100 Facts About Earth

did you know that the earth is the only planet in our solar system that doesn't get its name from greek or roman mythology hi i'm erin mccarthy editor-in-chief of mentalfoss.com earth derives from the old english ayurve meaning ground soil dry land the same term was also used to differentiate between our domain the underworld and the heavens keep in mind this was before our modern conception of planets the fact that we needed a way to refer to our planet before we even really figured out what a planet is probably helps account for the murky history around the word it's impossible to say who first used the word earth or one of its antecedents to refer to the astronomical entity that is the earth one usage probably just bled into another as our scientific understanding expanded and those two facts about the word earth serta unsatisfying etymology are just the first of 100 facts about earth that i'm going to share with you today so where are we other than my living room that is earth is in the milky way galaxy the third planet from the sun in our solar system according to nasa it takes about eight minutes for light from the sun to reach us on earth that means that the light being emitted from the sun right now will reach my window later in this video physics is weird we're about one astronomical unit away from the sun and that's not some great coincidence historically an astronomical unit was just the average distance from the earth to the sun it gave scientists a shorthand for communicating distances new york to california about .0003 astronomical units see easy if you want to look at things on earth at a slightly more manageable scale you should get out a map maps have been around for a long time the oldest surviving maps are thousands of years old there's thought to be a map of the stars found in the lasco caves of france that dates back to 14500 bce there might also be a map of local landscape features of what is now the czech republic carved into a mammoth tusk that dates back to 25000 bce i say might be because it can be a bit tricky when looking at millennial old car tusks to differentiate between abstract drawings and intentionally plotted maps but there are proponents of the 27 000 year old tusk map jigsaw puzzles were originally just chopped up maps when they were invented around 1760 they were used to teach kids about geography fitting the various countries together in order to make a map of the world or more commonly just europe the earliest surviving map of the world is the babylonian world map which dates back to the 6th century bce the clay tablet contains a label depiction of the known world centered around the euphrates river it's currently housed in the british museum the babylonian world map wasn't very accurate but even modern maps aren't perfect far from it the common map we all probably have in our heads is based on the mercator projection this map preserves the shape of land masses but stretches the area of regions closer to the poles it's been the standard model of maps for centuries but it's mainly beneficial for sailing not accurately depicting the relative size of objects because of the size distortion of mercator projections certain countries like greenland are depicted as being massive picture green land in your head right now it's almost the size of africa right well in reality greenland is about the size of the democratic republic of the congo about 14 greenlands could fit inside of africa thanks to youtube audience member melissa burton for commenting about the distortions in common maps our next episode is all about the real origins of urban legends if you know one drop it in the comments below for a chance to be featured in that episode the mercator projection inflates the apparent size of antarctica to such a degree that most publishers choose to cut it off which often results in world maps with europe near the vertical center the equator can end up about two-thirds of the way down the map even though being in the middle of the world is kind of the equator's thing some see an implicit political statement arising from these distortions when boston public schools decided to stop purchasing mercator projection maps for their classrooms an official framed it as part of an effort to move past what they said was a view that is very eurocentric a more full-throated criticism comes from marianne franklin professor of global media and politics at goldsmiths university of london who said that distorted projections like mercator's quote underpin the ongoing anglo-euro-american presumption that the world belongs to them and pivots around these geocultural axes in the case of the boston public school system they decided to start purchasing maps based on the gal peter's projection which offers a more accurate depiction of size and area it has its own drawbacks though as it distorts the shapes of continents some cartographic historians like professor matthew edney at the university of southern maine favor the eckhart ford projection which preserves proportionality without distorting the shape of continents as much as the gal peters the fact is there are some basically insurmountable obstacles when attempting to perfectly represent a three-dimensional planet in two-dimensional space if only there were some kind of globe-shaped device the first known globe is said to have been created in about 150 bce by a philosopher named kratis of malice in cilicia the idea of a spherical earth was considered around 500 bce by pythagoras but if anyone thought to create a globe at the time the evidence has been lost to history a century and change later the greek philosopher aristotle was clear that the earth wasn't flat he wrote about how moving from north to south