once you open it all up you have grape leaves these are horse meat sausages this is another very good example of what we get very frequently especially in the springtime this is a plant that they're planning on bringing here to grow so anything for propagation has additional entry requirements so this is two families worth from one flight JFK disposes of the Contraband food in one of two ways the grinder or the incinerator Ginger will bag up the seized items and label them based on their final destination so we're gonna go walk this bin nice and full from those two passengers down to our Contraband room this is the room where illicit food meets its end this is our grinding machine this is what we'll generally use for fruits vegetables that kind of Commodities it is called the muffin monster but before Ginger can send a piece of fruit down the muffin monster she cuts it opens squishes it and inspects it she's looking for evidence of diseases insertion points for insects and exit points for larvae if she finds a little bug like this one she neutralizes the pest risk and sends it to the U.S department of Agriculture for further investigation now it's back to the muffin monster 120 pounds of food are grinded up each day from arriving International passengers avocados mangoes and citrus are among the most common fruits that end up in the grinder we do get messy it's important to dispose of it properly I love to eat as much as everybody else I'm a big fan of food but I know the importance of making sure that what we seized because of established risks is disposed of properly to prevent it from causing problems so the next time you've got an orange tucked into your luggage declare it and let experts like ginger decide if it's immiscible and leave the Serrano ham in Spain because Biscuit will find it [Music] recognize this hairline it belongs to 11 on Stranger Things [Music] her signature buzz cut returned for the show's fourth season Millie Bobby Brown couldn't shave her head this time around so it was all up to the hair Department TV and movie wigs like these call for an especially high standard of detail one that keeps Rising with the Advent of HD and 4K cameras and at wig maker Rob Pickens Studio it's a long road to creating a hyper-realistic wig like 11s one that starts here wig makers can't just measure different parts of the actor's head for size they need to record the nuances of shape and even the template of the hairline that means a hyper customized fitting the initial fitting with the actor is our time to capture as much information as possible first they mold the precise shape of the actor's head with a head wrap using cellophane and a lot of tape then they get even more granular tracing the intricate growth patterns at the hairline all the markings are our roadmap for the entire process everything from where the actor's hairline ends to maybe we Mark they have quite a slope at their neckline below the occipital the head wrap goes onto a canvas block which they shape to match the actor's head using a mix of cork and stuffing this process is called patting the block so think of it like padding a pillow this step is laborious but once it's done a production shooting anywhere in the world can call in to have a wig made for an actor even if the actor can't make it to a fitting we're paying attention to the direction of the lace how it's fitting the block the is where we start to Dart and shape it to fit the actor's head just as the hairlines must be traced to the finest detail the lace that forms the foundation of production wigs has to be a very fine denier they use cotton lace in the early days and it didn't show up because you were working with film film is much more forgiving than digital HD so that's the thing just as the cameras change the hairlines have gotten finer the lace has gotten finer the same goes for the silk base that's sometimes used to simulate skin under a wig it used to be a much heavier silk on 11's wig Rob sewed pieces of a super light semi-opaque silk to make it look like her scalp was visible through the buzz sometimes silk isn't enough to complete the illusion so the hair team will add a prosthetic piece under the wigs Foundation that was the case on blonde where three prosthetic pieces concealed Anna De armas's darker hairline and on Pam and Tommy where a forehead prosthesis under Lily James's wig replicated Pam Anderson's naturally higher hairline the same considerations apply to the next step the ventilating process where they stitch in each hair one by one we use a variety of knotting techniques one of which is called Point knotting which involves a particular way of tying the hair so that the cuticle allows the hair to push down as close to the scalp as possible this technique allows short-haired wigs like 11s to be virtually undetectable it's also useful for the back and sideburns of men's wigs it's all about matching the idiosyncratic natural patterns of the actor's head so for example pimples either go back or down this particular actor grew down so the hair was not in that direction we actually tie in Crown swirls for patterns we've built it and knotted it naturally so that you can part the hair anywhere on top of the head just as you would your own head of hair as for the hair itself hairdressers use synthetic wigs from wig shops all the time to use for background characters but it won't measure up for hero wigs which require real human hair synthetic hair has more of a Sheen to it than natural human hair which is kind of something we're always trying to fight sometimes Rob even adds mohair to hairlines to mimic the soft baby strands that naturally grow there like for Olivia Wilde's wig and don't worry darling and Anna De armas in blonde the hair they choose also helps tell the story when making hair pieces for a film or TV character Rob might have to convey something a wig would normally try to disguise like aging or ill health that was the case for Tom Hardy's wigs in Capone which showed the Aging mobster at a time when he was living with syphilis the hair texture speaks to that in the specific situation of Capone and the origin of the hair was actually a dead sickly before we texturized it Capone's hair was also thinning at that age so Rob thinned out the density of the hair at the crown and temples and gave him a more wiry texture in some areas with a softer texture in others then comes the coloring process which requires a close understanding of a scene's lighting and how that might interact with the wig Reds can be quite the nightmare sometimes if we create a red wig and they put a blue filter over the entire thing it could look Brown a lot of our job is alchemy and color theory and figuring out how that's going to play in the final product for example for mank we knew the entire project was going to be shot in black and white so when I was doing Amanda seyfried's wig and choosing the blonde hair we ran a number of samples and actually put them on camera against similar backgrounds they would be using before we ever put a hair in the foundation of the wig to make sure that the blonde wasn't going to look gray it wasn't going to look too white it had enough Dimension at the root to look like it was grounded in her head there were similar considerations on stranger things because of the way the show was filmed everything showed up darker on screen even Eddie's wig his wig was actually like a level 7 a ash brown but it was more of a Green Ash so when we do more of a Green Ash and then they put a darker filter on it it appears a much darker brown meanwhile some period pieces call for very era specific hair colors that we may not see around very much anymore there's a very specific apricot blonde that you notice in older women because it was the way the oxidative dye was showing up on the gray hair when the actor is playing a real person it's even more crucial to nail every detail of the wigs design from texture to color for the wigs in blonde Rob and hair Department had Jamie Lee McIntosh sourced hair with Marilyn's exact natural density and tightness of curl even though it later get styled into her signature pin curls and to achieve Pam's almost reflective shade of platinum in Pam and Tommy the show's hair designer Barry Lemo combined four different shades of blonde on Rob's wigs those four Shades created little bursts of light and Shadow preventing the high level blonde from looking flat on camera we can use as many colors as we would like upwards of five or six depending on what we're creating but at least three so here we're just painting on a root Shadow to add a little bit of depth with the base of the wig for the first lady the team used the same technique on the six wigs Rob made for Michelle Pfeiffer as Betty Ford each of those wigs has anywhere from five to six colors to carry through the color of the previous wig into the next era of Betty so that way you're not Jarred her going from a dark brown wig to a lighter blonde making sure those were rooted in the same color palette was really important to look like it was a natural progression of the same human being over their lifetime sometimes wig makers have to make multiple versions of the exact same wig these are a variety of stunt wigs we've created for photo doubles stunt performers they're cutting from a shot of the actor close up in the custom wig to the stunt performer shot from the side the hair better look exactly the same as it did in the shot before but creating identical wigs is notoriously difficult we do that through a variety of Dipping processes using oxidative dyes non-ox Ida silk colors and different texturizing processes to make sure that we get the wig right down to the root to look exactly like the custom one we've created it can get especially tricky matching stunt wigs to Hero wigs with totally different hair types hero wigs usually get natural hair and stunt wigs get synthetic hair for durability they need to hold up for take after take of rolling down the stairs jumping off the building Etc synthetic hair also dries more quickly between takes and stunt wigs need to be faster in general with minimal application processes for comfort and safety you want to use a limited number of pins in case something goes awry with the stunt that Wick needs to be removed quickly wig makers might also have to make multiple hero wigs like elevens on stranger things which the team had to spend an hour and a half resetting and remolding after each wear to allow for this the team alternated between three or four different matching wigs throughout filming when applying the wig the show's hair department head Sarah Heinz Gall had to make it sit naturally on top of Millie's armpit length hair which was all bundled up at the crown of her head she didn't go with the traditional braiding method that would have added bulk risking a cocoon head effect it's a variation off of an old school wrap called a fracture wrap that using gauze and pins to really create tension and lay the hair as flat as possible on the head even a look as simple as 11s require duplicate wigs ingenious application and painstaking work at the foundation and hairline to pull it off convincingly on screen the stakes are just that high with film and TV wigs they can either take us out of the story or keep us immersed in it if a plane gets sick it might end up here at Delta Technical operations in Atlanta at nearly 3 million square feet it's the biggest aircraft repair shop in North America here mechanics technicians and Engineers fix nearly a thousand planes a year with all kinds of issues from a loose screw to an engine failure but it takes a lot more than elbow grease to get a plane back in the air this is a bustling and expensive 24-hour operation the work never stops because the planes never stop that's Cedric back in February before covid-19 was declared a pandemic he took us behind the scenes of Delta's massive airplane hospital let me put my Bob cap on I look like somebody Delta Tech Ops is a maintenance repair and overhaul or mro business we do everything that you see on that aircraft we have component maintenance engine maintenance and aircraft maintenance six thousand technicians can fix every inch of pretty much any commercial jet on the planet from 150 other airlines government organizations and even military branches our job is basically just to maintain the aircraft keep them safe an aircraft ends up here if it's scheduled for maintenance or if something is wrong and one of the biggest issues the team deals with is engine repairs when that happens there's 32 million dollars on the line [Music] first a plane is grounded and then tugged into this giant Hangar we can have six wide bodies and six narrow bodies in simultaneously so that's a lot of work that can be done in here at the same time technicians run a diagnosis for an engine problem if they determine it needs fixing it heads to the engine shop this division of tech Ops started in 1961 at the beginning of the jet age today engine repair is the most expensive section of tech Ops with a hundred million dollars in new facilities just in the last two years so the engines come into our shop and we take the engines apart completely we inspect the parts and anything that we find wrong with them we are able to repair those things before putting them back into the engine these are very high value parts so repairing them is the most economical way to keep our engines flying the four parts can be fixed up they get a chemical bath so most of the engine parts are cleaned in this area if there's any contaminants on the blades or any of the parts of the aircraft you want to make sure that's removed so you can get maximum performance of the engine because of the airflow yeah you can work back here many years ago I started back here next the engine heads to one of Seven Bays in the engine shop what's going on how you doing why is everybody got a smile on their face that's what I want to know y'all are like y'all happy yeah man how you doing here FAA licensed technicians work on and reassemble the engine we have approximately 900 engines a year come through for various levels of Maintenance those cover 14 different kinds of engines I want to show everybody a br-715 engine so this engine in particular is undergoing Light maintenance where it doesn't get fully disassembled Light maintenance takes anywhere from 15 to 35 days heavy maintenance on the other hand that's where we'd fully disassemble the engine go into the internal areas of the engine and basically refurbish the entire components associated with the engine that can take over two months 2 000 piece parts that have to be individually inspected and maintained this engine is flying approximately five times a day an engine remains on Wing from anywhere from a few years to some of our engine types as many as seven or eight or nine years so we want to take the opportunity while they're here to do everything that we can to ensure that they're reliable for a fleet if an engine can stay in the air longer it saves zelta and its customers money remember these things are expensive and so are all the parts that go into them this part costs twelve thousand dollars and there's 80 of them add in the price of the surrounding parts and we're looking at about 2.2 million dollars sitting on the table this is the highest technology portion of the engine these blades operate at very high temperatures and very high stresses these fan blades out of the latest generation Rolls-Royce Trent engines are made of precious metals and Alloys and cost hundreds of thousands of dollars each so a modern jet engine is worth several million dollars the maintenance of those is very very important to maintaining the value of that asset only about 20 of all the engines fixed here are deltas the rest are for customers that's probably UPS right there we have Azure gold Brazil and Virgin Australia engines repairing all these flying beasts takes a lot of skill and caution anything can kill you that we touch everything is stronger than us everything is is heavier than us you have to have your head in the game you're looking at a 13 000 pound engine lifting something that heavy it requires a lot of safety coordination teamwork and attention and detail but an engine that runs smoothly is just as important there's no pulling over on the side of the road if there's a problem they're 40 000 feet in the air so nothing can go wrong but it's an example of the Precision and the very close tolerances that everything has to be built to because of how fast it all spins and how hot it all gets we want you to get to your destination safely and that's what this is all about to keep track of the thousands of repairs and checks technicians record every step of the disassembly assembly and inspection process on work cards they also rely on fancy gear from the laser welding equipment to the turbine grinder that Precision is necessary to ensure the efficiency of the engine when we return it to service all this new equipment also means Delta can repair some of the most technologically advanced commercial engines in the world that happens out in the newer facility opened in 2018 once technicians have restored all the parts they converge back into one of the engine Bays here they flip the engine vertically and start reassembling it the core engine is complete at this point and they're putting on all of those accessories and harnesses and piping on the outside of the engine but before an engine can go back on a wing there's one more step quality testing that happens at the world's largest engine test cell a short drive or a bike ride from the engine shops you don't want to encounter problems while you're installing an engine on wings so it comes to us we make sure everything's passed off and clear this part of the building is where the engines come in we install and rig the engine so basically we put the test equipment on the engine and get it ready for it to run and then this part of the engine is your actual test Chambers the test chamber is the newest addition to Tech Ops and where the engines are test run it can handle a hundred and fifty thousand pounds of thrust even though no engine actually has that kind of Power Engineers run tests 24 7. monitoring engine performance from the control room the reason we need 24 7 is because of the production coming out of the shops so I can have three engines prepped and ready but I got one test chamber so you know we want to keep that test chamber running and keep it moving so you want to get it in there get it run get it back out so we can move our next engine in once Ken's team signs off on the new engine it's carted back to the hanger secured on the wing and tugged out vote for takeoff as you see there's a lot of things going on behind the scenes that they made this program we're always constantly trying to work to make sure we're safe effective and proficient in what we do that means once we get an aircraft in here we're trying to make sure that we take care of everything that we need to take care of while it's down so we can get out and fly and when it comes back we'll do it all over again every year there are half a million semi-truck accidents in the U.S alone that's why just like Passenger cars these massive Vehicles need to be crash tested to ensure they're safe for public roads besides the typical crash impact trials every car undergoes there are a number of tests specifically made for semi trucks although not required by International regulations Volvo trucks and Volkswagen Scania are famous for performing What's called the Swedish cab strength test designed to simulate the damage impacted by a rollover crash this test is meant to see if the cab will remain intact under high pressure first the roof is evenly loaded with a 15 ton weight next a 1.4 ton pendulum Barrel is swung full speed into the Cab's front a-pillar the weakest part of the cap finally a second pendulum Barrel is launched into the Cab's rear wall in order to pass the test the resulting damage must not breach the driver's survival space the cap has to retain its original structure without any big holes or protruding sharp edges the test is frequently described as the industry's most difficult but as much as companies like Volvo and Scania brag about passing it their Engineers don't stop there and their cabs are still subjected to plenty of actual high-speed rollover tests but trucks need more than their cabs tested the tractor trailers they carry are equally important but it's not about protecting the trailers these tests are for protecting passenger vehicles in 2019 over 850 us drivers died in crashes with the rear or side of a semi truck eighty percent of them involved some kind of underride where a car ends up under the semi or its trailer stats like these are why the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety tests the use of underride guards these are metal bumpers that hang down off the back and sides of the trailer tests involve sending mid-sized cars at 35 miles per hour into these guards to test their durability and the Damage they prevent to passenger dummies unfortunately these tests aren't required for trailers to pass safety standards and while side under ride guards on trucks have been required by the European Union since 2003 they aren't mandatory on U.S roads still the most extensive crash testing remains impact trials familiar to anyone who's ever seen a crash test video impact tests help trucking companies analyze just how safe their calves will be for drivers in a crash crash impact tests take on a number of forms this includes offset barrier tests meant to simulate crashing into the back of a truck and head-on collision test in each test these 120 ton trucks are crashed at speeds of 30 to 50 miles per hour researchers and Engineers evaluate damage to the test dummies which are designed to resemble actual human bodies as accurately as possible they take thorough