meant seeing different stars in the sky the result of a changing horizon which wouldn't occur on a flat earth artosthenes use observations of how high the sun rose in two different egyptian cities along with some relatively simple math to create a rough estimate of the earth's circumference despite his rather crude methods his estimate was in the right ballpark that was more than two thousand years ago the oldest surviving globe was created in 1492 by a german astronomer named martin beiheim the globe named erediphil which literally means earth apple is an important piece of history that documents our simultaneously broad and limited understanding of the earth it contains a myriad of errors including a couple of mythological islands throughout the atlantic ocean but give bayheim a break he didn't have google earth to fact check another of the oldest surviving globes the hunt lennox globe from around 1510 is also one of the few historical appearances of the phrase heek sunt dracones or hereby dragons the latin phrase appears below the equator off of asia which might be a reference to the komodo dragons in the indonesian islands in 1519 spanish explorer ferdinand magellan departed spain with five ships and demonstrated that the globe could be circumnavigated laying to rest any lingering doubt about its shape magellan died during the voyage and of the five ships only one completed the circumnavigation during the 18th and 19th centuries it was considered somewhat fashionable for middle class men of the world to carry around a pocket globe which is a tiny two to three inch globe that fits right alongside your pocket watch on the other end of the spectrum the largest globe in the world is called ertha coming in with a diameter of just over 41 feet it was developed by the delorme mapping corporation and is now housed in an atrium in yarmouth maine guinness world records awarded it the title of largest revolving globe in the world in 1999. eartha still holds that record today and while globes can represent the planet in interesting ways it's hard for them to compare with the majesty of actual photographs of our planet made possible by advances in technology on february 14 1990 nasa's voyager 1 spacecraft took a picture of the planet from roughly 4 billion miles away it depicts the earth as little more than a speck in the universe it was taken at the behest of carl sagan who later wrote about it as quote a mode of dust suspended in a sunbeam he called it the pale blue dot earth is also proven to be quite the muse for musicians marvin gaye's 1971 hit mercy mercy me was about ecological conservation joe walsh made an entire album songs for a dying planet about it in 2015 paul mccartney sean paul and natasha bettingfield among others recorded love song to the earth an all-star composition to raise awareness for climate change artists have also taken inspiration from the earth in more high-tech ways namely from google earth belgium-born artist mishka henner uses satellite images as the basis for works like 51 us military outposts which features photos of supposedly low-key military installations not only has earth been a favorite subject of artists it's also been a favorite art material a conceptual art movement in the 1960s and 1970s brought with it a style known as land art or earth art which used soil rocks sand and other humble materials to create pieces one of its major figures was robert smithson who actually created pieces out in nature like spiral jetty made out of earth and basalt one of the most spectacular earth artworks is celtic horse in slovakia a 330 foot by 330 foot geoglyph otherwise known as a stone sculpture the artist andrew rogers has created over 50 geoglyphs working in 16 countries and all seven continents earth has also been a rich source for science fiction jules verne's journey to the center of the earth which was published in 1864 illustrates the hazards of descending into the earth where the book's protagonists encounter jurassic sea monsters perhaps less influential is the criminally under-appreciated and objectively bad 2003 film the core which features stanley tucci as part of a motley crew going to the center of the earth to set off a series of nuclear bombs because reasons if we were to make our own informational journey to the core we'd start at the crust or actually we'd start about 4.5 billion years ago when the earth was a more or less uniform ball of hot rock where does that 4.5 billion figure come from well the earth is thought to be about 4.54 billion years old plus or minus about one percent after all what's 50 million years or so between friends that number is the result of observation radiometric dating and a bit of educated guesswork scientists sometimes look for the oldest rocks they can find here on earth and analyze the radioactive isotopes within them to determine their ages rocks at least 3.5 billion years old have been found on every continent and zircon crystals in western australia can be dated as far back as 4.4 billion years ago one problem with this method is that plate tectonics can destroy and recycle some of the planet's oldest rocks making them less useful for aging the planet thankfully we have a near neighbor the moon that has not been disturbed by plate tectonics and therefore has many more ancient rocks to collect astronauts collected some of these moon rocks back in the 60s and 70s some of which were eventually dated to between 4.4 and 4.5 billion years ago our current best estimate for the earth's birthday henceforth known as earth day which won't be confusing for anyone comes from synthesizing a number of different data points radiometric dating of meteorites gives us an idea of when the solar system formed and analyzing the composition