notes on which parts of the dummies receive the most damage this information helps researchers develop improvements to prevent that type of injury in future crashes they also evaluate damage to the cab itself this includes structures like its frame and electronic systems semi-truck crash testing hasn't stopped evolving though just like EVS are expected to become the standard for the car industry within the next few decades the same is true for semi trucks Scania already launched its first electric truck last year however while a regular Road car chassis can package battery packs inside the wheelbase the cab of a semi can't sacrifice any passenger or powertrain space to keep the batteries inside the frame instead the cells go into boxes on the side which replace the fuel tanks because of this design these external battery packs and protective plastic casing around them need to be crash tested for durability Scania uses a head-on impact from Volkswagen's golf compact car traveling at 35 miles per hour the desired result is that the energy from the impact is distributed throughout the structure surrounding the battery the company hasn't released full data about the test but says it went as expected and the batteries emerge unscathed there are reasons companies like Volvo and Scania and the iihs take truck crash testing so seriously every year about 5 000 people are killed in crashes involving semi trucks in the us alone in 2019 67 percent were passenger car occupants it's the research gained from crash tests to help make trucks safer for those behind the wheel and the everyday drivers on the roads beside them for over 400 years one family in Japan has been shaping rice flour beans and sugar into tiny edible sculptures these sweets are called wagashi and making them is a precise and delicate art confectioners have to be quick and their hands have to stay at just the right temperature or the dough is ruined because the 17th generation owner of his family's shop in Kyoto so how did this dainty Arts go from a delicacy only if you enjoyed to a National Dessert we went to Kyoto in Japan to find out how these traditional sweets are still standing afterwards to make a picture learned to make wagashi from his father when he was 22 years old at 68 he trains all the workers at the family's confectionary shop kamehame [Music] because they specialize in kyogashi a type of wagashi made only in Japan's ancient capital of Kyoto most recipes start with simple ingredients like rice flour sugar and beans pastry chefs heat and mix it all into a paste is they strain the paste for about five minutes to remove any lumps foreign comes in many shapes but there are three main varieties namagashi a soft and moist ranges from gooey to dry and higashi a dry and have a longer shelf life here they're making a namagashi shaped like a Chrysanthemum flower a symbol of fall just a few drops of dye we'll color the dough to the right here of pink foreign timing is everything [Music] pastry chefs have to sculpt the confectionery in about two minutes if they work too fast the design will look sloppy too slow and the sweets absorb body heat and won't turn out well [Music] this simple wooden stick called the Sanka kubera is the only tool they use to sculpt the petals [Music] if one line is out of place they have to start the process again it's a good thing as it takes time to stand up chrysanthemums are a Japanese national symbol and represent longevity and rejuvenation the country's changing seasons shape the Suites pumpkins are made only in the fall and cherry blossoms in the spring City foreign he mostly follows old recipes and styles but has also added new ideas to the menu foreign he mixes yellow and pink food dyes to create the perfect orange hue designing each piece is all about using the white tools and techniques records show that Japanese envoys brought wagashi-like sweets from China around the 7th century sugar was a rare commodity and only Aristocrats in the wealthy could afford it kiwaki's ancestors learned how to make wagashi from a priest and opened their shop in 1617. it was one of only 28 shops chosen to cater to the Royal Family they delivered their sweets to the Palace in boxes inlaid with mother of pearl Liquors [Music] Western confectionery began arriving in Japan during the late 19th century after the country opened its ports to foreign trade wogashi literally translates to Japanese sweets and it became the term used to differentiate between the two kameham offers a wide variety of confectionery every season [Music] the shop also makes yorkan a hanamagashi type confectioners make the base with red Zuki beans brown sugar and agar a gelling agent once everything is boiled they pour it into a mold and mix in walnuts the name of this yokan is sukikage which translates to Moonlight it calls for at least two hours before it's ready to serve [Music] to contrast the moist desserts the shop also makes higushi the dry sweets workers press the Daryl in traditional wooden molds this one translates to Good Fortune in Japanese higashi sweets are small in size and have bright colors and detailed designs wagashi comes in numerous shapes and styles influenced by each Region's unique history and geography [Music] peace is named after a season or a reference from Japanese classical literature but when it comes to enjoying the treat kiwaki says Simplicity is key foreign Buddhist monks introduced tea ceremonies in Japan in the 12th century the practice evolved into a social gathering for friends and became a ritual that represents Harmony and respect wagashi's sweetness made it the ultimate dessert to serve in these ceremonies to complement the bitter tea foreign across Japan from specialty shops to department stores to Street vendors despite the competition kiwaki never Cuts Corners when it comes to the materials and production methods you know foreign he is working to pass this tradition on but says the hardest part is securing workers for now sales stable one way of doing this seal to the younger generation is but long before social media kamehame's place in history was documented in this 300 year old book listing all businesses in Kyoto foreign kiowaki's past is what motivates him to look forward to the future the Smithsonian Museum of Natural History has over 147 million specimens the largest collection in the world everything from giant dinosaur bones to delicate butterflies to pickled animals like this stonefish most venomous in the world whoops but less than one percent of it's on display the rest is tucked away in what's called collections hidden behind the scenes all right so this is our vault area our secure storage area for the mineral collection it costs more than 100 million dollars to run the museum and it's mostly funded with taxpayer dollars so why does the US government spend so much money on things most Americans will never see well the specimens aren't just sitting here Gathering dust they're actively used for research with big impact this is what caused the airplane to land in the Hudson River but flooding could endanger at all we went inside the secret collections in Washington DC to see how they acquire clean maintain and protect millions of specimens [Music] this is how much of the Museum of Natural History you can see but the hidden collections make up the rest of the space more than 1.4 million square feet spread across the museum and the off-site support center there are seven different departments from entomology to paleobiology and the collections are constantly growing visiting the museum is free to the public because it's government funded through tax dollars but researchers here can't use tax money to acquire new objects so how do they get them well they're either collected in the field donated or purchased with endowments [Music] for example this giant Arkansas Crystal was donated to Mineral Sciences in 2021 we don't know exactly how much it cost but estimates put it in the Millions over in entomology scientists collect half of the new insects in the field and get the other half from donations as people retire and they're looking for permanent homes for their collections those often come to us these are the Taylor Swift Scorpions so anybody who watched Harry Potter would recognize these they're actually uh really docile they're easy to handle you can actually get these as pets but getting dinosaur bones is much harder so here's some of the dinosaur would feel paleontologist hansus is up against a growing Market of private collectors started after the those awful Jurassic Park movies when everybody decided to have a dinosaur in their living room people now think that if they find a toe bone they should get enormous amounts of money for it and since they have to rely on endowments museums can't compete at million dollar auctions often commercially collected fossils have no detailed locality information and that makes them scientifically almost worthless so all Hans can collect are bones he finds on federal lands or smaller ones you can purchase with donations but some collections at the Museum are just really old today bird researchers rarely collect specimens in the wild this bird was collected in 1904 and if they do it's from healthy bird populations today we take tissues we take song recordings we keep skeletons we make spread wings so we have a lot more parts of the bird that we save and it's our ethical responsibility to do as much as we can with a specimen if we're going to take it from the wild for research once a specimen is purchased or collected in the field it's transported to the museum specimens like that giant crystal then go through a process called a sessioning it's where the museum inspects the objects so they can take ownership of it make sure that it's in good shape when we receive it here at the Museum the museum acquires 300 000 specimens a year to reflect the scale and the diversity of the natural world once a museum accepts an object it has to get cleaned out at the Museum support center any recently living creatures are cleaned using beetles that really like to munch on dry skin they're a little bit more free roaming in the larger chamber there's nothing really containing them except for trays you don't want Rotting Flesh in storage we currently have a sea turtle elephant dolphin skulls and I believe there's a wallaby in there cleaning dinosaur bones takes even more work you'd be lucky if all we had to do was just dust them off they're encased in their host Rock which is what we call Matrix and that Matrix has to be removed little by little bit by bit Michelle uses this machine called an air scrape it blasts compressed air at the Rock but how do they prepare something to be stored forever well a dinosaur bone can't just sit on a shelf exposed over time gravity would start to break it down so most bones get a custom storage cradle built out of fiberglass and plaster it's basically a fancy Tempur-Pedic each costs about eight hundred dollars they're Pest and water resistant Hans wants them to last because he loves his fossils a kind of a Wallflower but you tell people that your paleontologists at the Smithsonian and you're suddenly the center of attention on the other side of the museum some of the older animals got stuffed squirrel and some get pickled when you pickle a whole organism you can study not just their fur and their skeleton but their internal anatomy and all that kind of stuff everything from a polar bear embryo to bats to giant fish are stored in alcohol these fish come from all over the world so see these do not fit in jars cheesecloth is to keep them from drying out if the level gets low so the coelacan they thought it was extinct and in 1938 it was discovered in South Africa it was a very big deal if you can imagine over in entomology the insects get dried and pinned so they're temperature stable then food and his team put them into these hydraulic carriages we have 35 million specimens in the collection we have four over 400 000 species represented in our collection which is more than all the other departments combined since insects are essentially our only major competitor for food and because they have such a profound impact on human health each of these storage techniques is designed to last indefinitely but while the researchers have done all they can to safeguard these precious objects it's unclear how much longer they'll be able to do that the National Mall was once a marsh and today it sits in the flood plain of the Potomac River we're literally at sea level here so one thing I've been doing is this year moving all collections out of the basement of this building up to higher floors as the climate's changing flooding from heavier rainstorms and the Potomac are a growing threat water seeping into basements along the mall and threatening the Treasures of the nation the Smithsonian will tell Congress tomorrow it's one billion dollars behind a needed repairs it's already happened to the museum next door leading to millions in damage and the National History Museum is next but Congress has been slow moving to fund improvements we're gonna have to start armoring the mall with with larger and larger dikes the museum does plan to expand the off-site support center it's farther above sea level so researchers have started moving more specimens out there for now to preserve its collections on the National Mall the museum has begun creating digital scans starting with easier to handle objects like plants and flowers all of our flowering plants have been digitized so far that is about 3 million plant specimens that we have run on this conveyor belt today this digital archive has over 9 million specimens but the museum is still years away from getting the entire collection online so why put in so much effort to store things most people will never see well for research so think of a museum not just as a place that displays stuff but a place that studies and understands stuff as well the collections are essentially a living library that 12 000 visiting scientists can access and their work has real world benefits in Mineral Sciences scientists across the globe can ask Jeff for a piece of any of his rocks for research this is our reference mineral collection so this is the part of the collection that gets used primarily for scientific research the department also monitors and tracks volcanic activity around the world pickled mammals are studied to find out which species can transmit diseases one of the ways we study those diseases is to find the mammal host for the virus whenever a bird strikes a plane in the U.S samples of it are sent to Carla Dove invertebrate zoology the colors and color patterns on some of those birds are just amazing yes her last name is dove yeah I get that all the time my name is very appropriate okay so I'm just coming from the mail room where I picked up the Daily Mail these packages all have specimens of bird remains or some kind of wildlife remains that were scraped off of aircraft and Carla gets 10 000 of these packages a year this is a part of the horizontal stabilizer what the bird hit and caused the damage to and you can see all of this bird ick on here which is what we refer to as snarge or bird tissue bird strikes cost the airline industry billions in delays and damages remember the 2009 Crash Landing in New York City less than a minute into the flight the pilot reported a double bird strike in that case we got 69 bags because as they went through and did the investigation they went all the way into the engine and they wanted to know how far into the engine feathers went her team then uses these melden bird remains to identify the species involved in the strikes this one here do you know what this might be Carla it looks kind of like a black vulture there you go it's one of her favorite bird no chicken is a favorite bird if she can't identify a sample right away Carla can compare its feathers to one of the 500 000 specimens in the Museum's collection the location of this strike was Florida so we we look at all of the possible herons in Florida and we match it up perfectly with an American bitter and this piece of beak what happens to fit perfectly with the beak of the specimen aeronautical companies use Carla's data to develop planes that can withstand bird strikes you know what the species of birds are that cause these problems can go out onto the airfields and do habitat management to keep those birds from wanting to come in to these environments and based on her research Air Force units have adjusted flight trainings thereby reducing the risk of bird strikes but also we like to say saving Birds too but we've barely scratched the surface of the Museum's countless research initiatives we're collecting specimens so that scientists 50 years from now or 100 years from now will have access to the same diversity we have right now and we may never know how important these collections may be for scientists in the future museums are the memory of our culture and the memory of our planet and imagine the Smithsonian of the Year 2400 it'll have specimens from this time that will be a distant memory to the people then but it will tell the story of planet Earth miles below the surface of the ocean scientists are collecting alien-like creatures from one of the world's least explored ecosystems they're studying what lives down here before a new industry moves in to vacuum tons of rocks from the seafloor each one packed full of ingredients needed to build electric car batteries wind turbines and solar panels there could be billions of tons of valuable nodules in the ocean a Canadian startup called the metals company could be the first to cash in and on this test run it scooped up the world's biggest Hall yet you're looking at a cargo hold full of clumps of metal that formed over millions of years this is history I've never stood in this no one has no one the CEO says deep sea mining does less damage than mining on land though no one really knows for sure yet should we be going to dig up our rainforest to get these metals or should we be going to this Abyssal Zone to pick up rocks but as the company to a successful pilot mission environmental activists say deep sea mining is not worth the risks we call on you to stop plundering the sea floor they say they have leaked video of sediment dumping that proves their point [Music] hundreds of experts have called for a pause on this kind of mining until one of the world's most mysterious ecosystems can be studied further please do the science before you go in and destroy can vacuuming billions of rocks from the deep sea really help power a switch to renewable energy and is this kind of mining actually any better than mining on land we went aboard the Hidden Gem to see what mining the deep sea really looks like these rocks are called poly metallic nodules if you cut one in half the inside is kind of like a jawbreak or candy each one begins with a fragment like a shark tooth or shell over millions of years metal particles from the water and sediment build up a layer just a few millimeters thick can take a million years to form nodules are found in flat soft parts of the deep ocean around the world one of the most promising nodule Fields is in the Clarion clipperden Zone a stretch of Pacific Ocean Floor about as wide as the continental United States nearly 20 companies and countries are racing to launch the deep sea mining industry here much of it is reserved for developing nations so the metals company partnered with three Pacific island countries to be able to explore their plots [Music] Gerard Baron is on a decade-long quest to mine the Deep his last Venture ran out of money I wanted to do something that was near impossible you know I was pretty sure that if I didn't do this then it may not move forward and that would be a travesty he's the CEO of the metals company nicest which in November finished a 10-week trial run collecting nodules from the deep today marks one of the most important proof points the technology is available to collect these rocks at a commercial scale how it works the ship lowers a collector vehicle into the water this prototype weighs 90 tons and is about the size of a minibus operators Drive The Collector remotely from inside this control room each vehicle has four nozzles and sensors that adjust their positions they hover just above the seabed and the nodules that are laying there are sucked into the nozzle they work kind of like a vacuum cleaner the machine also collects the top few centimeters of mud internal pumps separate that from the rocks and shoot some of the sediment back out next air bubbles push rocks mud and seawater up a tube that can extend up to two and a half miles after about 12 minutes the slurry reaches the surface a Whirlpool uses gravity to separate the nodules from water and sediment the Hidden Gem was originally built to drill for oil the metals company and its engineering partner called all Seas retrofitted it to collect and store nodules the pile in this hold is the expedition's Harvest the company says it's 3 000 metric tons this is the first time a commercial collection of this scale has ever been done many rocks break apart on their way up to the ship they are quite brittled but still the product is very valuable for extraction of nickel Cobalt copper and manganese most of the nodules will stay in storage until the company scales up the metals company's ultimate plan is to build processing centers at ports that will melt and refine the Rocks into separate streams of useful metals the company wants those facilities to be powered on renewable energy and eventually plans to recycle battery Metals as well but first it needs permission from the international seabed authority to scale up mining some have criticized that process saying approval to explore mining in the first place has been rushed and secretive but the CEO says this Mission will provide insights about mining that you can