of different isotopes of lead here on earth helps researchers determine how much time would be required to get to these particular compositions the resulting estimate that earth is 4.54 billion years old is offered with a relatively high degree of certainty but questions remain we're not sure how quickly the earth formed for example a study published in february 2020 by researchers at the university of copenhagen suggested that the earth formed in about 5 million years decidedly faster than previous estimates in the tens of millions of years the study's authors suggest that the planet formed through the accretion of cosmic dust rather than through a series of random collisions between celestial bodies five million years might still sound like a lot of time but if you map the roughly 4.6 billion year history of the solar system into a single 24-hour cosmic day then the earth's formation in the researchers understanding took only about one and a half minutes of that cosmic day after about 500 million years the earth had heated to the melting point of iron about 2 800 degrees fahrenheit this period of super hot temperatures were kind of like the planet's adolescence a period of volatility that helped it become the earth we would eventually know and love the high temperatures facilitated greater movement of earth's rocky molten material buoyant materials like water silicon and oxygen tended to float to the surface forming the planet's early mantle and crust for the first two billion years of earth's existence though there wasn't any atmospheric oxygen to take in at some point cyanobacteria use the energy from sunlight to make sugar out of water and carbon dioxide you might know that process better as photosynthesis cyanobacteria produced oxygen as a waste product science still isn't sure why cyanobacteria grew from single celled to multicellular organism and began to produce oxygen in amounts sufficient to fill the atmosphere but they did resulting in what's been dubbed as the great oxidation event without the great oxidation event we wouldn't have had the cambrian explosion an evolutionary benchmark that saw a bonanza of life forming including cordets which include vertebrates and many hard-bodied animals like brachiopods that lived in shells it's known as an explosion even though it may have taken up to 20 million years fast forward a few hundred million years to today the earth's exterior has cooled and is now divided into two different types continental crust which averages between 18 and 30 miles thick and oceanic crust which averages 2 to 4.5 miles thick it's composed mostly of igneous rocks and it contains all known life in the universe and that's a lot of life scientists have identified about 1.2 million species of plants and animals but by some estimates that leaves another 7.5 million species on the planet still to be discovered some estimates predict that we have even more work to do pegging the number of total species on the planet in the neighborhood of one to six billion that estimate comes from a group of scientists at the university of arizona tucson who published a piece in the quarterly review of biology back in 2017 which suggested that bacteria could make up 70 to 90 of species on earth when it comes to biodiversity earth is still very much an undiscovered territory for all that diversity it's estimated that humans and farm animals make up an astounding 95 of all vertebrate land animals with wild vertebrate land animals representing just 5 of the total that's one reason why a lot of scientists believe we're facing an environmental crisis we consume a lot of earth's natural resources between 25 and 40 percent of all energy captured by plants is used by humans and livestock so what are the dominant species on the planet humans well maybe in terms of resources but in terms of sheer numbers over 80 of known species over 1 million are insects if you've ever had ants invade your living space you're probably not surprised ants however don't bring the numbers when it comes to sheer population density the kalimbala or shrimp-like springtail is an insect relative and a very tiny 0.25 to 10 millimeters in size roughly 10 000 of them can be found in just one cubic meter of soil depending on the location that number can grow to two hundred thousand chances are that the next time you're standing on solid ground that's not paved over you're standing over a lot of springtails if you want variation in subspecies consider the beetle scientists have named over 400 000 species of the insect so far with more certainly on the way that means between one and three or one in five described life forms on the planet is a beetle and while we're talking biodiversity you should know that there are three different types genetic diversity is the different genes in individuals species diversity speaks to the differences between populations and species and between different species and ecosystem diversity is the variety of habitats and processes occurring in a given setting the next time you pop a prescription or over-the-counter drug to alleviate a headache or other malady consider raising your glass of water to biodiversity most of the drugs developed in the past century were derived from plants bacteria and fungi willow bark gave us aspirin and in 2018 there were reports about a new potential antibiotic from the soil of a church yard in ireland that according to the bbc has long been a folk remedy just four crops wheat maize rice and soybean are responsible for two thirds of the world's food supply to reduce carbon footprints researchers are hoping to rely more on seven thousand other crops that humanity has farmed in the past maybe one day you'll be making pancakes with moringa leaves instead of