only get by mining if you're going to move an industry from an idea into commercial production you need to do this all of this data is going to be so important as we build a picture and prepare our finalized environmental impact study researchers hired by the metals company sail alongside the mining ship in this science vessel they're taking samples before and after harvesting to see how kicking up clouds of sediment or creating lots of noise affects the deep sea environment I sometimes hear our critics say but how can we trust the science if you're paying for it I say to them well who's going to pay for it if I'm not going to pay for it I'm sure you're not either the company's environmental impact statement based on this mission is expected in the second half of 2023. and one of the main questions is what to do with the water and sediment sucked up with the nodules the metals company is still testing out the right depth to minimize the impact of sediment clouds but estimates it's below 1200 meters if it's closer to the surface it can block sunlight to see Life below and spread to a wider area activist groups shared these video clips with Insider they say it shows the Hidden Gem spilling waste water onto the surface the metals company responded with their own video saying it was a temporary overflow from the whirlpool which it says ran over the deck and out of these pipes in an email the company said the event did not have the potential to cause harm Insider could not verify whether the videos show the same event experts told us loose sediment could impact sea life down below these are like the most clear waters probably on the planet so summoning dumping a lot of Cinemas in there that the animals are not used to probably will have some impact so we actually don't really know how much they can withstand okay and how many meters are you behind the collector foreigners a promotional video from the metals company calls this mining area the vast underwater desert but even deserts have life in them and this stretch of seafloor does too many of the species in the dark high pressure habitat haven't been found anywhere else on Earth recent Expeditions have found a never-before-seen octopus a swarm of eels eating bait plus sea cucumbers fish and stuff we didn't even have a name for yet like this thing with nearly seven foot long tentacles it's attached to a sponge stock which is stuck on a nodule that's a key detail the Rocks seem to give some creatures on the soft seafloor something to hold on to so no matter how careful the miners are not to stir up sand removing nodules would take away key habitat and likely kill any animals attached to them we can't really predict the scale of species extinctions that would come from that much mining but there's a reason to think it could be significant we don't actually know enough yet to understand all these impacts and therefore the costs what we do know is that mining metals on land can have devastating effects the Cobalt rush in the Democratic Republic of the Congo has been linked to Human Rights abuses including the use of child labor [Applause] idea [Applause] in Indonesia in the Philippines nickel mining operations led to the deforestation of tropical areas but some mines are managed better than others you know people promoting DC mining often argue that all land-based mining is inherently badly managed and that's not true there are certainly many cases where it is but there are certainly many cases where it's not aura's mind on land also leave behind lots of leftovers called tailings these can Leach dangerous pollution into water and soil if not disposed of properly the CEO believes seafloor mining solves that waste issue and has other benefits too we generate zero waste and zero tailings we don't have the risk of any child labor we can commercially pick up these rocks and help stop some of the terrible deforestation of our most biodiverse habitats on land that would mean replacing some land-based mining with deep sea mining but experts say there's no evidence land-based mining would go away or even decline if we mine the sea floor you'll just end up with a situation that you are going to have increased ecological harm on land and then at Sea as well heading gym head in gym hidden gym on November 16th a Greenpeace campaigner radioed the mining ship at Sea to tell the crew his concerns deep sea mining is an imminent threat to the ocean and the vast array of wondrous marine life the activist says the environmental benefits the company touts are just marketing spin the argument that we need to look for these minerals and metals to Aid the green energy transition is pure green watch we're not talking about reducing the overall amount of mining we're talking about already wealthy people looking for a new Gold Rush ultimately experts say mining always has trade-offs no matter where you do it there's no question that Ipsy mining would have major environmental impacts but whether those are acceptable trade-offs a decision Society has to make experts told Insider the best way to make that decision is by starting small to start with one mining operation and monitor it very well for at least 10 years and my personal view is that probably it could sustain one mining operation without having major regional loss of ecosystem services and biodiversity but people are not talking about one mining operation right now 22 companies and governments have contracts to explore deep sea mining in international waters the metals company says it could begin full-scale operations as soon as 2025. to shift away from fossil fuels energy experts say we need Metals for Batteries solar panels and wind turbines now I don't think deep sea mining would ever be able to be a substantial producer so the question is is that Niche that boot takes the refraction of the market is it worth the risk the International Energy agency says that to avoid the worst effects of climate change in coming decades the world needs to mine at least four times as many medals as it does now nodules could help with that but will still need a lot of metals from land and a lot more recycling my name is Sam Draco I'm a barrier and I'm going to show you the cleaning process and the shoeing process of my holes the main thing I'll do is ride in schools there's a lot more science behind it that meets the eye so what we would need is the anatomical sort of understanding of the horse's foot with tendons ligaments arteries veins bones columns how they grow also we need to have some blacksmithing skills in order to construct the shoe anything that needs to be done to help maintain the horse's lifespan really so the actual condition of this foot is is pretty good it's just been six weeks and it's just grown so that triangle bit in the middle was known as the Frog this is known for helping grip and aiding blood supply around the foot straight blade I'm actually cleaning up the sole as you can see it's sort of going to crumble out and then this will help me aiding in how much foot this horse has actually grown and I'll just travel back as a hoof grows it's almost like a giant fingernail so it's always constantly growing so you need to trim that back reset the shoe back so the bone column of the structure of the leg is actually set in the correct Place rather than if it's too long it will be under a lot of pressure for the tendons so imagine always wearing a huge pair of shoes for yourself it makes it very difficult for you to walk so to have the horses regularly trimmed will help actually maintain the lifespan of the horse and the function of the doing whatever discipline that's in as you take the sole out it will start to become slightly waxy it won't crumble out quite so easy and that's a good indication you're getting as far as you should go and then you should be able to just trim that bit off the excess hoof and that's it so you want to trim from there really so I'll use these giant peritoneal Cutters really and you'll just start trimming your foot off nice and level as flat as you can the bit I'm actually trimming is exactly what a toenail made out of so it's millions and millions of strands of hair actually bonded together so it's exactly the same keratin protein as a fingernail would have there is actually no nerve endings on the bits that I touch the horse feels the sensation so imagine having a shoe on and somebody Taps the bottom of your shoe you'll feel the sensation of it but it doesn't actually hurt you it's pretty much exactly the same a giant nail file is actually what we call the rasp and then you would use the raft to get it nice and flat because these horses actually walk on their fingernails unlike us so this has to be flat to help them walk evenly on their joints because if you did one side higher than the other then they'll be walking unevenly and it would put excessive strain on their joints and the tendons so the idea is to get it as flat as you can so almost perfect so say if it wasn't quite 100 perfectly flat the shoe would actually finish that job for you so every foot that I do is completely unique has no feet Loop to the same I buy these sort of factory made and to a standard size and then we put them in the Forge to heat them up to make them flexible or malleable enough to make them custom for the horse so the process would start with getting the right size of the horse sort of by memory and a lot of practice as you're trimming the feet you sort of see the the shape that the horse's feet you have so you might see it slightly straight on one side quite a flare on one side you would clock that in your brain automatically get a rough size and shape that you would need and nine times out of ten I'll get it pretty much bang on Trailway I'm now sort of looking to make sure that the shoe fits the foot this doesn't hurt the horse's foot at all if you hold it on there for a long time then the safe sensation of the heat will travel up the foot they will eventually feel it but I'd say five six seconds is probably all you need and then this will make a mirror image from the shoe to the foot surface so as you burn it on it it makes it perfectly flat so it's not a perfect snug fit once they're fitted and they're the right shape for the horse needs you need to cool them down so a bucket of water or a good old-fashioned way of getting it down to handling temperature so you can pick it up and use it with your own hands the bells probably only go about two or three mil into the hoof wall and then they'll go up the hoof wall and then come out the side so as you nail it in it curves out so then you can flick it over and clamp it onto the foot and I'm using my clenching Tong so these actually flick over the end of the nail and push it back into the foot so it grips and stays on to create what's known as clenches and then I'll use a rasp and that would um buff the foot up make it all nice and smooth because you don't want any sharp edges for the horse to catch itself so this is the finishing process to make it all basically nice and pretty and what people will consider as part of getting their nails done really as you've filed the hoof wall off you're actually taking like a very very fine layer off the outside which maintains the moisture and the feet and the sort of protective layout so you replenish this with grease or any oil or anything shiny really foreign if you're malnourished or anything like that fingernails and hair are the first thing that would show that same as any animals you know with dogs cats any of that hygiene you know is a big factor if you've got poor hygiene of a horse you know in a stable that's not cleaned out or maintenance of its feet not being trimmed or looked after will eventually affect a horse or any animal in the wild horses are actually meant to live as long as we allow them to live normally as they get to an age or yeah it could be 10 to 15 depending on type breed environment and the Predators that they would naturally have they would slow down and the Predators would get them so we have them in such good pasture and maintain them so well they live actually a lot longer identifying a fake Rolex can be tricky you know as a person who has been dealing with these things for years when it doesn't say Swiss you know something's wrong John Buckley is a veteran watch dealer who buys sells and repairs used Rolexes and they're sometimes worth hundreds of thousands of dollars it's just perfectly perfectly done these days use watches can sell for up to three times their retail price the market is estimated to be worth 20 billion dollars and it's growing fast it's like everybody started buying watches because they're a good way to store money between 2011 and 2021 Rolex has outperformed the stock market real estate and gold but even experienced sellers like John have to be careful for one there are counterfeits U.S customs showed us how it seizes up to 150 000 fig watches per year Rolex watches inside in just plain old bubble wrap and Rolex would never put their watches in little Ziploc bags but spotting a fake isn't always as obvious if dealers like John get stuck with a counterfeit the effects can be disastrous not just financially but it can also destroy the reputation new Young Bucks that come into the business they get caught out there real fast and your reputation is burned burned when you can't make good on a sale Factory bezel Factory dial we follow John through Manhattan's famous Diamond District does he always strikes deals in such a competitive market it's thirteen three no it's not so bad of course it's not so bad why do you think I'm offering it to you foreign this section of 47th Street is home to over 2 600 businesses selling gems jewelry and luxury watches John bison sells roughly a dozen watches per week here from stores and other collectors today he's visiting two of his regular spots little lady's got a paddock that I need hopefully I could buy it from and I'm going to show him a couple of pieces that I've got I gotta find it first oh that's good what's good about this watch it comes fully complete look at the conditions you got everything yeah John already has a customer lined up for this rare Patek Philippe I really like this watch what's the date on the papers I'm curious not that it matters he's hoping to get it for under forty thousand dollars I listen I know it's a nice watch I'm not I'm not here to beach out you know I need it 36 000. I thought I was pretty good at 35. 37 000 that's my final price I think it's fair you can think about it I don't have to think masal no problem thank you this watch will be sold for 40 40 000 in change so I'll make three grand on the watch which is not bad down the street John has his eye on a gold Rolex day date with diamonds on the bezel or the ring surrounding its glass how much is this 21 000 watch 25 000. yes two three five you like that right let's do it Factor diamond dial Factory diamond bezel 235 the deal but I'm gonna do for you I'm gonna obviously say us but really it's beautiful John typically has around 30 watches in his collection and most already have buyers lined up we like cash flow I write a check I want to know that you know I'm gonna have that money back I'll make my profit on it and move on to the next one it's like the Holy Grail over here I didn't even think they were still producing them he doesn't want to risk getting stuck with something he might not sell even if he loves it like this diamond studded Rolex from Qatar which has an asking price of 175 thousand dollars when you look at these that they make on the street and you compare it to something like this I mean it's a different world I I I don't have a home for it despite the high price tags John says he rarely makes more than a few thousand dollars per watch sometimes it's only a few hundred there are very few home runs in this game I mean I don't know what is considered a home run making 10 grand on a watch it's like that doesn't happen thank you so much in fact he makes even more money selling obscure Parts than the actual watches these are interesting these are called color change or tropical and years ago you know guys would never keep this stuff but now because they're unique they they keep them and they ask for a lot of money for them these are Daytona dials which are actually pretty cool this is just tons of stuff wallets Rolex duffel bags and hats we have it all we do he's hoarded these Rolex Parts in his workshop for 25 years we're here in the lab this is where I get to practice my gorilla watchmaking skills you have to have a very specific part for a very specific watch in order for it to command a very high price [Music] John has seen demand for Rolex parts and watches Skyrocket after 2017 that's when a Rolex Daytona worn by the actor Paul Newman broke a record selling for 15.5 million plus fees selling officially at 15 million five hundred thousand thank you for your patience Natalie it is history now 15 minutes what happened after that was this big bull run and I hate to use stock terminology but that's what it was it's like everybody started buying watches [Music] in 2021 Rolex retail sales were estimated to be higher than the next five Brands combined so why are they in such high demand first off their reputation for quality they're made by hand with materials like 18 karat gold platinum and stainless steel and there aren't many new ones entering the market Brands like Patek Philippe and oldie Mark piguet each make fewer than 100 000 watches per year Rolex makes an estimated 1 million annually and that's still not enough to keep up with demand for most people the only way to get one is to get one second hand the result of that in many cases is a higher demand than available Supply which causes prices to go up Rolexes also last and can resist all kinds of extreme conditions in fact it started off as a sports brand back in the early 20th century they began making highly functional timepieces designed to go underwater top of mountains on jet planes and these were professional grade timepieces for people that needed accurate measurement these were not collectible watches back in the day okay you look at some of these you know watches that are six and seven figure watches they sold for maybe 100 bucks at a military PX or something like that Adam and Hillary one of the first to summon Everest or a Rolex Oyster Perpetual during his expedition in 1953. in the 60s Rolex began sponsoring tennis matches Auto races and a number of high-end luxury events Rolexes also started showing up a lot more on movie screens actor Sean Connery wore one as James Bond Marlon Brando wore one two by the 1980s Rolexes were sought after collectibles today a Rolex Daytona model is so popular it's almost impossible to get on a waiting list I'm still on a waiting list since 1996 just to give you an idea but buyers are willing to spend a lot to skip the line which is why used Rolexes can sell for two to three times their retail cost and as demand soars Watch dealers like John have to be even weary of the biggest trap of the trade counterfeits [Music] Customs Officer Steve nethersall showed us how they sniff out and seize counterfeit watches at JFK Airport before a package ever lands in the U.S CBP gathers Intelligence on the sender container and aircraft he'll start by looking at the Box well I'm looking because I don't have my glasses on so I'm cheating the first one it comes in is the country of origin Louis Vuitton they're coming from France the watches coming from Switzerland when it's coming from China Bing that's your number one red flag Rolex would never put their watches in little Ziploc bags they don't put these inside it the silica gel Rolex does not Ascend to individuals in the United States they only sent to their retail stores more than 90 of all the goods that we receive that are counterfeit are from China you know sometimes by the naked eye you can't tell but sometimes it's that bad you can but you look and you can see the uh scratches and how it's not machined uh properly to a nice finish so when Steve finds a counterfeit good he seizes it then he figures out the items MSRP using the Brand's website and cbp's internal database this one here would be about eleven thousand dollars that's the MSRP what the manufacturer would be losing had this been genuine these are generally on the internet for about two hundred dollars back in his Workshop John is figuring out whether this Rolex is counterfeit after 25 years in the industry he usually knows what to look for I mean I'm looking at the color of the case this piece is not the same color as this piece this is 18 karat gold we always have to check because I can't take a chance on paying for it number one or selling it to someone else if I'm not sure what are the most reliable ways to test gold Rolex Parts is a scratch test on a black stone made of quartz then he adds a few drops of nitric acid which dissolves any material that isn't gold and there you go wow the acid did not dissolve the gold over here the acid dissolved to the gold it is not authentic but most of the time he can spot a fake with the naked eye we could usually spot these just based on the symmetry of the case they don't have that nice Rolex slope the other I mean obvious thing that you look at if you look at the amount of space between the face and the glass you will see that it is very high it's probably got an extra millimeter and a half John also has his son James help with fraud detection and I scroll through hundreds of listings and I pick out the 10 that are fake the threat of counterfeits hasn't stopped sellers or buyers though Rolex is also getting in on the second hand Market launching its own program to sell pre-owned Rolexes younger Generations are fueling this new demand Surge and they're finding out about these old watches on Tick Tock I saw this watch it's a 36 millimeter white gold with a factory diamond dial can you pull it out for me John's son and his friend