flour columbia is thought to be the most biodiverse country on the planet by area with one in every 10 species of flora and fauna found there including more species of birds and orchids than anywhere else its many ecosystems enable this diversity in fact you could hike from a desert to a tundra in colombia in just a few days we're halfway there whoa living on planet earth that's good no you don't think so all the plants and animals we've mentioned are found on the earth's crust which is also where you'll find the earth's oceans despite what you might have learned in middle school there are actually five major oceans the atlantic pacific indian arctic and southern oceans most countries now recognize the southern or antarctic ocean as a unique major ocean basin but it's still pretty common for some sources to only recognize the first three or four there are even some who only recognize one world ocean but in the words of our fact checker and i quote they're really annoying either way the oceans are truly earth's treasure no literally it's estimated that there are roughly 20 million tons of gold in the ocean waters and no not buried in a sunken pirate ship like literally in the water tiny gold particles that when added all together would have a value of roughly 1.1 quadrillion dollars you know if the sudden discovery of 20 million tons of the stuff didn't completely torpedo the market you can't reasonably sift for it unfortunately because one liter of water contains about 13 billionths of a gram of gold the atlantic ocean is home to the biggest waterfall in the world yes you heard that right an underwater waterfall the denmark strait is home to a waterfall below the atlantic that has a drop of over 11 500 feet the cold water coming from the east is more dense than the warm water from the west so when they meet the cold water drops down creating a massive waterfall the atlantic is also home to the mid-atlantic ridge a massive mostly underwater mountain range that spans around 10 000 miles for context the andes are about 4 300 miles long the most remote place in the world is in the pacific ocean known as point nemo it is the place that is farthest away from any land the closest islands are over 1600 miles away it's so remote that at certain times the closest humans to this point are astronauts aboard the international space station in 1992 over 28 000 rubber duckies were accidentally dumped into the pacific ocean making lemonade out of the situation oceanographers tracked where the ducks wound up to better understand the water currents the duck sightings continued through the mid-2000s the indian ocean has gone by a handful of names over the years landing near its current name in the 16th century when it went by okianus orientalis indicus or indian eastern ocean it was also known as the western oceans by chinese explorers there's an almost entirely submerged continent hiding in the indian ocean the kurgalyn plateau is about 3 000 kilometers to the southwest of australia and is the result of the kergalan volcanic hotspot probably forming around 130 million years ago the arctic ocean is the smallest of the oceans but that doesn't mean it's easy to explore the first scientific expedition to the central arctic didn't occur until the 1890s thanks to a norwegian explorer named friedrich nansen who incidentally would go on to win the nobel peace prize in 1922 for his work with refugees walruses are primarily native to the arctic ocean though they're also found in the atlantic and pacific their tusks seem to serve a mostly social purpose in mating displays and shows of dominance but they've also been known to use the ivory protuberances too in the words of the national oceanic and atmospheric association quote haul their heavy bodies up onto the ice the southern ocean is recognized by many governing powers it is not however recognized by the national geographic society who have the atlantic pacific and indian oceans extending to antarctica despite being a pretty cold and uninviting place the southern ocean is home to a bounty of wildlife penguins whales orcas seals and colossal squids call this place home did i say wildlife i meant sea monsters even deep oceans are found on the earth's crust but if we go a bit deeper we hit the mantle it's solid like the crust but also contains softer rocks that can move over the course of millions of years activity in the mantle plays a key role in plate tectonics more on that later a couple more cool mantle facts for all my mantle heads out there the temperature in the mantle can range from around 1000 degrees celsius to 3 700 degrees as you might expect it generally gets hotter the deeper you go there's even a term for this change geothermal gradient basically each kilometer you drop in the crust the average temperature will rise about 25 degrees celsius for americans that's an increase of roughly one degree fahrenheit for every 70 feet you go down it's slower in the mantle rising around half a degree celsius per kilometer until you get near the core when the rate of increase picks up again you have to descend about 3000 kilometers from the earth's surface to end up in the core that's only about the distance between london and the norwegian archipelago svalbard which is home to the svalbard global seed vault which we talked about in our episode all about forbidden places the point is we're really not that far from our planet's super hot core and i mean hot caltech geochemist paul asimov told popular mechanics quote within uncertainty the temperature at the center of the earth is the same as the temperature at the surface of the sun that's roughly 10 000 degrees fahrenheit which amazingly is nearly as hot as my living room gets while filming these episodes of the