Tyler mccorski have helped him build a huge social media following Buckley's with us today let's get it the bread and butter is the negotiations you know people like to see them so we want to give people what they want but our other thing that we really do well is more so education content today we're going to show you how to change the battery on quartz watch John teaches audiences the same lessons on Tick Tock he showed Tyler when he was still a kid the first time I ever sold a watch for Buckley I was eight years old and it was a rubber swap remember those the rubber Swatch watches and he says I need five dollars on each one go sell them wherever School wherever and and keep whatever's left after the five as far as the whole hustle and the whole grind you got that Wimbledon for you if you want it I actually enjoy the going out there and trying to make money aspect of this business despite all these new players John isn't worried about the competition you go by these guys who fancy themselves you know watch Specialists and they've been doing this for a year or two you know everybody's a specialist or an expert okay listen I'm a friggin expert I've been dealing with this stuff hand to hand I've got the junk to prove it McCloskey really left a cup of coffee down here did he really do that that's just rude this Factory has made hats the same way for 166 years it takes at least two months to turn raw rabbit fur into a high-end hat which is why each one can cost up to twenty five hundred dollars in fact borsolino made the Fedora world famous today just 90 employees make 70 000 hats per year now that might seem like a lot but it's a small fraction of the 2 million halves the factory used to crank out back in the 1920s when almost every man wore a hat outside nowadays it seems like the only people still wearing the hats are Johnny Depp and Hasidic Jews nearly every man in the Titan at Lubavitch Community wears a fedora and many splurge on a borsolino the market is definitely growing so what made the Fedora so iconic why do thousands of religious Jews wear it and how do the companies that make these hats plan to bring them back in style while still making them the old-fashioned way at the borsolino factory in Alessandra Italy everything starts with scraps of rabbit fur most modern hat makers skip this step opting to purchase pre-made felt some say it's the custom-made rabbit fur felt that makes a true borsolino is some of the felting machines have been around since the late 1800s every hat goes through at least 52 steps to meet borsolino's high standards and it's checked for Quality at every turn is these wooden machines rain down the treated fur onto a perforated metallic cone it's been so quickly that the fur perfectly lines up to the surface a jet of boiling water keeps the felt fixed throughout the process the company's co-founder Giuseppe borsolino learned this craft in France before moving back to Italy to start his own business in 1857 he refined the process they still use today the hair from the rabbit is treated felted into a cone then washed and pressed multiple times until it shrinks down to the shape of a hat in its Heyday borsolino employed 6 000 people about half of them were women the female workers were mostly involved in the finishing stages especially checking for quality the Hat's popularity soon spread across the world from the late 1800s to the 1920s most men headed to work wearing a hat and the factory made fedoras for iconic Hollywood movies like Casablanca but hat wearing eventually grew out of fashion especially after World War II one reason behind that hats used to remind men of their time in uniform the popularity of hats may have changed over time but borsolino tries to make a product of Timeless quality we build and we manufact the head there with the same process with the same machine with all the passages once the raw shape for the hat is created it's still very fragile a worker carefully peels it off the cone then the fabric heads to a smaller roller and cast iron these machines help lock the fibers together then the fabric goes through the first of three quality inspections in a dark room an artisan checks that the surface of the felt is uniform but the felt pieces are still too big these machines use boiling water to shrink them down and repeatedly stamp the felt it is that's where it transforms from a cone to resembling an actual hat later on the stiffening machine's large claw breaks down the weave of the felt it creates the division between the crown and the brim then it's time for Scotty steam shaping a process named after the borsolino Craftsman who invented it the felt capoleene is placed in a machine that uses pressure and steam to press it down with an aluminum block [Music] now there's a well-defined crown in the Hat is workers remove any excess hair fibers and the hat heads to the finishing station Giovanni zamiri has worked here since 1989. he helps create the shape of the hot springs Giovanni says everything requires close attention back in the 1920s workers watched over the dying of the Felts they use sticks to keep them submerged but today machines dye the Felts with steam pressure and boiling water they soak here for at least 90 minutes the hats are just now beginning to take on the classic Fedora shape the accessories Department sews in the lining internal leather belt and external cotton band and the final flourish that's also stood the test of time the borsolino logo stamped in 24 karat gold leaf it takes nearly two months to make a hat through this painstaking process all using the same machinery and methods the company first became famous for celino was built on handcrafted fedoras today the company is branching out into all kinds of luxury accessories but for some wearing a hat isn't a fashion statement it's a matter of faith Hasidic Jews wear a variety of headwear how you cover your head can tell others which specific Community you're a member of some fur hats known as stramos can sell for thousands of dollars Community adopted the Fedora after World War II that's when Rabbi Menachem Mendel schneerson known as the rebe fled Europe for Crown Heights Brooklyn after he assumed leadership of the Chabad movement in 1951 he continued wearing the Layman's hat the rabbi is wearing this kind of hat and it's a cool hat it's not exactly a shrimal then it's a no-brainer operates forcelino boutiques in Jewish neighborhoods he thinks it's too small and I think it looks good we'll let the crowd decide basically basically the smaller the brim the nicer the more in style it is but he's a little nervous to wear such like such an in-style hat basically returning customers can give their hats a tune-up this area with all these funky tools are basically this is basically where we take care of both new and old hats and so we're reshaping it and making it look like brand new demand in Jewish areas is so high that it's created an opportunity for other hat makers to enter the market we start wearing hats at 13 at our bar mitzvah so we kind of knew what it's supposed to feel like what a good quality Hat's supposed to feel like Brooklyn Brothers Levy and yosichayo co-founded Bellissimo which competes with borsolino for this religious market so we knew what people wanted being that we were the consumer as well they started their hat business back in 2017. after Levy went shopping the prices went up and I'm like you know I think we can make a better hat the brothers started making hats by hand we put together a thousand dollars we got a hold of 10 sample hats and we popped up a tent on the street and we said we're gonna we're gonna start with ten hats and try to just show it to people not even give it to them everything works with steam can do anything this one actually looks pretty good I'm not gonna mess with it now they manufacture at a factory in Montreal right now she's smoothing out the sweatband and making sure it looks perfect but just like borsolino this company is also relying on equipment that's over a hundred years old so the equipment we're using is so old because they don't make that equipment anymore the companies that used to make those equipments close down but you can't buy this stuff you know even if you wanted to the Machinery at Bellissimo might be Antiquated but the company's not shy about using one modern tool social media the company has extended its reach through celebrity endorsements from Jeremy Piven Snoop Dogg Cedric the Entertainer and someone what Jamie Foxx's hat and we were told recently that you know he got it over five years ago and he keeps it in a special place and says his favorite hats from the two acidic guys in Brooklyn but we got the Bellissimo has look at that ah gangster I asked him if he minded giving us a shout out he happily did that for us which which really helped get us on the map that brought a lot of new customers Bellissimo surpassed its goal of 1.5 million dollars in sales last year a lot of people find the brand through Instagram and buy their hats through their website where they can customize their own funky fedoras but for their own Community the brothers approach remains face to face every day you got to figure out a new way to reach your customers and thank God we're going with the old-fashioned way where it's Word of Mouth a lot of customers were skeptical they only trusted one Famous Brand so they didn't really want to give us a try and like oh let me buy this you know 200 hat from you guys who had never heard of so the brothers ran a promotion at a gigantic conference for rabbis we had the biggest line at this convention and all the other businesses were like what is going on at that line they couldn't even see what was it what were we selling we're doing like you know 100 off the hat so people just started grabbing the hats and trying them on barely looking in little handheld mirror while Bellissimo is trying to grow orcelino is recovering from Financial struggles back in 2017 the brand almost went under but it was bought out by a group of investors the next year and the company has shifted strategy to attract fashion forward buyers with more than just fedoras we are working to make with our brand become much more contemporary much more fresh managing director Maro boglietto says the company's toughest challenge is attracting younger buyers we are really working to make that the brand much more younger because we really believe that the new generation are the future of uh of the customer a new team of fashion fashion experts join the company including the former CEO of Gucci yakomo Santucci the company aims to sell more hats in the U.S and Asia and it says the number of women buying their hats has doubled in the past 10 years even with plans to expand borsolino won't compromise on tradition and we wonder that the our customers always find that luxury product but for us luxury means quality in competition for the Jewish Market hasn't slowed things down it's it's an incredible