list show given the temperatures and pressures involved direct observation of the earth's core is impossible unless of course you're stanley tucci in a ship made out of unobtainium so how did geologists make inferences about it dr ken rubin professor in the department of earth sciences at the university of hawaii addressed precisely that question in the adorably very web 1.0 website ask an earth scientist first he says quote we know the overall density and mass of the earth based on measurements of how the earth perturbs the orbits of other planets and the moon basically you can't put the earth on a scale to get its mass but you can use our understanding of gravity to come up with a pretty darn good estimate with hat tips to isaac newton for his law of gravity and henry cavendish for determining the so-called universal gravitational constant the earth has a mass of roughly six sextillion metric tons its volume incidentally is around one trillion cubic kilometers that sounds pretty big but it all depends on what you're comparing it to around a million earths for example could fit inside the sun perhaps on one of those earths i'm filming this inside our air-conditioned studio [Music] dr rubin explains that some other pieces of evidence help tell us about the overall chemical composition of materials on earth such as analyzing chondrites chondrites are a type of meteorite thought to be essentially unchanged since their formation at the beginning of the solar system reuben explains that we can look at information like this to create what is essentially a balanced sheet of materials of all elements that should be found on earth then observe which chemical elements aren't in the crust or mantle by process of elimination geologists reason that these elements must be found in the core additionally the existence of earth's magnetic field tells us there must be a high concentration of metal in the earth's core specifically metal that can remain liquid even under very high pressures the available evidence and common sense inferences allow us to assume the earth's core is primarily iron with a smaller amount of nickel alongside a lighter element such as oxygen or sulfur here's an interesting fact about the earth's magnetic field it can flip if you could stand in the same location facing the same direction hundreds of thousands of years apart a compass would actually tell you you're facing north at one time and south at another in fact geologic evidence suggests that about 170 of these polarity reversals have occurred over the last 76 million years a recent study published in the journal nature communications suggests that these polarity reversals can happen considerably faster than once thought though considerably faster is obviously a relative term you're still talking tens of thousands of years the earth is not a sphere its shape is more accurately if still imperfectly described as an oblate spheroid that just means it's a bit squashed at the poles and bulges at the center a variety of forces from plate tectonics to tides to weird anomalies and gravity mean the planet isn't a perfect oblate spheroid but the phrase does indicate a warping in shape compared to a sphere that gives us a much better picture of reality this warping in shape is due to the rotation of the earth and the centrifugal force it creates geologist vic baker at the university of arizona in tucson compares it to spinning a ball of silly putty though he notes that quote earth's plasticity is much much less than that of the silicone plastic clay so familiar to children by the way if anyone from the silly putty corporation is watching the silicone plastic clay so familiar to children is just a dynamite rebranding opportunity staring you in the face the less than perfectly spherical shape of the earth means that when standing at sea level you're actually closer to the center of the earth at the poles compared to the equator about 21 kilometers closer in fact the greater the distance between the center of mass of two objects the lower the gravitational force between the objects alongside the forces that are bulging the planet this means that the force of gravity on an object is generally greater at the earth's poles than at the equator so you'd actually weigh a teeny bit less in ecuador than you would in antarctica it's worth pointing out that your mass would stay the same we're referring specifically to weight which is basically a way of saying the force of gravity on an object there are other factors that come into play though higher altitudes bring you further from the center of the earth so your weight decreases a little bit in a high-flying airplane for example the altitude you gain from being on a mountain has a more complicated relationship to gravity yes the altitude brings you farther from the center of the earth but the mountain itself provides an additional source of gravity and the density of the earth's crust in a given location plays its own role in your weight mountaintop or otherwise gravity actually varies throughout the planet for a number of reasons one of the biggest variations is observed in canada's hudson bay region where the average resident weighs about a tenth of an ounce less than they would in an area with a more typical gravitational force grace a joint research project by nasa and the german aerospace center offered an explanation for the relative paucity of gravity in hudson bay identifying two contributing factors tens of thousands of years ago a giant ice sheet covered the area depressing the earth's crust and forcing mass away from the depression this means that there's less mass underneath you in hudson bay and therefore less gravitational force additionally convection 100 to 200 kilometers beneath