thing that you see newer Brands I think it's it's a positive sign it shows that the market is dynamic and it's growing we don't see any reduction in sales we see growth for Bellissimo some of its best customers are family dozens of members of the Chayo Clan gathered in Montreal for a traditional hair cutting ceremony for lavey's son today I eat with my grandson I think he is doing a very good job and he's creating a whole new fashion in hats not only because it's a costume for us to wear it but it's becoming a fashionable item so why not combine Style with Grace so we cover our heads of Bellissimo can sell more hats we cover our head because it's a recognition that there's always a being above us God is above us this belt is getting destroyed in real life [Music] then it heads to a photographer to get scanned also it can appear convincingly worn and weathered in Call Of Duty Modern Warfare 2. enemy Kia which has been called the most realistic looking video game ever made the team behind the popular franchise has created in distress tens of thousands of real props set pieces and costumes like this direct Target destroyed but they didn't stop with objects they also stepped up their performance capture tag to create an insanely true to life feel and experience we took a look inside the game's La Studio to find out how they transport our world into theirs and it all starts with a process called photogrammetry or capturing high-res photos of a person or object from every possible angle then stitching these photos together to form an incredibly detailed 3D replica it fires off all five cameras at once the turntable will turn eight degrees and it takes another shot because we're capturing it from down below and up above we get every angle of this part which allows our photogrammetry software to reconstruct this as a 3D model the Modern Warfare team can then manipulate this photorealistic 3D model in the computer photogrammetry makes it easier and quicker to enrich the world of the game with new objects and characters traditionally video game characters are built digitally and that's exactly how Call of Duty worked until 2015 when the team began incorporating photogrammetry now the team can build a character in one week instead of six and the output is a mesh very very dense with a lot of details that can go through our character artists and using this data to build a game asset one of the most time-saving parts of this process is the ability to scan costumes in all of their glorious details see when building costumes in the computer a good chunk of the time is spent painting in wear and tear Call of Duty is a war game after all nothing about the costume should look pristine with photogrammetry instead of digitally simulating each scuff chip and stain you can create all of those details in the physical world and scan them into the game so this is our distressing station this is where we take gear that we're putting on characters in the game we distrust it to look like it's been out in the field for an extended period of time because when you get something brand new it really wouldn't scan well it doesn't have any sense of realism they use rotary tools to rip and fray the costumes and Sanders to make the fabric less starchy and rigid the fabric tends to feel older if you sand it down and to make the clothes feel like they've been out in the desert for weeks at a time we have bags of fake dirt you actually just kind of plop it down right on the item this process only looks haphazard story matters we try to put it where we think if we're in the field where would a soldier kind of lay on the ground where would the most scratches occur where would the most holes happen and where would the most dirt accumulate when we distress stuff we try to kind of tell the story that story might involve stains or bullet wounds we used to use things like coffee and tea to stain things but those ended up creating a bad smell over time so now we use things like black ink mixed with water we have fake Hollywood blood here so if anything needs to look like somebody's been injured in it we have that including a fully costumed actor into the photogrammetry Dome helps the team capture other subtleties too like how fabric hangs and sways on the body they also use this approach on props so this is ghosts desert mask you may recognize it from the opening of Modern Warfare 2. it was actually created practically and then we scanned it here in this volume and a 3D artist took over and built it for the game many props get scanned into the game through an alternative approach called an erago rig it's a new system that we implemented recently it's just for props continuously it's like a step up from having a bunch of cameras the system allows you to have a single camera on the miniature is on a rotating turntable and the Machine will just move the camera around for you so instead of figuring out where you need to be in relation to your subject you just do that on a software so you can pre-arrange all your camera needs or your camera positions and input all your camera settings and then it will just do the sequence for you this is actually packable and transportable you can take this to a prop house and then scan hundreds of props a day here Valerio is using the arago rig to scan in one of the game's mini Miniatures handcrafted models of set pieces weapons and vehicles once scanned in these models serve as the emblems for bad will pass a system that rewards users for playing the game and they aren't designed to feel as strictly realistic as other parts of Modern Warfare overall we're shooting for for hyper realism we want the game to be 100 realistic but this is not necessarily in-game content this is like displayed outside of the game because of that distinction they want the emblems and rewards to feel bespoke handmade and collectible qualities that handcrafted Miniatures lend themselves to then it's easy to just tell your artist I want this this is my vision just go build it rather than try to find it in the real world sculpting it by hand allows you to retain some of that natural feel natural detail like miniatures the automated system provides a lot of control over scanning these individual objects into the game but scanning in real world settings and environments requires a more free-form approach consisting of a handheld rig with a high resolution Sony 7r4 camera Valeria is demoing this approach on a miniature here but normally this is what he'll use out in the field real-life settings and set pieces that can't be placed on a turntable or stuck inside the Dome we rely on this high resolution cameras to be able to pull detail from The Real World I would say 80 of discounts they do happen out in the real world so it could be an urban environment and we could be shooting a lot of ground a lot of streets Street elements trash cans curbs a lot of small detail that's going to help really push the Fidelity the quality of the game and then there are natural textures we also do Foliage for example a lot of rocks sandstone Granite I need a lot of sand up in Northern California Coastal scans for the Mexico setting of Modern Warfare 2 the team spent a week doing photogrammetry in the Mexican state of Chihuahua including aerial photogrammetry with drones to capture expansive Landscapes with the goal of upping the level of natural detail in the game the teams are really deep into for example researching in the real world locations of what is the light setting at that particular place in the world right so if we're taking a map and we say to ourselves like it's geographically about here in the world sending out teams to actually measure like at this time of day this is the Luminosity of the sun this is how the light is bouncing around Etc but photogrammetry has its limitations especially when it comes to light reflecting surfaces anything that's reflective even say glassware cannot be scanned that creates challenges for the many vehicles in the game another limitation of photogrammetry it only works on static objects like rocks curbs trash cans anything that moves like you know tree canopy or even a person's hair usually cannot be scanned really well so water is something that cannot be scanned even when we scan characters and actors we don't really get the hair to work too well with this technology that's where they use computer simulations to govern the physical behavior of moving elements like hair or water helping create the Amsterdam Canal scene here but Amsterdam would be a ghost town without lifelike characters to populate it and to create dynamic characters you can't just stick actors inside the photogrammetry Dome as many facial expressions as actors do in there it's still a static process critic imagery is one of many reality capture techniques or methods the other method the game relies on for its characters performance capture this process differs slightly from motion capture as it records not just the motion of the body but also the face fingers and voice we capture the performance so the body we have enmarket cameras to capture all the subtle performance or the face and we also got your audio so everything is captured all together it's like basically shooting a movie at the stage but it's also different from filming a movie in some key ways for one the actor's expressions are captured via facial cameras mounted to their heads because some detail gets lost in this facial capture process performing for video games is a bit like performing on stage where actors rely on slightly exaggerated movements and expressions and unlike movies they video games are interactive and players can fall run climb and fight indefinitely that means actors must record hundreds of exertion sounds and other noises sometimes doing dozens of takes on a grunt or sigh to keep their characters from sounding stale or robotic over hours of gameplay the finishing touches come in the sound design where the team aims to transport as much content as possible from The Real World recording out in the field and with real weaponry and props every time you shoot a gun in the game and you hear the brass eject and land on the ground on the different surfaces whether it be wood or concrete or the metal surfaces we record all of that we do absolutely every bit of recording we can particularly when it comes to weapons and vehicles on this last game we've recorded all of our weapons tanks real practice rounds from an RPG three different helicopters anything we can to make the game as authentic as possible we're out there trying to capture sound for it it's all part of raising the stakes and keeping them high High to fully immerse players in the game and make their actions feel like they carry weight when simulating something as perilous as War foreign [Music] foreign [Music]

Channel: Business Insider

Views: 12,198,108

Keywords: Business Insider, Business News

Id: RThSD70hiTg

Length: 229min 19sec (13759 seconds)

Published: Sun May 21 2023