the surface of the earth likely plays its own role it's thought the convection currents drag the continents down and lower the gravitational force of the area the grace researchers estimated that the impact of the ice sheet could account for 25 to 45 of the drop in gravity at hudson bay with the rest being attributed to convection currents and tectonic movement the constant if quite slow movement of tectonic plates has far-ranging effects on the planet they can give rise to entire islands like hawaii for example which is actually a series of volcanoes plate tectonics can also cause earthquakes for instance two plates collide pressure builds up when the plates eventually break loose the pent-up pressure can result in tremors that are undetectable without instrumentation or in a massive natural disaster the largest earthquake ever recorded with reliable instrumentation is 1960's voldivia earthquake in southern chile it was measured as a 9.5 on the moment magnitude scale it's like the richter scale but more on that distinction we'll have to wait until our episode about misconceptions in the geosciences the moment magnitude scale is logarithmic meaning the massive chilean quake released almost 8 000 times more energy than san francisco's devastating 1989 earthquake which registered as 6.9 we're now 88 facts in and the air conditioner has been off in my apartment for two hours seems like as good a time as any to discuss weather weather and climate are not the same thing think of weather as a single data point telling you about a moment in time and climate as a collection of data points climate is the trend of weather patterns spoiler alert for planet earth the trends aren't great earth's weather phenomena though can be truly fascinating in 1991 a tornado carried a cancelled personal check from stockton kansas to winnitune nebraska that's about 223 miles talk about a bounce check no sorry though it's never been properly studied it's also possible for lightning to form a terrifying bouncing ball it's not a very well understood process but science historians speculate that there are mentions of the phenomenon as early as 1557. humans are basically at the mercy of weather but that hasn't stopped us from trying to gain the upper hand from ancient greek mythology to modern religious prayers summoning specific weather patterns has been a recurring goal for some human beings for example the berwick witches of scotland attempted to use black magic to sink the ship of king james vi of scotland by summoning storms or at least that's what they were accused of there are some modern attempts to control the weather the most common being cloud seeding a process that attempts to change the precipitation in clouds this is done either to promote rainfall or to suppress fog for airports for instance it often uses chemicals such as silver iodide or dry ice to do this its effectiveness is debatable unfortunately modern attempts to modify the weather have been used for dark purposes as well for example operation popeye was an american military tactic to promote rainfall in vietnam which would prolong the monsoon season and therefore disrupt supply lines since then weather warfare has been banned by the u.n under the environmental modification convention earth's atmosphere is a complex and beautifully layered shield from the nightmare that is outer space here's a fact for each main layer of the atmosphere the troposphere is the lowest layer of earth's atmosphere extending from the surface two on average about 12 kilometers above the surface although it is the shortest layer it contains about 80 percent of the mass of the atmosphere the stratosphere is next and extends to about 50 kilometers above the surface it's home to the ozone layer and while ozone might sound like a power rangers villain it's actually just tri-oxygen or o3 bonus fun fact ozone has been described as smelling like chlorine a burning wire and like an electrical spark yankee candle i think i found your new hit the middle layer is called the mesosphere which extends to about 80 or 85 kilometers above sea level the top of the mesosphere is known as the mesopause which is the coldest natural place on earth the average temperature is about negative 120 degrees fahrenheit next up is the thermosphere which has an altitude range of anywhere from 500 to 1000 kilometers changes in solar activity can affect this altitude greatly it's also home to the international space station and finally we have the exosphere this layer extends to about 10 000 kilometers above sea level though some peg that number as high as 190 000 kilometers or about half the distance to the moon after all it's kind of hard to say where earth ends and space begins the density of molecules is so low in the exosphere that atoms can travel hundreds of miles before colliding with one another sounds lonely remember to drop those origins of urban legends in the comments below for a chance to be featured in our next episode that'll be up on october 7th but new videos go up every wednesday on the mental floss channel subscribe and hit the little bell to make sure you catch them all we'll see you soon

Channel: Mental Floss

Views: 322,412

Keywords: John green, mental floss, idea channel, vlog brothers, earth, the fault in our stars, nerdfighters, john green books, the list show, facts about earth, earth facts, 100 facts about earth, earth facts you didn'tknow, earth facts for kids, earth facts in hindi, facts about our planet, facts about planet earth, planet earth, planet earth facts, planet earth facts and information, planet earth facts video, our planet, facts about our planet earth, facts about the solar system

Id: GFDhOy2qVgE

Length: 31min 8sec (1868 seconds)

Published: Wed Sep 16 2020